Search results for ""science publishers""

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory illness that can spread from person to person. The virus that causes COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus that was first identified during an investigation into an outbreak in Wuhan, China. Chapters 1-16 contain information about the science behind the virus, economic implications, global response and public safety. Chapters 17 and 18 access the readiness of the United States Public Health System in response to emerging infectious diseases, pandemics and biological attacks.

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Dogs eat grass, and so do cats. Every pet owner must have noticed the grass-eating behaviour of their pets. Since wild dogs and cats eat grass too, most experts believe it to be an example of evolved traits of dogs and cats to relieve their upset gastro-intestines. Based on the observation, experts go on to suggest pet owners grow in their gardens medicinal herbs, other than botanicals that could be toxic to their pets. The herbal recipes, with doses, introduced in the book are intended for the most prevalent health problems of dogs and cats; the herbs that make up the recipes are: 1) available, as dietary supplements in the U.S., in the market by cGMP-certified manufacturers; and 2) in a dosage form of granules that is easy for pets to ingest. The book therefore not only meets experts' recommendations but also fulfils veterinarians' demand of an herbal pharmacopoeia for the widest conditions of their patients. Unlike other similar titles, the book is data-driven, quantitative, collective, comprehensive and practical: Although the herbs in the book have been used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine, owing to the data-driven approach of the book, no prior knowledge of Chinese or western herbal medicines is required to comprehend the book. The second feature of the book is that every indicated health condition of an herb comes with a score. The higher the score, the more frequently herbal clinicians have prescribed the herb (or herb pair) for the diagnosed condition in humans and thus the more likely that the herb (herb pair) is effective in mitigating the condition. The book is therefore quantitative, in contrast to other books which are qualitative. The third feature of the book is that the mapping from herbs and herb pairs to health conditions results from the collective experiences and expertise of the five thousand herbal clinicians in Taiwan, rather than the experience or expertise of a single doctor as in most other books. Without the deep learning/artificial intelligence techniques employed by the author on millions of (human) health insurance data, the aforementioned features are impossible. The final unique feature of the book is that recipes for the 94 most common conditions in dogs and 81 most common conditions in cats are given in later parts of the book, serving as reinforcing examples after going through the first part. The book is therefore both comprehensive and practical for not only holistic but also conventional veterinary professionals.

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The last decade has witnessed various technological advances in life sciences, especially high throughput technologies. These technologies provide a way to perform parallel scientific studies in a very short period of time with low cost. High throughput techniques, mainly, next generation sequencing, microarray and mass spectrometry, have strengthened the omics vision in the last decades (study of complete system) and now resulted in well-developed branches of omics i.e., genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, which deal with almost every level of central dogma of life. Practice of high throughput techniques throughout the world with different aims and objectives resulted in a voluminous data, which required computational applications, i.e., database, algorithm and software to store, process and get biological interpretation from primary raw data. Researchers from different fields are looking to analyze these raw data for different purposes, but lacking of proper information and knowledge in proper documented form creates different kinds of hurdles and raises the challenges. This book contains thirteen chapters that deal with different computational biology/bioinformatics resources and concepts which are already in practice by the scientific community or can be utilized to handle various aspects of different classes of omics data. It includes different computational concepts, algorithm, resources and recent trends belonging to the four major branches of omics (i.e., genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics), including integrative omics. It will help all scholars who are working in any branch of computational omics and bioinformatics field as well as those who would like to perform research at a systemic biology through computational approaches.

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Famous European Artists by Sarah K. Bolton is a collection of biographical sketches of the famous artists of Europe, including Turner, Rembrandt, Michelangelo, Murillo, Rubens, Leonardo, Titan, Raphael and Reynolds. Famous European Artists is a useful general introduction to the world of art.

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This book first discusses how depression and anxiety occur more frequently in people living with HIV/AIDS than in the general population. Anxiety and depression increase the morbidity of HIV by causing poor adherence to treatment, increased risk for suicide, greater chance for recurrence and various other significant mechanisms. The authors present an analysis of sociological research showing the prevalence of stigma and discrimination against patients with HIV infection at the dental office. Fear of stigma is a key factor in reducing the willingness to disclose HIV status. The recommended treatment for chronic hepatitis C virus infection with HIV coinfection is reviewed, focusing on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacology of drug-drug interactions between antiretroviral therapy and direct-acting antivirals. Insight on the long road towards the eradication of HIV/AIDS is discussed in an effort to achieve sustainable development goals and targets by 2030. Studies conducted in relation to biomedical, structural, behavioural and technological interventions are cited to substantiate this discussions. The closing chapter outlines updated recommendations guiding healthcare professionals to employ treatment as prevention. A discussion of the public health measures necessary to promote the success of treatment as prevention is also included.

