Search results for ""Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)""

This study aims to analyze the coffee value chain in Uganda and identify opportunities and constraints for enhancing youth employment. Coffee is one of the key agricultural commodities in the Government of Uganda's pursuance of sustainable growth and job creation, especially for the rapidly expanding youth population. The study outlines a significant number of job opportunities for young people along this value chain, not only in production but increasingly in processing, trade and marketing, as well as service provision. It also suggests strategic upgrading options and outlines concrete policy actions to maximize youth participation in and benefits from the coffee sub-sector

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This study aims to assess the skills and training needs of rural youth in Cambodia and to develop recommendations on how to foster their access to decent employment. The needs assessment was conducted in the provinces of Kampong Chhnang, Battambang and Kampong Cham. The study highlights the limited decent employment opportunities that currently exist along various agricultural value chains in rural Cambodia. Poverty and the structural problems of the agricultural sector are the main barriers for youth in accessing decent rural employment. A substantial enhancement of the education system, combined with the provision of appropriate training services to ensure successful school-to-work transition, is seen as necessary to tackle these challenges. A well-balanced policy mix reflecting national and local circumstances can boost employment opportunities and create an environment that enables rural youth. Building on previous research on agriculture in Cambodia, this study argues that agricultural transformation requires promotion of agribusiness enterprises, support to community-managed farmer organizations and promotion of agropreneurs, as well as investment in agricultural and rural development, particularly in infrastructure, energy, water, education and health. Moreover, as most young people entering agriculture are self-employed and work as small-scale farmers, training in rural areas should focus on the skills required to be self-employed.

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La Insignia de los Bosques está diseñada para ayudar a educar a los niños y jóvenes sobre el papel crucial que juegan los bosques para la vida en nuestro planeta. Explica cómo los bosques proporcionan servicios esenciales del ecosistema, como aire limpio, agua y mitigación del cambio climático. También describe varios recursos forestales y explica cómo millones de personas en todo el mundo dependen de los bosques para su sustento. La Serie YUNGA ‘Aprender y actuar’– Insignias, desarrolladas en colaboración con otras agencias de las Naciones Unidas, consisten en libros cortos que tienen como objetivo sensibilizar a los jóvenes sobre temas de actualidad y alentarlos a convertirse en agentes activos de cambio en sus comunidades locales.

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This publication offers a synthesis of the major factors at play in the global food and agricultural landscape. Statistics are presented in four thematic chapters, covering the economic importance of agricultural activities, inputs, outputs and factors of production, their implications for food security and nutrition and their impacts on the environment. The Yearbook is meant to constitute a primary tool for policy makers, researchers and analysts, as well as the general public interested in the past, present and future path of food and agriculture.

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This biannual publication focuses on developments affecting global food and feed markets, providing comprehensive assessments and short-term forecasts for production, utilization, trade, stocks and prices on a commodity by commodity basis. It also includes feature articles on topical issues, such as the impact of COVID-19 on food markets, and the revisions to the FAO food price indices. According to the report, food markets will face many more months of uncertainty related to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, while most markets are braced for a major global economic downturn, the agri-food sector is likely to display more resilience to the crisis than other sectors.

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Ce cadre d'évaluation peut servir de base pour comprendre l’impact au niveau national de la foresterie participative (FP) sur les forêts et les moyens d’existence locaux (par exemple, l’amélioration de la gouvernance forestière, la conservation participative, la gestion conjointe des forêts). Il présente également des indicateurs pouvant être utilisés dans différents pays, et met l’accent sur les initiatives formelles de la FP reconnues par le droit positif.L'étude rapporte qu'il y a eu une augmentation substantielle, au cours des vingt dernières années, des superficies forestières régies selon différentes formes de gestion par les populations locales. Le transfert de pouvoirs afférant aux populations locales intrinsèquement associées à ces régimes implique une variété de combinaisons de droits des utilisateurs, de responsabilités et de prises de décisions. Toutefois, il n'y a pas eu d'évaluation systématique de l'étendue et de l'efficacité des divers types de régimes de FP dans le monde.Le rapport conclut qu'une FP performante peut restaurer rapidement les forêts en termes écologiques et intensifier la gestion durable des forêts au niveau national, tout en améliorant les moyens d’existence de milliards de personnes parmi les plus marginalisées au monde. Ce faisant, la FP peut potentiellement contribuer de manière significative à une série d'Objectifs de développement durable, notamment l'ODD 15 visant à soutenir la gestion durable des ressources naturelles, et l'ODD 1 visant à réduire la pauvreté.

