Search results for ""jcb mohr (paul siebeck)""

Education is and was a mighty tool for both building communities and barring people from social participation. This volume explores the role education played for late Roman societies especially in Gaul, which was considered a landscape of learning. Numerous literary and material sources document a dynamic educational culture, even though imperial administrative structures were disintegrating by the fifth century and non-Romans were settling in Western provinces. But was Gaul really learned in its entirety? Which different educational communities can be traced? How did education affect processes of in- and exclusion? Thanks to a wide range of case studies, the contributions presented here throw open a window on the societal dimensions of education and frame the discursive outlines of Gallia docta.

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The destruction of the Temple and the humiliation of the exile not only shook the foundations of Israel's pride as God's chosen people, but also brought about the danger of losing their identity as a people. To survive this, the people had to develop and highlight an identity-reinforcing theology built upon the collective memory of their constitutive past. Ogochukwu Daniel Onuorah applies the tools of the social memory theory to the exegetical analysis of Ex 16, an approach which necessarily entails both synchronic and diachronic inquiries. In six chapters, the author argues that the collective memory of the manna-experience as recounted in Ex 16 served as a socio-theological tool of identity-preservation in the difficult exilic/early post-exilic period. Succinctly noted also are the implications of this for the discussion on the composition of the Pentateuch.

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Letters went viral in early modern Italy, with politics and social interaction, artistic inspiration as well as spirituality and philosophy all hinging on ingenious epistolary cultures. Correspondence fashioned intellectuals and networks, constructed thoughts and schemes, provided a stage for politics and the arts, reflected on existential questions and professional activities. It involved not only writing, but diplomacy, praying, painting, composing, and other forms of artistic expression. And while being a vital activity of everyday lives, epistolary communication also uncovered new spaces of thought, meditation, and creativity. The articles gathered in this volume trace the epistolary threads spun across early modern Italy and unravel the entanglements of their correspondents' active and contemplative lives. They reveal different forms of an epistolary otium which was both an indispensable social activity and an essential method of contemplation.

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Since their discovery in 1945, the significance of the texts contained in the thirteen papyrus manuscripts now known as the Nag Hammadi Codices has been fiercely debated. In the history of scholarship, the texts have primarily been analyzed in light of the contexts of their hypothetical Greek originals, which in a majority of cases have been thought to have been authored in the second and third centuries CE in a variety of contexts. The articles in this volume take a different approach. Instead of focusing on hypothetical originals, they ask how the texts may have been used and understood by those who read the Coptic papyrus codices in which the texts have been preserved and take as their point of departure recent research indicating that these manuscripts were produced and used by early Egyptian monastics. It is shown that the reading habits and theological ideas attested historically for Upper Egyptian monasticism in the fourth and fifth centuries resonate well with several of the texts within the Nag Hammadi Codices.

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Is it true that insistence on autonomy and diversity weakens social cohesion, or that striving for justice, equity and equality undermines individual freedom? A long tradition has seen the common good as the social order in which individuals and groups can best strive for perfection. Liberal societies insist that this perfecting must not be done at the cost of others or by restricting the right to such a striving only to some and not granting it also to others. However, in a time of growing social and cultural diversity and inequality the traditional tensions between individual freedom and social responsibility have increased to a point where the binding forces of our societies seem to be exhausted. How much individuality and what kinds of diversity are we ready to accept? How much autonomy and diversity are possible without destroying social cohesion and human solidarity? And how much social commonality is necessary to be able to live an autonomous life and do justice to diversity?

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In this book, Wing Yi Au investigates Paul's different ways of characterizing "God" in Romans. By comparing and contrasting Paul's designations with his Jewish and pagan contemporaries, the author argues that Paul creatively reinterprets and adapts the socio-linguistic resources of divine epithets to justify the incorporation of Gentiles. It is found that Paul's divine designations in the letter trace God's essential salvific activities. For Paul, the God of Israel, especially in the Old Testament and Romans, never falters in fulfilling his role as the Father, redeemer, justifier, reviver, mercy-giver, and warrior who creates, rescues, and restores his people. Meanwhile, Paul's designations put special emphasis on the inclusion of Gentiles in God's plan of salvation.

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What defines 'humanity' is a seemingly innocuous question and yet one which continues to attract controversy. Directed by this inquiry and bringing together theological insight in conversation with academic interreligious discourse, the present edited volume offers a unique contribution towards articulating the complex and myriad ways in which human life has been conceived and related to the greater vista of reality. Framed around Muslim-Christian theological dialogue, the volume results from a meeting of prominent international scholars, whose contributions investigate the origins of life through to death and beyond. Informed by classical and contemporary theological questions and interests, the volume offers scholarship in the humanities and sciences important insights into debates pertaining to human beings, their nature, future, and purposes.