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This book contains rare reproductions of photographs taken during the American Civil War. It is believed to be the first time that the camera was used so extensively on the battle-field. It is the first known collection of its size on the Western Continent and it is the only witness of the scenes enacted during the greatest crisis in the annals of the American nation. It records a tragedy that neither the imagination of the painter nor the skill of the historian can so dramatically relate.

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Disability research is important for the individual and the family, but certainly also for the society that has to adapt and facilitate an easier life and better service for this segment of our populations. For example, research showed significant disparities in the prevalence of disability between urban and rural residents, which can guide society to provide better service. Epidemiology and survey research can be important tools for public health focus and intervention and guide policy makers to allocate budgets and service facilities and expertise. In this book, we have gathered research on various aspects of disability from Malaysia, India, Ghana, Kenya, Portugal, Bangladesh, Thailand and Nigeria, which we hope will be of interest to the reader.

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Chapter 1 focuses on the science to understand the physical processes and projections of mass loss of the major ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, as well as of mountain and other land-based glaciers. The chapter reports on current projections of glacier mass loss due to anthropogenic climate change, and in turn how that will affect sea level. The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region's future as reported in chapter 2. Issues such as Arctic territorial disputes; commercial shipping through the Arctic; Arctic oil, gas, and mineral exploration; endangered Arctic species; and increased military operations in the Arctic could cause the region in coming years to become an arena of international cooperation, tension, or competition.

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Chapters 1 and 2 explore the Lion Air Flight 610 and Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 accidents, the resulting international grounding of the Boeing 737 MAX aircraft, and actions needed to ensure the safety of the aircraft before returning them to revenue service. Because of apparent similarities in factors that may have contributed to the Lion Air Flight 610 and Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 accidents, the FAA Associate Administrator for Aviation Safety established a Joint Authorities Technical Review (JATR) to review the type certification of the flight control system on the B737 MAX. Chapter 3 discusses the recommendations pertaining to that review.

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Information concerning the island of Cuba was exceedingly unsatisfactory character until the search-light of American inquiry was thrown upon it from the beginning of the war for Cuban liberty early in 1895. Although our next-door neighbor to the south, with a perfect winter climate and a host of interesting and picturesque attractions for travelers, tourists had been comparatively few, measured by the numbers that might have been expected. All of the reasons for this were those which naturally followed the characteristic Spanish rule of the island. Publicity was not welcomed, inquiry was not welcomed, travelers were not welcomed. The cities and the accommodations they offered were in many ways far behind those of like age and size in the other countries of the globe. Railway construction and the making of highways had lagged disgracefully, because the exorbitant taxes collected were looted by the officers of the government as their own spoils. No other country so near to the highways of ocean commerce and so accessible from the United States was so little known.

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This is a collection of biographies that profiles history's most famous romantic couples. The stories of Antony and Cleopatra; Napoleon and Marie Walewska; Honore de Balzac and Evelina Hanska and other famous couples are dealt with in an interesting manner. This book gives us an insight into the lives and lifestyles of popular figures of history.

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This book furnishes a rich description and discussion on the theory and practice of DPYD (digital positive youth development) games, in particular, design, implementation, and initial evaluation. Chapters show a concerted and creative effort in providing preventive measures on commonly found adolescent developmental issues. They also demonstrate that the newly developed and specially designed games are in general efficient and effective measures to promote youth development and prevent some common adolescent problems from deteriorating in contemporary urban societies. Initial users' qualitative feedback supports their effectiveness. Findings related to motivational variables such as self-efficacy, situational interest, goal orientation, and engagement variables are discussed. It is noteworthy that the game on interpersonal relationship has a special feature of promoting cross-cultural understanding of the values behind Chinese and Western (English-speaking only) cultures.

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Volume 21 first addresses the negative consequences of polypharmacy in older adults, highlighting evidence-based approaches to decrease inappropriate prescribing. An overview of generic drugs in Brazil is provided based on an analysis of literature on the subject, as well as public data. The authors assess the significant role phytochemicals play in combatting coronary heart disease, chronic inflammation, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer disease, and more. Also assessed in this compilation are the different pathways of NF-κB signaling in cell survival and pathogenesis of a variety of diseases affecting humans. Hydrocephalus, a disorder characterised by an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid inside the ventricles of the brain, is explored in detail. In addition, a new experimental model of non-exudative age-related macular degeneration induced by superior cervical ganglionectomy in C57BL/6J mice is presented, focusing on differences in the histology, ultrastructure, and metabolic attributes of the temporal retinal pigment epithelium. The signs, symptoms, and radiological findings regarding isolated fallopian tube torsion are examined, as well the various surgical options available. The diagnosis of post-cerebral infarction seizures, or post-stroke seizures, is studied in closing, and electroencephalography is put forward as a crucial tool for this purpose.