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This publication is a practical reference for investment practitioners on the integration of climate change risks, focusing on vulnerability assessments and project appraisals. It illustrates climate funding opportunities, including the green climate fund and the Global Environment Facility

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Despite encouraging trends, the food security and nutrition status of the population remains dire for many countries in the region; 55 million people are still affected by hunger. Reversing this will require governments to rethink their agricultural, health and trade policy. The past few decades have seen dramatic improvements in the region with respect to access to food, stunting rates, and premature death and disability caused by communicable, maternal, neonatal or nutritional diseases. However, the gains in the fight against hunger and malnutrition have been reversed in the wake of conflicts and violence that have spread in many parts of the region over the past decade. The report concludes that ending hunger and addressing the root causes of malnutrition will require bold action on several fronts, including ending conflicts and sustaining peace, and transforming food systems through agricultural, health, nutrition, trade, food and environmental policies that are gender- and climate-sensitive.

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This book helps track developments in natural resources legislation from the perspective of international sustainable development principles. It seeks to reflect up-to-date trends and thinking in natural resources governance, enhance the knowledge base in this field, and offer general guidance to countries in the regulation of their natural resources.Influenced by international trends, as well as in response to population, climate, resource and development needs, the standards, norms, mechanisms and incentives in natural resources law at the national level have evolved in recent years. Natural resources laws are influenced by developments in the international arena, either through international treaties that are binding or through "soft law".This publication encompasses a broad range of natural resource sectors, including water, land, forestry, fisheries, mining, petroleum and agriculture, and provides an overarching holistic perspective that is supportive of a systems-thinking approach. The approaches offered embrace the pillars of sustainable development, i.e. approaches that recognize and are informed by economic, social and environmental considerations and impacts.

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La Insignia de la Nutrición está diseñada para ayudar a los niños y jóvenes a aprender sobre la importancia de una dieta equilibrada y variada para garantizar que se satisfagan todas las necesidades nutricionales del cuerpo para una vida feliz y saludable.Este folleto incluye información sobre cómo elegir alimentos saludables, tomando en cuenta la importancia de la inocuidad de los alimentos, y brinda orientación sobre cómo adoptar una dieta sostenible para reducir los impactos en nuestro medio ambiente.La serie YUNGA ‘Aprender y actuar’– Insignias, desarrollada en colaboración con otras agencias de las Naciones Unidas, consiste en libros cortos que tienen como objetivo sensibilizar a los jóvenes sobre temas de actualidad y alentarlos a convertirse en agentes activos de cambio en sus comunidades locales.

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This report provides an overview of climate change mitigation and adaptation priorities in the agriculture and land use sectors of countries in the Pacific, as set forth in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). It also identifies opportunities for governments to strengthen their sectoral mitigation and adaptation ambitions, capture synergies and accelerate progress on the sustainable development agenda. While the Pacific region contributes in general less than 0.04 percent to global greenhouse gas (GHG) net emissions, and is disproportionately impacted by climate change and variability, all the countries of the region have committed to mitigation in their NDCs. With the exception of Nauru, Samoa and Tonga, all countries - representing 99.8 percent of economy-wide net emissions in the region - have set a general GHG target. However, without implementation of the NDCs, total net emissions in 2030 are expected to increase by around 150 percent compared to those reported in 2015.The analysis provided in this report captures the strong commitment of the countries in the region to take action under the Paris Agreement, and the significant risks that climate change poses for their agriculture and food security. Their NDCs highlight that risks from drought, flood, water stress and coastal erosion are of paramount concern. Agro-ecosystems supporting the production of crops, marine fisheries, and forestry production in the region are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.

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The 2019 compendium offers an overview of salient government policies and related private sector measures concerning global and national markets for oilcrops and derived products. Its purpose is to facilitate the work of policy makers, market experts, analysts and other interested stakeholders by providing a short, concise overview of policy developments relevant to the sector. Detailed news items are presented in tabular form (in English only), preceeded by a brief discussion of the key policy trends observed in the year under review

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Codex guidelines and codes of practice concerning animal food production are published in this compact format to allow their wide use and understanding by governments, regulatory authorities, food industries and retailers, and consumers. This second edition includes the texts adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission up to 2009. Published also in French and Spanish.