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Jack J. Lennon examines those groups in ancient Rome that were most frequently attacked using the language of dirtiness and contamination, whether because of their profession, ethnicity, or social position. Focusing on those that commonly laboured under the stigma of impurity, he considers the significance of denigration in Roman society, which he defines as attacks against individuals based specifically on their alleged dirtiness. The author demonstrates the importance of dirtiness as a mechanism within the wider processes of social and political interactions and marginalisation. In so doing he goes beyond the existing discussions of who was labelled unclean in ancient Rome to reveal how the supposed dirtiness of an individual or group was articulated to the rest of society and perpetuated over time. Furthermore, he considers how this form of stigma affected those who attracted allegations of dirtiness. The study of dirt and its role within social interactions offers an excellent lens through which to study Roman society's constantly evolving perceptions of itself and of those peoples or activities that were thought to require censure or control. Jack J. Lennon combines the more traditional elements of ancient history with research models and theories developed across the fields of anthropology, psychology, and medieval history, each of which has provided significant advances for the study of stigma and marginalisation. By exploring the subject of dirt and its impact on social status in ancient Rome, the author provides a new avenue of approach for the study of marginal groups and the process of marginalisation within Roman society.

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Mit dem Pariser Klimaschutzabkommen schlossen die Staaten im Jahr 2016 einen neuen völkerrechtlichen Vertrag, um einer der größten Herausforderungen des 21. Jahrhunderts Einhalt zu gebieten: dem Klimawandel. Ausgehend von den naturwissenschaftlichen Hintergründen und der bisherigen Entwicklung des internationalen Klimaschutzregimes legt Thorsten Bischof eine umfassende rechtliche Untersuchung des Pariser Abkommens vor. Anschließend geht er der Frage nach, ob und unter welchen Bedingungen es auf Grundlage eines völkerrechtlichen Vertrages allgemein und des Pariser Abkommens im Speziellen tatsächlich gelingen kann, dem Klimawandel rechtzeitig Einhalt zu gebieten. Dabei vereint der Autor rechtswissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse mit solchen der internationalen Beziehungen, um das Potenzial des Pariser Abkommens zu bewerten.

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How are names related to the self in the Hebrew Bible? Are names simply ornamental, or are they tied to the essence of the embodied bearer? To answer these questions, Søren Lorenzen traces various functions of proper names and explores how the lexeme "name" is conceptualized as an object to be perceived by the senses. With Paul Ricoeur as a dialogical partner, the author brings a new perspective on how the self is formed in the intentional relation between persons and name(s).

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This volume is the first to explore ancient and Byzantine Greek emotions from a comparative and synoptic perspective. A distinguished international cast of 17 authors deploys the methodologies of Classics, Byzantine Studies, and emotion history to uncover the complex interactions between ancient and Byzantine emotionology. Its wide-ranging chapters shed new light on the Byzantine emotional universe and its impact on medieval and early modern culture and explore the reception and influence of ancient emotion concepts in Byzantine sources. Textual sources are given due prominence, but the volume also investigates wider phenomena such as visual and material culture, performance, ritual, and the creation of emotional landscapes.

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The essays in this volume, which has emerged from the Persian Period Seminar of the Society of Biblical Literature, explore biblical and comparative evidence to show how the Iron Age institutions of monarchy and temple shifted in both form and function in the Persian period. The weight given to the Davidic monarchy and Jerusalem temple in the historiography of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament invites a new examination of attitudes towards the same in Achaemenid Yehud in comparative perspective. The essays uncover new attitudes relating to the monarchy and cultic site as well as the influence, but also rejection of, Persian ideas and contribute to scholarly interest in the extent of Persian influence on the literature of ancient/biblical Israel. As such, the volume participates in, lays the groundwork for, and also shapes discussions of Persian period Yehud and its literature.

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The study of "in Christ" language in New Testament scholarship has received widespread attention in recent years. Nevertheless, despite all the perspectives from which scholars have treated this topic, one aspect of "in Christ" language has received only scant attention: its ritual or sacramental aspect. While theological, epistemological, and linguistic factors have contributed to the downplaying of rituals like baptism and the Lord's Supper in the New Testament, Yu Chen develops the framework of a ritual transformation model from ritual theories to place the study of ritual in its rightful place. Accordingly, the author focuses on the historical and social implications of the ritual performance of baptism and the Lord's Supper, which are used to explain the mechanisms of union with Christ. Finally, he argues that rituals provide participants with access to the transformative experience of encountering the risen Messiah.