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The International Year of Fruits and Vegetables 2021 (IYFV), as declared by the UN General Assembly in Resolution A/RES/74/244, aims at raising awareness of, directing policy attention to, and sharing good practices on the nutritional and health benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption, the contribution of fruit and vegetable consumption to the promotion of diversified, balanced and healthy diets and lifestyles, and reducing loss and waste of fruits and vegetables. This background paper outlines the benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption, but also examines the various aspects of the fruit and vegetable sector from a food systems approach: from sustainable production and trade to loss and waste management. This paper provides an overview of the sector and a framework and a starting point for discussion for the Year, highlighting the interlinkages of stakeholders and key issues to be considered for action during the IYFV

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This manual aims to contribute to a culture of safety awareness among fisherfolk in the Caribbean, reduce the number of accidents and increase the chances of survival if accidents occur. Through explanatory illustrations, the manual provides guidance on safety matters related to work on a small-scale fishing vessel (e.g. fire safety, deck safety, lifesaving equipment, lighting and ventilation), personal safety, and navigational safety. Checks and procedures to be performed before a fishing trip, as well as guidance for survival at sea, are also included in this manual. The manual is designed primarily for fishers who use vessels of less than 12 metres in length. However, additional tips are included at the end of each chapter to include bigger fishing vessels of up to 20 metres in length.

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This report examines case studies from Croatia, the Czech Republic, Finland and other European countries, to identify good practices regarding data systems currently in use and recommend solutions for some of the challenges facing the management of bodies of inland water. Inland fisheries are important sources of ecosystem services contributing to human diets, health, well-being and the economy. The evaluation of their importance and value is one of the biggest challenges for its development. The report finds that the level and methods of inland fisheries data collection in Europe were highly variable. For example, some countries did not collect any data on recreational fishing, or only from specific areas, or recorded only the number of licenses sold.

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L’Insigne des Sols est conçu pour aider à éduquer les enfants et les jeunes sur le rôle vital que les sols jouent pour soutenir la vie sur Terre. L'insigne examine comment les sols sont créés, les utilisations des sols et comment les sols sont affectés par les pressions humaines et climatiques. Il comprend un large éventail d'activités et d'idées pour stimuler l'apprentissage sur les sols et la façon dont nous pouvons mieux gérer les ressources des sols pour assurer un avenir durable. La série YUNGA “Apprendre et agir” ? Insignes, développée en collaboration avec d'autres agences des Nations Unies, se compose de livres courts qui visent à sensibiliser les jeunes aux problèmes d'actualité et à les encourager à devenir des agents actifs du changement dans leur région et communautés locales.

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Between March and April 2019, many cases of suspected food poisoning were reported by health care workers in the Karamoja region of the Republic of Uganda. Consumption of food products that had high levels of tropane alkaloids was identified as the cause. This group of compounds occur in several plant genera that belong to the Solanaceae family and can contaminate staples like cereals and grains. Given the absence of international guidance and regulations, a Joint FAO/WHOExpert Meeting on Tropane Alkaloids was convened remotely between 30 March – 3 April 2020. This publication captures the discussions of the expert meeting and provides risks assessments of tropane alkaloids (hyoscyamine and scopolamine) as well as recommendations outlining appropriate risk management options

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Este marco pretende apoyar el aprendizaje mutuo para la adaptación y expansión de modelos exitosos de alimentación escolar con productos locales (AEPL). Los principales objetivos son aclarar los conceptos, el alcance y los objetivos de los programas de alimentación escolar con productos locales; armonizar los materiales existentes; y proporcionar una referencia técnica a los gobiernos para apoyar el diseño, la implementación y la ampliación de programas de alimentación escolar con productos locales eficaces, eficientes y sostenibles. Se han probado y aplicado con éxito varios enfoques innovadores de AEPL en diversos contextos nacionales en diferentes etapas del ciclo de programación y ejecución. Sin embargo, muchos programas de AEPL se han enfrentado a barreras financieras, institucionales y tecnológicas que han limitado su reproducción. Por lo tanto, es necesario un enfoque proactivo de la innovación y el aprendizaje para adaptar y ampliar los programas exitosos existentes.En el contexto de los esfuerzos colectivos para lograr la Agenda 2030 –incluyendo el desarrollo del capital humano para promover un crecimiento económico sostenible e inclusivo y ofrecer resultados tangibles en la educación y el desarrollo de la infancia, así como la cobertura sanitaria universal– los programas de AEPL pueden contribuir de manera significativa a la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en materia de agricultura, seguridad alimentaria, nutrición, educación y salud.

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This paper outlines the importance of tracking adaptation in the context of the implementation of the Paris Agreement and provides a flexible and consistent indicator framework for tracking adaptation in agricultural sectors (including agriculture, forestry, and fisheries and aquaculture) at national level. The framework is based on the recognition that adaptation should be tracked by analyzing a number of different indicators across agricultural sub-sectors.

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Cette publication cherche à encourager les entrepreneurs en herbe en Afrique a? saisir les opportunite?s d’affaires dans le secteur agricole et l’agro-industrie. Elle se veut un outil de promotion, en particulier pour les femmes et les jeunes. La publication, qui analyse les quatre domaines thématiques suivants: la phase d’expansion, l’entrepreneuriat des femmes, l’entrepreneuriat des jeunes et l’entrepreneuriat dans des environnements difficiles, offre aux agripreneurs et aux décideurs politiques des conseils pour les guider dans leur parcours. L’importance strate?gique de l’agriculture, du secteur agroalimentaire et de l’agro- industrie pour la cre?ation d’emplois, la se?curite? alimentaire et nutritionnelle et le de?veloppement e?conomique du continent africain en ge?ne?ral, est de plus en plus reconnue. Les entrepreneurs implique?s dans le secteur agroalimentaire et l’agro- industrie jouent un ro?le déterminant dans le de?veloppement des pays, en introduisant des innovations importantes qui améliorent la productivite? agricole et la vie de nombreuses personnes. À travers les expe?riences de 12 agripreneurs - comme celle de Vimal Shah au Kenya, dont l’activité consiste à fabriquer huiles, graisses comestibles, savons et de?tergents, ou celle de Monica Musonda en Zambie, qui s’occupe de produire des nouilles et des ce?re?ales enrichies -, la publication offre aux agripreneurs des conseils sur la manie?re de surmonter ou de contourner les obstacles potentiels, et aux de?cideurs politiques des conseils sur la manière d’instaurer un environnement propice a? l’agripreneuriat.

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Lipid-based ready-to-use foods (RUFs) for the nutritional management of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) and severe acute malnutrition (SAM) are provided to children from 6 months to 59 months of age within the context of emergency feeding programmes supervised by governments. Based on the review, the expert committee considered that children with SAM have an increase in susceptibility to bacteraemia and sepsis that is probably between twofold and fivefold compared with children who are not malnourished and are of the same age and live in the same communities. On the basis of its common occurrence as a cause of infections and serious illnesses in children with SAM, and its documented ability to contaminate, survive in, and cause outbreaks of illness associated with low-moisture foods similar to RUFs, the expert committee concluded that Salmonella is the pathogen of most concern in lipid-based RUFs. Many outbreaks of foodborne salmonellosis have been determined to be associated with low-moisture foods that were contaminated at low levels. Therefore, the expert committee carefully considered the qualitative microbiological analyses of RUFs and the contamination levels that could be inferred, and entered into an extended deliberation of dose-response modelling to find a path toward a reasonable approximation of the likely morbidity and mortality in SAM children that could be anticipated from consumption of RUFs contaminated at the estimated levels and observed frequency. The expert committee described three approaches that purchasers of RUFs might use to establish microbiological criteria to assure the safety of RUFs and to communicate to manufacturers their safety expectations. These approaches are: (i) reference to existing standards established for similar low-moisture foods; (ii) determining an acceptable increase in risk over the pre-existing baseline of illness from other sources of exposure; and (iii) process verification sampling using the moving window technique. The microbiological criteria derived by each of these approaches accomplish different purposes, and which is most appropriate is determined by the conditions of manufacture and use

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Les Directives sur le droit à l'alimentation fournissent des conseils pratiques sur les moyens avec lesquels mettre en œuvre le droit à une alimentation adéquate à travers une approche fondée sur les droits de l'homme. Depuis l'adoption des directives sur le droit à l'alimentation, la FAO et ses parties prenantes ont réussi à générer une multitude d'outils, à renforcer les capacités et à faciliter le dialogue multisectoriel dans le monde. Cette rétrospective des quinze années de mise en œuvre des directives sur le droit à l'alimentation nous aide à passer en revue et à comprendre ce qui a été réalisé, pourquoi, et comment le travail des gouvernements et de leurs partenaires peut être plus efficace dans la lutte contre la faim et la malnutrition.