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In our fraught global environment, when political and ideological lines are drawn ever sharper and old allegiances are increasingly strained, love for neighbor as both individual and societal obligation needs to be thematized and justified anew. At the same time, the New Testament call to love one's enemies forms a sharp point of contrast to the current non-culture of hatred for all things different and foreign.Oda Wischmeyer aims to bring the New Testament concept of love into conversation with the current discussion about love. She investigates the commandment tradition of love for God and for neighbor, the ways in which the Septuagint and Plutarch speak of love, and the innovative concepts of love developed by Paul and John. She also presents an exegetically informed construction of the New Testament concept of love that is sharpened through a penetrating comparison with counter-, parallel, and alternative concepts from the ancient world. The book brings this holistic biblical vision forward into critical and constructive dialogue with key contemporary visions of love, including those of Julia Kristeva, Martha Nussbaum, Pope Benedict XVI, and Simon May. The tension that emerges stresses the need for fresh conceptualizations of ancient Jewish-Christian understandings, giving rise to the concluding question of the profile, limits, and impulses of the agape ἀγάπη concept for present challenges.Through this academically rigorous and pastorally sensitive exploration, Oda Wischmeyer points to the great love story between God and humanity, which realizes itself in the figure of Jesus Christ. This divine romance places love as the most intense, affirming, and life-creating relationship in God's own self, a relationship into which human beings are drawn and by which they obtain special dignity when God's love becomes their life.

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Der Umgang mit Wissensnormen ist in vielerlei Hinsicht von grundlegenden Unsicherheiten geprägt. Im Mittelpunkt steht das Elementarproblem der Wissenszurechnung, also die Frage, unter welchen Voraussetzungen jemand für das Wissen einer anderen Person einstehen muss. Rechtsprechung und Rechtswissenschaft sind seit jeher um eine Lösung bemüht, jedoch ohne klares Ergebnis. Auf Basis einer eingehenden Analyse der tatbestandlichen Bezüge des Privatrechts auf "Wissen" und "Wissenmüssen" unternimmt Richard Rachlitz den Versuch, sich den Wissensnormen des Privatrechts neu anzunähern. Davon ausgehend, dass Wissen als Element des Tatbestands privatrechtlicher Normen niemals als "nackte Tatsache" relevant ist, sondern immer nur in einem spezifischen, willentlichen Verhaltensbezug, entfaltet der Autor die These, dass Wissensnormen nichts anderes sind als verkürzt formulierte Vorsatz- bzw. Verschuldensnormen. Die fundamentalen Probleme im Umgang mit Wissensnormen lösen sich damit auf.

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The present volume consists of twenty essays on the Prophetic Books, with a major focus on Isaiah as well as the Minor Prophets and Jeremiah. They span a period of roughly thirty-five years and trace a methodological shift away from the excavation of the individual prophet and setting toward an appreciation of a book or a collection in its final form, as an intentionally shaped accomplishment. An introductory chapter places the individual contributions in their original settings-in-composition and in relationship to one another. A description in this chapter of the period in which the author was trained in Germany and at Yale University enables the reader to comprehend the "rise of a new model of interpretation," now referred to as canonical reading or canonical interpretation. The essays come alongside published commentary treatments of Isaiah and Joel, as well as public lectures delivered in the 1980s through the present decade.

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At the dawn of the twentieth century, many leading European intellectuals, perceiving that religion was in rapid decline in their secularizing societies, thought that it was doomed to soon become marginal, and eventually to disappear, throughout the world. A century later, such naïve beliefs have collapsed. We are struck by the complexity of religious transformations in our globalized world. Today, religion often appears to have been hijacked by murderous "thugs for God's sake," who come in various shapes and colours, but always with the same intentions they are often also willing to act on. In the essays in this volume, Guy G. Stroumsa reflects on some leading intellectuals, such as Sigmund Freud, Martin Buber, Emmanuel Levinas and Carlo Ginzburg, and how they approached an understanding of religious phenomena from their own disciplinary viewpoints. The volume closes with comments on crucial problems and methods in the contemporary study of religion.

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This volume contains the proceedings of an international interdisciplinary workshop held in December 2019 by the Minerva Center for the Relations between Israel and Aram in Biblical Times at Leipzig University. The authors present a variety of studies from the fields of archaeology, history, and biblical studies that focus on the multifaceted relations between Jerusalem and the Mediterranean coast of Israel/Palestine in the period from c. 1200 to 300 BCE. It becomes clear that both regions were connected by a constantly changing economic, cultural, and social exchange.

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In this study, Llewellyn Howes analyses the formative stratum (or earliest redactional layer) of the Sayings Gospel Q. He argues that certain texts in Q that have traditionally been excluded from its earliest layer should rather be included. In the process, the message of Q's formative stratum is reconsidered, featuring interesting and novel interpretations of certain Q texts that draw from advances in our knowledge of the logia and parables of Jesus, as well as the ancient Jewish world. Ultimately, the study argues that the formative stratum was a unified document before subsequent redactional layers were added, with interesting and important consequences for our understanding of the historical Jesus.