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This report investigates the situation of pastoralism, highlighting its current context of vulnerability. It outlines policy interventions, resilience programming, and research areas that could enhance the resilience of pastoral livelihoods systems. Pastoral livestock production is practised in an area representing 43 percent of Africa's land mass, and in some regions it represents the dominant livelihood system. It covers 36 countries, stretching from the Sahelian West to the rangelands of Eastern Africa and the Horn and the nomadic populations of Southern Africa, with an estimated 268 million pastoralists. Pastoralism developed 7000 years ago and spread throughout Northern Africa as an adaptation to a rapidly changing and increasingly unpredictable arid climate. It remains an important solution, as it allows pastoral herds to use drier areas during the wet season and more humid areas during the dry season. It thereby ensures access for pastoral livestock to sufficient high-quality grazing and creates economic value.

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This publication presents a methodology aimed at supporting the planning and implementation of regional demersal (bottom and beam) trawl and pelagic acoustic surveys. It can be useful for the implementation of new surveys-at-sea in areas where demersal trawl and pelagic acoustic surveys are not regularly carried out. In the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, the assessment of pelagic stocks is essentially based on acoustic surveys using acoustic techniques with mid-water trawling. These routine surveys-at-sea provide essential information, which are crucial to fine-tune the assessments of the status of resources. However, survey practices differ from one subregion to another, resulting in a lack of large-scale standardized surveys. According to the report, the methodology presented can tackle this issue by increasing comparability between existing surveys thanks to the standardization of methods, sampling of catches and data recording and analysis. Finally, it represents a valuable tool to define minimum requirements towards sustainability and management objectives at the regional and subregional level.

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This guide seeks to improve the management of forests and trees for the provision of water-related ecosystem services. This can be achieved through an improved understanding of forest-water relationships and of their contribution to water and food security and community resilience, as well as through the inclusion of water considerations in forest and/or land-use planning, and the incorporation of forests as natural solutions to water management. The capacity development programme was designed to be flexible, and is based on the understanding that participants have different sets of skills and knowledge that can be leveraged and repurposed to better address forest-water issues in their forest and tree management activities. The programme promotes an interactive approach to learning, using practical exercises and field activities to build on theoretical knowledge. This guide will support expert facilitators with some natural resource management understanding, and technical forest-water experts with limited training experience in practical settings. It provides learning and facilitation tools and recommended workshop scheduling, as well as background information, key messages, resources and presentations on a variety of topics, including forest-water relationships, the impact of changing landscapes on water, and field studies.

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This guide for live poultry market managers provides practical options for improving the hygiene and biosecurity of their markets. Structured as a series of questions based on real-life situations and problems, it contains information on appropriate ways to decontaminate markets (e.g. using detergents or disinfectants), and the equipment and vehicles that enter them.Live poultry markets are an important part of the poultry supply chain in many parts of the world. However, the emergence of avian influenza viruses that can cause severe disease in humans who work in or visit contaminated markets means that some long-standing practices are no longer acceptable.This manual does not provide a "one-size-fits-all" solution for markets, given that these vary from large wholesale markets with a daily throughput of tens of thousands of poultry to small roadside or village markets that operate once or twice per week. Instead, it offers a menu of options that can be used to find cost-effective solutions for a range of types of market.

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Las normas del Codex para la leche y productos lácteos juntos con textos afines como el Código de Practicas de Higiene para la Leche y los Productos lácteos son publicadas en formato compacto para permitir su uso y amplio conocimiento por parte de los gobiernos, las autoridades de reglamentación, las industrias de alimentos y minoristas, y los consumidores. Esta segunda edición incluye todos los textos adoptados por la Comisión de Codex Alimentarius hasta el 2011. Publicado también en francés e inglés.

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FAO's Statistical Pocketbook complements the Statistical Yearbook, by providing, in an easy and simple way, quick access to top-level numbers, charts and maps on many dimensions of food and agriculture - from the characteristics of the sector to production, prices and trade, as well as food security and nutrition and environmental aspects.

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The 2020 edition of The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture has a particular focus on sustainability. This reflects a number of specific considerations. First, 2020 marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (the Code). Second, several Sustainable Development Goal indicators mature in 2020. Third, FAO hosted the International Symposium on Fisheries Sustainability in late 2019, and fourth, 2020 sees the finalization of specific FAO guidelines on sustainable aquaculture growth, and on social sustainability along value chains.While Part 1 retains the format of previous editions, the structure of the rest of the publication has been revised. Part 2 opens with a special section marking the twenty fifth anniversary of the Code. It also focuses on issues coming to the fore, in particular, those related to Sustainable Development Goal 14 and its indicators for which FAO is the “custodian” agency. In addition, Part 2 covers various aspects of fisheries and aquaculture sustainability. The topics discussed range widely, from data and information systems to ocean pollution, product legality, user rights and climate change adaptation. Part 3 now forms the final part of the publication, covering projections and emerging issues such as new technologies and aquaculture biosecurity. It concludes by outlining steps towards a new vision for capture fisheries. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture aims to provide objective, reliable and up-to-date information to a wide audience – policymakers, managers, scientists, stakeholders and indeed everyone interested in the fisheries and aquaculture sector.

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The Global Conference on Tenure and User Rights in Fisheries 2018 looked how tenure and rights-based approaches can harmonize the concepts of responsible fisheries, social and economic development, and the fair and equitable application of user rights in capture fisheries.Marine and inland fisheries provide millions of people around the globe with food security and livelihood opportunities. Advancing knowledge on how the world's marine and inland capture fisheries are accessed, used, and managed using various types of rights-based approaches is a crucial step towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, and attaining food and nutrition security and livelihood benefits.The conference created a neutral platform for a wide variety of participants, including government officials; fishers from industrial, small-scale and indigenous/traditional communities; fisheries-related stakeholders; non-governmental organizations; civil society organizations; intergovernmental organizations; and academics from around the world.

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This edition looks at how, despite a recent slowdown in undernourishment, food insecurity is rising due to economic downturns, conflict and climate extremes. Progress is too slow to meet six key nutrition targets and Zero Hunger by 2030, with the latest data showing that there remain 256 million hungry people in Africa today. This report suggests that countries should develop policies and invest to achieve a more diversified economy and an inclusive structural transformation. Reducing inequalities, including gender-based and spatial ones, will be essential to strengthen household resilience and inclusive growth.

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The Right to Food Guidelines provide practical guidance on ways to implement the right to adequate food in a wide range of policy and programmes areas through a human rights-based approach.Since the adoption of the Right to Food Guidelines, FAO and its partners have produced a wealth of tools, strengthened capacity, and facilitated multi-stakeholder dialogues worldwide. However, the goal of realizing the right to food of everyone has not been accomplished yet. Currently, over 820 million people are suffering from chronic hunger.This fifteen-Year Retrospective on the Right to Food Guidelines helps us look back and understand what has worked and why, where the bottlenecks lie, and how governments and their partners can be most effective in the fight against hunger and malnutrition.

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By linking key concepts from gender-sensitive value chain development and food loss, it emerges that gender inequalities affect the overall efficiency of the food value chain. This publication aims to help policy-makers, project designers and field practitioners to conceptualize the nexus between gender equality and food loss while offering practical guidance on and tools for integrating gender concerns into the planning and implementation of food loss studies and reduction strategies and interventions.

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This report assesses and maps 184 peer-reviewed, empirical research articles selected for their focus on linkages between water stress and human migration. First and most importantly, this literature asserts that migration is an extremely common social process and is normal in almost every society on earth. Moreover, environment- influenced migration is rarely (if ever) a resource threat to the regions to which people move. The literature does, however, observe that negative social outcomes can result from narratives that stigmatize migrants and/or cast migrants as a security threat - especially when these narratives are used to justify increased surveillance and monitoring of these people.