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Negativity is omnipresent in human life and thinking. Without it, contingency and otherness, subjectivity and power, transcendence and immanence and other manifestations of the pluriform dynamics between signifier, signified and meaning in human life and culture cannot be understood. This volume explores the significance of negativity in Western and Eastern thought in four central areas: in the traditions of negative theology in the West; in the dialectics of negativity in the wake of Hegel and in existential philosophy; in versions of negative dialectics and negative hermeneutics in the 20th century; and in Buddhist thought about emptiness, Korean philosophies of nothingness, and the similarities and differences between the mystical traditions of the East and the West. Together, the four parts outline a panorama of questions, positions, and approaches that must be explored by anyone who wants to address questions of negativity in the context of contemporary philosophical, theological, ethical, and existential challenges.

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Most studies of 2 Corinthians characterize the community as rebels who accuse Paul of weakness. Paul is thought to respond defensively, asserting his power in weakness. B.G. White confronts this consensus by arguing that interpreters overlook the material's most immediate context - a pained community (2:1-7; 7:5-16). After arguing that the Corinthians have ongoing pains, the author develops the implications for the interpretation of the strength in weakness paradox and the letter's literary integrity in a variety of texts (e.g. 1:3-11, 4:7-15, 6:1-13, 12:1-10). He argues that Paul's paradoxical life is a paradigm for the community to learn how Christ transforms their pains to create new emotions and behaviors - even reconciliation with Paul. More than a fiery retort, 2 Corinthians has the pastoral purpose of increasing human potential in weakness, without rendering that weakness inherently redemptive.

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In the first scholarly treatment of the topic, Neil Martin argues that the regression language in Galatians holds the key to understanding Paul's perception of the underlying crisis. Repeated references to going backwards describe the reanimation of expectations intimately associated with the basic religious practices ( stoicheia) of his readers' pagan past. As the Galatians embraced the superficially-similar observances of Jewish Christianity, familiar practices were triggering the resumption of familiar modes of thought. With striking consequences for historic and contemporary debates about faith and works, the author finds a pagan misappropriation of Judaism, not Judaism itself, in the crosshairs of Paul's supposed anti-law polemic, uniting his warnings and commands in an integrated response to a pastoral emergency caused by the failure of the strong to accommodate the weakness of the weak.

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Believing is a central concept in the Gospel of John, and Chris Seglenieks analyzes how and why believing takes the shape it does. The Gospel presents an ideal response of believing in Jesus that resonates with Graeco-Roman patterns of devotion to the gods, but importantly reshapes the form of such devotion in order that it might be directed appropriately towards Jesus, the Christ, the Son of God. The Johannine pattern of belief includes a cognitive, relational, ethical, ongoing, and public aspect. Contrary to Graeco-Roman religious contexts, ritual is minimised. The identity of Jesus, and particularly his incarnation and his indwelling in believers, motivates the Gospel's presentation of how one is to believe in order to receive life.

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Hallur Mortensen examines the concept of God in Mark's Gospel, with particular emphasis on the baptismal scene of 1:9-11. This he closely relates to the beginning and end of the prologue (1:2-3 and 1:14-15) concerning the coming of the Lord, the gospel, and the kingdom of God. The allusions of the divine voice to Psalm 2 and Isaiah 42 reveal the function and identity of Jesus as the Son of God and thus also of God as the father of Jesus. The identity and descent of the Spirit at the baptism as an anointing is discussed in detail, and has a critical function in the coming of the kingdom and the defeat of Satan. These aspects are examined in the context of Jewish monotheism and what Hans W. Frei calls the "intention-action description" of identity - that 'being' is constituted by 'action' - and Mortensen thus argues that Mark's Gospel portrays a proto- and narrative trinitarian conception of God.

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Während Friedrich Nietzsche als eine der bedeutendsten Figuren innerhalb der deutschen Kulturgeschichte gilt, wird sein Einfluss auf den juristischen Diskurs als marginal beurteilt. Es scheint, als hätten sich die Rechtsphilosophen und -theoretiker einer vertieften Auseinandersetzung mit dem Denker enthalten. Sophia Gluth hinterfragt diesen Umstand und beleuchtet, ob und wie theoretisierende Juristen mit Nietzsche umgegangen sind. Dabei deckt sie ein Phänomen auf, das bisher weder gesehen noch beschrieben wurde: die konstante Rezeption Friedrich Nietzsches in der Rechtswissenschaft. Untersucht werden die Rezeptionsansätze vom Kaiserreich bis in die Gegenwart. Die juristischen Nietzsche-Lektüren u.a. des Freirechts, der "Konservativen Revolution", der Nationalsozialisten sowie der Postmoderne werden dabei stets eingebettet in ihre kulturelle und soziologische Umwelt. Erzählt wird so eine - nicht zuletzt bedrückende - juristische Ideen- und Mentalitätsgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts.