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This study looks at the nature of the presumed relationships between conflict, food security and peace. First it charts out how the landscape of conflict and violence has changed in recent decades and shows how food security and nutrition outcomes vary across different types of conflict, identifying the conditions that seem to influence those outcomes the most.Subsequently, the book reviews evidence on the channels through which conflict and violence affect food security and nutrition across conflict areas, and how food insecurity and other development deficiencies - including undernourishment - may trigger or compound other drivers of conflict.Finally, the paper discusses which responses and response mechanisms seem to have been most effective in minimizing the impacts of conflict on food security and to what extent efforts at enhancing resilience and improving food security can contribute to avoiding conflict and help build sustainable peace.

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El Año Internacional de las Frutas y Hortalizas 2021 (IYFV) tiene como objetivo concienciar sobre los beneficios nutricionales y sanitarios del consumo de frutas y hortalizas. Este documento ofrece una visión general de las actividades que tendrán lugar durante el IYFV.

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By highlighting the gaps in the coverage of mitigation and adaptation in the agriculture and land use sectors, as well as illustrating opportunities for enhancing climate action ambitions in the next round of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in the Caribbean, this analysis can serve as an important roadmap for informing policies and directing investments in support of low-emission and climate-resilient agriculture and food systems in the region.While the Caribbean contributes to less than 0.5 percent of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and is disproportionately impacted by climate change and variability, all but two countries (Antigua and Barbuda and Cuba) in the region set a general GHG target. However, without implementation of the NDCs, net emissions are expected to increase by around 30 percent in 2030 compared to 2015 levels. Under the mitigation scenario, total net emissions in the region are expected to decrease by roughly 17 percent compared to the 2030 counterfactual scenario. Around 80 percent of that reduction is conditional to international financial support.The report concludes that addressing the financial, human, institutional and organisational barriers to the uptake and dissemination of technologies will be key to upscaling climate action in the agriculture and land use sectors. Investments in the sustainable management and use of forests, as well as ocean and coastal zones and water resources will be needed. It is also important to prioritise investment in technologies, including data collection and management, climate information and early warning systems, mapping, monitoring, irrigation and drainage, in order to upscale climate action in the agriculture and land use sectors

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This publication provides guidance on legislative issues regarding land consolidation in alignment with the Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security as well as international human rights law. It is based on good practices in Europe, and focuses on rural areas.Land consolidation is a highly effective land management instrument that allows for the improvement of the structure of agricultural holdings and farms, increasing their economic and social efficiency and bringing benefits both to right holders as well as to society in general. Since land consolidation gives mobility to land ownership and other land rights, it may also facilitate the allocation of new areas with specific purposes other than agriculture, such as for public infrastructure or nature protection and restoration.While this guide encourages the exchange of good practices between countries with ongoing national land consolidation programmes, it mainly targets countries in the following cases: where there is not yet a specific legal framework for land consolidation; where land consolidation instruments have a short history or are in the initial phase of development; or where a new legal framework is needed due to new challenges, such as climate change adaptation in agriculture or nature protection measures in rural areas..

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This review is an update to the first worldwide review of bottom fisheries in the high seas, published in 2009 based on information from 2003 to 2006. It provides States and other interested parties with a summary of the current status of high seas bottom fisheries worldwide. High seas bottom fisheries contribute approximately 0.3 percent to global marine capture fisheries production. The updated global high seas catch from bottom fisheries was estimated at 226 000 tonnes in 2016, which is similar to the 250 000 tonnes previously estimated for 2006. The report highlights the considerable changes that have occurred in the monitoring and management of high seas deep-sea fisheries by Regional Fisheries Management Organizations or Arrangement (RFMOs), including relating to total allowable catches and impacts on target and bycatch species.

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This study quantifies global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from aquaculture (excluding farming of aquatic plants), and explains how cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) could be used to appraise GHG mitigation measures - thereby contributing to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13 (Climate Action), while supporting SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), and SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth).Global aquaculture contributes directly to food security by increasing food availability and accessibility, and indirectly as a driver of economic development. Aquaculture accounted for approximately 0.45 percent of global anthropogenic GHG emissions in 2013. However, production is increasing rapidly, and emissions arising from post-farm activities, which are not included in the 0.45 percent, could increase the emissions intensity of some supply chains significantly. It is therefore important to improve the efficiency of global aquaculture to offset increases in production so that it can continue to make an important contribution to food security. There is great scope to improve resource efficiency through technical innovation.