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The Gospel of John and Epicureanism share vocabulary and reject the conventions of Graeco-Roman theology. Would it then have been easy for an Epicurean to become a Christian or vice-versa? Fergus J. King suggests that such claims become unlikely when detailed analyses of the two traditions are set out and compared. The first step in his examination looks at evidence for potential engagement between the two traditions historically and geographically. Both traditions address concerns about the good life, death, and the divine. However, this correspondence soon unravels as their worldviews are far from identical. Shared terms (like Saviour), their respective rituals, and teaching about community life reveal substantial differences in ethos and behaviour.

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Der vorliegende Sammelband untersucht die Konzepte, Methoden und Inhalte der Auslegung autoritativer religiöser Texte in Antike und Mittelalter. Diese Texte sind Ausgangs- und Ansatzpunkte in Unterweisungen, die zur Orientierung und Identitätsbildung dienen, dem Einzelnen ebenso wie Gemeinschaften und Gesellschaften. Fachvertreterinnen und Fachvertreter unterschiedlicher Disziplinen - aus Geschichte, Philologie, Orientalistik, Religionswissenschaft und Theologie - spüren der vielfältigen Bedeutung der oft "heilig" genannten Schriften für Bildung und Erziehung nach. Sie beleuchten die Rolle, die diese Texte für Lehre und Lernen in ihren Ursprungskulturen hatten und haben. Darüber hinaus zeigen sie interkulturelle Bezüge auf, die heute für Diskussionen um Bildung und Religion in den multikulturellen Demokratien Europas höchst relevant sind.

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Niels Hemmingsen (1513-1600) is one of the most influential Danish theologians in history. As a professor at the University of Copenhagen, Hemmingsen played an important role in moulding Danish society according to his understanding of Lutheranism during the second half of the sixteenth century. Drawing on sociology of knowledge, cultural memory, and confessional culture, Mattias Skat Sommer examines Hemmingsen's works and life in political and theological contexts. By studying Hemmingsen's role in forming a discourse of social interaction, the author argues that Hemmingsen was the leading agent in shaping post-Reformation Danish confessionalization. In doing so, Sommer emphasises the fluid boundaries of the Danish Reformation and adjusts two prominent theoretical frameworks discussed in contemporary research on early modern Europe, namely those of confessionalization and confessional culture.

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The columns referred to as Jachin and Boaz are certainly one of the most controversial features of the First Temple of Jerusalem. In this volume, Daniel Prokop examines the appearance and the meaning of the twin pillars by approaching them from different perspectives. He investigates the epigraphic evidence from Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Syria-Palestine, defines the relationship between the six different descriptions in the Hebrew Bible, and compares the most important textual witnesses of 1 Kgs 7,15-22, which will provide insight into the narrative development and transmission history of the texts. Studying iconographic data, the author explores a unique way to achieve a better understanding of the material, dimensions, names, location, and decoration of the pillars.

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Born in the battle for equality, integration, and regeneration in nineteenth-century Germany, the Wissenschaft des Judentums is a revolution of the mind that continues unabated wherever Jews live today. The present volume is a contextual study of its perilous origins and rapid development outside the framework of the German university, which forged the tools and perspectives, and dominated the field of historical scholarship at the time. In distinct but related essays Ismar Schorsch traces the lines by which the nascent field of jüdische Wissenschaft strove to uncover new archival sources, confront the application of critical scholarship on the Hebrew Bible, and expand its horizons to the mutual interaction between Judaism and Islam. Irrespective of these seminal achievements, Wissenschaft des Judentums failed to gain admission into the German university, leaving the political emancipation of German Jewry a plant without roots.

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Hans Jonas wurde 1903 in Mönchengladbach als Sohn eines Textilfabrikanten geboren. Er studierte in Freiburg bei Edmund Husserl und Martin Heidegger, in Berlin bei Eduard Spranger, Ernst Troeltsch und Eduard Meyer und in Marburg bei Heidegger und Rudolf Bultmann. 1928 wurde er dort mit der Arbeit "Der Begriff der Gnosis" promoviert.1933 wanderte er zunächst nach London aus, ein Jahr später nach Jerusalem. Im gleichen Jahr erschien "Gnosis und spätantiker Geist. Erster Teil: Die mythologische Gnosis" dank des Engagements des protestantischen Theologen Rudolf Bultmann.Das Denken von Hans Jonas ist ohne die besonderen intellektuellen und biographischen Prägungen im Marburg der 1920er Jahre nicht zu verstehen. Neben Martin Heidegger ist hier vor allem Rudolf Bultmann zu nennen. Für das persönliche und intellektuelle Verhältnis zwischen Jonas und Bultmann ist ihr Briefwechsel eine entscheidende Quelle. Er erstreckt sich mit Unterbrechungen über fast ein halbes Jahrhundert, von 1928 bis 1976, und ist ein überaus eindrückliches Dokument einer Gelehrtenfreundschaft und Zeugnis eines bedeutsamen philosophisch-theologischen Dialogs zugleich: über Fragen der Gnosis, über Mythos und "Entmythologisierung" und - nicht zuletzt - auch über Heidegger und die Theologie.Die Edition der Korrespondenz wird in einem Anhang von weiteren Dokumenten flankiert, darunter u.a. die erstmals publizierten Gutachten von Martin Heidegger und Rudolf Bultmann zu Jonas' Dissertation über den Begriff der Gnosis 1928.