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This manual explains how to diagnose and respond to a case or outbreak of African swine fever (ASF). It includes general information on the disease and its causes, including epidemiology, transmission pathways and geographic distribution. It presents the different phases chronologically, from detection and diagnosis (clinical signs, postmortem findings and differential diagnosis) to laboratory confirmation (main techniques for detecting both virus and antibodies).African swine fever is a contagious viral disease that affects pigs of all ages, inducing a haemorrhagic fever. It is most often recognized in the acute form with an associated lethality of up to 100 percent, and is a severe threat to pig production systems. Not only does it threaten food security and challenge the livelihoods of pig producers and other actors in the supply chain, but it can have major consequences on international trade.Since there is currently no effective vaccine or treatment, the manual suggests that the best strategy for countries/zones that are still free of the disease is to prevent entry of the virus through improved border control, awareness-raising and better biosecurity. Infected countries will also need to be able to implement quick outbreak controls though movement restrictions and stamping-out policies.

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Combining information collected by the European Price Report with other market survey data collected by FAO GLOBEFISH, this report provides an update on market trends for a variety of major fish commodities, including tuna, groundfish and small pelagics.

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The report presents the results of the measurements of grain size, total organic carbon (TOC),hydrocarbons and metals in surface sediments (greater than 100 samples) collected from 40 locations off the coast of northern Mozambique during an environmental survey in March–April 2018. The survey was carried out from the R/V Dr Fridtjof Nansen in the following areas: (i) Pemba – planned gas industry logistic base, (ii) Ibo Island (Quirimbas National Protected Area) to St. Lazarus Bank – the reference area, and(iii) Palma - gas exploration area. The contents of fine-grained fraction (les than 63 um) of the sediment varied strongly in all areas from coarse sediment to high mud contents, whereas TOC levels were generally low and correlated poorly with fine-grained fraction. Background levels of hydrocarbons and metals were found in most of the samples. Anthropogenic contamination was found at one site in Pemba harbour. No oil-related contamination was demonstrated, including the Palma area where gas exploration is concentrated. Elevated concentrations of barium and total hydrocarbon content at some locations in the Palma area are attributed to drilling activities but are not considered to be of environmental concern. Based on the measured concentrations of chemicals, background concentrations for the studied areas are proposed

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This publication provides a risk assessment of known toxins leading to ciguatera poisoning as well as guidance on risk management options, including establishing and/or strengthening surveillance programmes and monitoring transmission through the food web. Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is one of the most common food-borne illnesses related to seafood consumption. While in some regions it has been known for centuries, its true incidence is not fully understood, with an estimated 10 000–50 000 people affected every year. CP is predicted to become more common due to climate change and the globalization of trade, which may contribute to its spread. CP is caused by the consumption of marine species that have become toxic from feeding on toxic benthic dinoflagellates (Gambierdicus toxicus) or from the consumption of carnivorous marine species that have consumed other toxic species that have fed on the dinoflagellate. Gambierdicus toxicus is found primarily in the tropics and more than 400 aquatic species are known to be vectors of ciguatera

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Latin America and the Caribbean managed to reduce the number of undernourished by 20 million compared to the year 2000. However, 2018 marks the fourth consecutive year in which hunger shows a continuous increases.Moderate or severe food insecurity in Latin America increased considerably. This increase caused more than 32 million people to join the almost 155 million who lived in food insecurity in the Region in 2014-2016. The Region has shown significant progress in reducing child malnutrition and it is significantly distant and below the global prevalence of malnutrition in girls and boys. However, malnutrition due to excessive weight in the Region is one of the highest in the world and it continues to increase.This year, the Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition in Latin America and the Caribbean focuses on food environments and describes some of the main policies that the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean are developing to face the different forms of malnutrition

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This year's edition provides new estimates of the percentage of the world's food lost from production up to the retail level. It suggests that identifying and understanding critical loss points in specific supply chains – where considerable potential exists for reducing food losses – is crucial to deciding on appropriate measures. It also provides some guiding principles for interventions based on the objectives being pursued through food loss and waste reductions, be they in improved economic efficiency, food security and nutrition, or environmental sustainability.

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