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The Apocalypse of Peter, best known for its tour of hell, was a popular text in Early Christianity, but is largely neglected today. Eric J. Beck attempts to bring new life to the study of this text by challenging current assumptions regarding its manuscript tradition and primary purpose. By undertaking the first comparative analysis utilising all available manuscript evidence, the author creates a new translation of the text that at times advocates for the reliability of the oft neglected Akhmīm fragment. He then offers the first detailed analysis of the text in order to ascertain the purpose of the document. In so doing, he argues against a monitory interpretation of the text. Instead, Eric J. Beck suggests the text uses an integrated understanding of justice and mercy that is meant to encourage its readers to have compassion on those who receive punishment in the afterlife.

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The present volume gives insights into the shape, life and claims of Jerusalem in Roman-Byzantine Times (2nd to 7th century). Regarding the history of religions and its impact on urbanistic issues, the city of Jerusalem is of special and paradigmatic interest. The coexistence and sometimes rivalry of Jewish, Hellenistic, Roman, Christian and later Islamic cults had an impact on urban planning. The city's importance as a centre of international pilgrimage and educational tourism affected demographic and institutional characteristics. Moreover, the rivalry between the various religious traditions at the holy places effected a plurivalent sacralisation of the urban area. To show transitions and transformations, coexistence and conflicts, seventeen articles by internationally distinguished researchers from different fields, such as archaeology, Christian theology, history, Jewish and Islamic studies, are brought together to constitute this collection of essays.

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Tractate Mo'ed Qatan, in addition to discussing the mid-festivals of Passover and Sukkot, is the primary source on rabbinic mourning laws and rituals. In her commentary Gail Labovitz thus considers such questions as: when considering whether particular forms of labour should or should not take place during the mid-festival or when one is in mourning, which gender's labour is considered significant, which is overlooked or taken for granted? How are practices that are meant to engender certain emotional states - joy in the festival, grief over a death - impacted by gender? How does gender guide who is mourned, and in what ways? She also explores women's unusually conspicuous and public role in funerals and mourning procedures as lamenters. Although Mo'ed Qatan is a short tractate, women, female characters both biblical and rabbinic, and issues of gender feature prominently throughout.

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Die europäische Tradition verbindet in der Rede von der causa die Frage nach dem Zweck eines konkreten Vertrages mit der Suche nach dem Grund für seine Geltung. In Frankreich wurde die Doktrin nicht einmal dadurch erledigt, dass man 2016 das Wort aus dem Code Civil strich. Umso weniger ist man in Italien geneigt, diesem Beispiel zu folgen; im Gegenteil blüht dort die causa -Lehre. Deutschen und englischen Juristen hingegen bleibt die causa als Erfordernis des Vertrages fremd, obgleich auch sie Zwecke in vielfältiger Weise berücksichtigen (insbesondere bei der Bewältigung von Störungen der Vertragsdurchführung). Das vorliegende Buch soll zur europäischen Verständigung beitragen. Dabei sind auch klaffende Unterschiede zwischen der französischen und der italienischen Lehre zu überbrücken. Aufbauend auf Dogmengeschichte und Rechtsvergleich wirft der Band Schlaglichter auf die Zukunft der causa in Europa. Er enthält Beiträge in deutscher, französischer, italienischer und englischer Sprache, die durch englische Einführungskapitel zusammengefasst werden.

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Ein Recht ist dann unveräußerlich, wenn man es nicht freiwillig aufgeben oder transferieren kann. Elias Moser liefert eine Begriffsanalyse dieses grundlegenden Konzeptes. Es handelt sich bei solchen Rechten nicht nur um Grundrechte. Auch Einschränkungen der Einwilligung und der Vertragsfreiheit machen den Verzicht oder Transfer bestimmter Rechte unmöglich. Es stellt sich zudem die Frage, ob es so etwas wie unveräußerliche Rechte überhaupt geben kann oder ob das Konzept einen Widerspruch enthält. Schließlich untersucht der Autor, weshalb eine Person nicht frei über bestimmte Rechte verfügen darf und sucht nach den moralischen Gründen für die Rechtfertigung dieser Freiheitsbeschränkung. Ideen wie bspw. die Menschenwürde, ein gerechtfertigter Paternalismus, oder Schutz vor Zwang und Ausbeutung werden anhand von Beispielen aus Debatten der angewandten Ethik diskutiert.

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This volume contains contributions to a symposium of scholars from the Nagoya Law School and the Faculty of Law of the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg on the topic "Reactive Instruments of Social Governance". Together with volume 20 of the Freiburger Rechtswissenschaftliche Abhandlungen it completes the documentation of the results of a joint research project funded by the Nagoya Institute of Advanced Research (IAR) and the Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS). With the social governance by law and the interplay between substantive legal standards and procedural enforcement the symposium addressed a topic of both outstanding academic and practical importance. In the pursuit of certain political or social goals a legal system is basically faced with two options: the exertion of influence on the behaviour of its citizens by means of preventive or reactive instruments. The relationship of preventive and reactive regulatory instruments is a key element for the analysis and understanding of a legal system.

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Emmanuel Nathan's study is driven by the hermeneutical question of whether the covenantal contrasts in 2 Cor 3, in which Paul's use of 'new covenant' in 2 Cor 3:6 is set in stark polemical antithesis to an 'old covenant' (2 Cor 3:14), lie at the origin of the later Christian self-understanding as members of a new covenant that replaced the old. In other words, can Paul be said to be the founder of formative 'Christianity', even if one nuances the term 'Christianity' as a sect within the Judaisms of Paul's time? Using social memory theory, the author reframes the larger question of Paul's continuity or discontinuity with Judaism and seeks instead to examine the ways in which Paul refracted, redeployed, and reconfigured existing traditions in service of local needs, among them the formation and transformation of character among his community at Corinth.

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Just what is a right? Jakob Weissinger approaches this central problem of jurisprudence by critically examining the purpose of such normative concepts and carefully analysing the fundamental elements of normative practice like actions, decisions, the logic of norms and values as well as the plurality of normative practice. Interlinking the insights won, he outlines a stand-alone theory of rights which emphasises the empowering dimension of rights in the process of justifying (legal) rules. Not only does he question well-established theories, such as Hohfeld's famous analysis of legal conceptions, but aspires to set future debates in legal theory, especially those surrounding rights such as the long-standing dispute between interest and choice theories of rights, on new and more solid meta-theoretical ground.

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In this volume, Charlotte Hempel offers the first comprehensive commentary on all twelve ancient manuscripts of the Rules of the Community, works which contain the most important descriptions of the organisation and values ascribed to the movement associated with the Dead Sea Scrolls. The best preserved copy of this work (1QS) was one of the first scrolls to be published and has long dominated the scholarly assessment of the Rules. The approach adopted in this commentary is to capture the distinctive nature of each of the manuscripts based on a synoptic translation that presents all the manuscripts at a glance. Textual notes and Commentary deal with the picture derived from all preserved manuscripts. The publication of the Cave 4 manuscripts in 1998 can be likened to a volcanic eruption that challenged prevalent notions of the Community Rules that were founded on the quasi-archetypal status of the Cave 1 copy published in 1951. Since then the smoke has lifted and, as the pieces have begun to settle, we see green shoots emerging in the scholarly debate.. This commentary embraces the post-volcanic landscape of the Community Rules, which is carefully sifted for clues to establish a fresh reading of the material in conversation with the latest research on the Scrolls. The evidence suggests that some of the practices described as the beating heart of the movement's organization reflect the aspirations of a privileged sub-elite from the late Second Temple Period.

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Das deutsche Umwelt- und Infrastrukturrecht ist in ein Mehrebenensystem eingebunden und daher auch weitreichenden Einflüssen des Unionsrechts ausgesetzt. Die Integrations- und Interventionskraft der Europäischen Union beschränkt sich aber nicht nur auf legislative Rechtsakte. Auch der EuGH vermag durch seine Judikate spürbar auf die nationale Rechtsordnung einzuwirken. Diesen Einflüssen geht der vorliegende Tagungsband nach. Er dokumentiert dabei die wissenschaftlichen Fachvorträge, die im Rahmen des vom Institut für Umweltrecht der Universität Augsburg veranstalteten 5. Deutschen Umwelt- und Infrastrukturrechtstags gehalten wurden. Die Erschließung des Themas erfolgt im Kern durch eine Arbeit an Referenzthemen, wie insbesondere dem Wasserrecht, dem Energierecht, dem Naturschutz- und dem Immissionsschutzrecht. Eingerahmt werden diese Rechtsgebiete durch allgemeine Ausarbeitungen zum Rechtsschutz und zu den Grundlagen der Rechtsauslegung und Rechtsfortbildung durch den EuGH. Das Zusammenspiel von europäischem und nationalem Recht wird dabei durch rechtsvergleichende Überlegungen abgerundet.

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In this study, Andrew J. Niggemann provides a comprehensive account of Martin Luther's Hebrew translation in his academic mid-career. Apart from the Psalms, no book of the Hebrew Bible has yet been examined in any comprehensive manner in terms of Luther's Hebrew translation. Andrew J. Niggemann furthers the scholarly understanding of Luther's Hebrew by examining his Minor Prophets translation, one of the final pieces of his first complete translation of the Hebrew Bible. As part of the analysis, he investigates the relationship between philology and theology in his Hebrew translation, focusing specifically on one of the themes that dominated his interpretation of the Prophets: his concept of Anfechtung.He thus shows that by mid-career, the impact of Hebrew on Luther's Bible translation was immense and very diverse, more so than has been appreciated. He expands the frame of reference with which scholars can understand Luther's Hebrew. He provides detailed analyses of many examples of his Hebrew translation which have never before been discussed or examined in any depth, and hundreds of examples of his methodological handling of Hebrew translation issues. He also includes one of the most exhaustive analyses to date of three key philological challenges that confronted Luther in translating the Bible: Hebrew figures of speech, the Hebrew trope of repetition, and Hebrew transliteration. Likewise included as an appendix is a substantial body of refined data from Luther's Hebrew translation, which further illuminates the examples in this study, and facilitates additional analysis for future research.The PhD dissertation this book is based on was awarded the Coventry Prize for the PhD dissertation in Theology with the highest mark and recommendation, University of Cambridge, St. Edmund's College in 2018.

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The three hitherto unpublished Coptic literary texts edited and translated here derive from the famous monastery of St Michael at Hamuli and currently belong to the collections of the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York. The first work, a passio of a soldier named Phoibamon, is a native Coptic composition that provides a prime example of the so-called 'epic' type of Egyptian martyrdom literature. The second text, another martyrdom of three saintly soldiers, Theodore, Leontius, and Panigerus, represents anciently translated literature and shows interesting deviations from the more standard mould of Coptic martyrdoms. The third and final work edited here is a sermon on St Michael the Archangel attributed to Archelaos, a bishop of the town of Neapolis.These fascinating stories and discourses are of notable interest to students of early Christianity as well as to Coptologists and Egyptologists.

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Andrea Vestrucci presents a pioneering perspective on Luther and Erasmus's theological dispute on freedom. He argues that Luther's "De servo arbitrio" does not simply negate Erasmus's concept of freedom; rather, and more profoundly, Luther's work questions and modifies the logical foundations of Erasmus's position. As a result, theology is the freedom to challenge the formal conditions of meaning. In accordance with this new perspective, the author introduces groundbreaking analyses of central theological issues, such as God's hiddenness ( Deus absconditus), justification, predestination, and theodicy. Moreover, he addresses topics of current debate, from the relationship between Luther and Kant to the ontological interpretation of Luther, to the existentialist approach in theology.

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Kai Akagi considers the christological significance of Jesus' role in judgement in the speeches in Acts 10:34-43 and 17:22-31. Reading these speeches as part of the narrative of Luke-Acts with attention to scriptural use and influence, along with extended analysis of judgment figures in Jewish pseudepigraphal and Qumran literature, reveals that the scope of Jesus' judgment and the use of scriptural patterns in the speeches suggest his divine authority by associating him with God's final judgment at the resurrection. At the same time, his judgment identifies him as the appointed human messiah whom the speeches proclaim. While further tracing the contours and characteristics of messianism and mediatorial figures in Judaism contemporary with the beginnings of Christianity and the New Testament texts, this volume integrates study of the speeches in Acts, Lukan theology, early christology, and scriptural use and influence, whether direct and through the shaping of collective cultural knowledge.

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Focusing on Judean-Samarian interactions in Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman times, Gary N. Knoppers explores both commonalities and differences, rivalries and relationships, as these communities engaged one another in greater depth and complexity than scholars have previously thought. Some essays elucidate archaeological and epigraphic discoveries (Jerusalem, Mt. Gerizim excavations and inscriptions), while others illumine Jewish (Ezra, Chronicles, Josephus, Pseudo-Philo) and Samaritan (Samaritan 10th commandment, the Chronicon Samaritanum) literary texts. How Judeans and Samarians responded to competing claims to Israel's past by reinterpreting shared scriptures is a unifying theme in these eleven studies.

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The earliest strands of the Jesus tradition, including the one attested by the Sayings Gospel Q, show a keen interest in prayer. In this volume, specialists in Hebrew Bible, early and rabbinic Judaism, and early Christianity contribute essays on a broad range of topics relevant to the Q materials on prayer. Several contributors situate Q in its historical and religious context by relating it to other early Jewish texts and traditions concerning prayer. Others analyse Jesus' instructions on prayer in Q with respect to specific exegetical and interpretive questions, or track the reception of Q's materials on prayer in Matthew and Luke.

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