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The monograph has solved an actual scientific problem, improving the efficiency of electricity networks by developing methods of compensation current non-active components under harmonic distortions and unbalance of mains supply voltage. The research of the compensation system working processes in time- and frequency-domain allows to reach the positive effect for the developed method. The necessity of the analytical methods for analysis of nonlinear elements of electrical systems in the frequency-domain development have been grounded. The expediency and efficiency of the usage of small parameter method, which is realized in frequency-domain using instantaneous admittance components, have been grounded. It is shown that application of a small parameter method with its realization in frequency domain enables significant simplification of the process of the analysis of electric circuits with semiconductor converters in an analytical form and facilitation of calculation automation. Based on this, the algorithm for calculation of the passive filter parameters have been proposed. This allows to reach the desired voltage total harmonic distortion coefficient. The analysis of energy consumption and conversion in electrical systems with semiconductor converters based on the instantaneous power components analysis allowed to make important conclusions. Based on the analysis in analytical form in the frequency domain by numerical analysis and mathematical modeling of compensation, non-active components of current improvement methods were proposed as compensation non-active components under the non-sinusoidal and supply voltage unbalance and proved the effectiveness of its implementation.

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From Hippocratic medicine through modern theory, the concept and physiopathology of pain has been developed from religious and philosophical to a more scientific concept. Different cultures have developed different words to express pain and we are still far from a comprehensive understanding of pain. In clinical practice, a good understanding of history is important and multidisciplinary collaboration should be used to help the patient with both acute and chronic pain. In this book we have gathered evidence from international researchers and practitioners involved with both acute and chronic pain issues with the hope that this information will be of use to the reader.

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Wilbur Fisk Gordy writes about the heroes and leaders of America that shaped this country prior to 1923. This book is a must for all Americans and those who are living in other parts of world but are keen to know about the real heroes and leaders who own the credit of building the United States from its beginning.

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This 4 volume set presents important research on audiology and hearing. Some of the topics discussed herein include: cochlear implantation; chronic tinnitus; the auditory brainstem response;sensorineural hearing loss; autoimmune inner ear disease; presbyastasis.

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Volume 39 first presents a study wherein the gravitational noise of the brain at different ages within the same family was studied by gravitational mass spectroscopy. The authors explore the resources for community integration for individuals that have acquired a traumatic brain injury, highlighting areas that need further investigation. In a subsequent study, the gravitational mass spectroscopy method was used for the fast diagnosis of human brain states at long-range order. Various routes for ischaemic stroke management are also discussed, including hyper acute management, acute management and long-term management. Continuing, the newer technologies and approaches currently being applied in the field of neurosurgery are reviewed. The authors summarize the reported cases and observational studies regarding nonconvulsive status epilepticus in neurosurgical subspecialties of emergency and perioperative care, cerebrovascular diseases, neurotrauma, brain tumor, and stereotactic and functional neurosurgery. The associations between different brain inflammatory mediators and epileptogenesis are explored in an effort to affirm the idea that targeting the inflammatory pathway may be an effective therapeutic strategy to prevent or treat epilepsy. The major issue in glycemic control in neurocritical care patients is addressed: tight glycemic control using intensive insulin therapy is associated with higher rates of hypoglycemia without an improvement in survival rate. On these bases, adequate nutrition before and during insulin infusion is recommended. This compilation goes on to discuss evoked potentials, electrical responses of the brain to light, sound, or electrical stimuli. Depending on the type of stimulus, they emerge as visual, auditory, or somatosensorial evoked potentials.

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Since ancient times, mankind has used plants as a valuable source of natural products for maintaining human health and to treat or prevent diseases. The common knowledge around plants' healing properties, known as folk medicine, has been transmitted over the centuries for generations throughout human communities. The use of natural products and herbal medicines have been documented in the past. The antibacterial activity of plant extracts has been reported since the late 1800s and some of these traditional medicines are still used, especially in the last decade, with more intensive studies for natural therapies. Active compounds produced during vegetal metabolism are responsible for the antimicrobial and biological properties interacting with specific chemical receptors in the human body and, due to these components, plants extracts are popular as anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial or anti-fungal drugs. However, in the absence of scientific studies, the use of aleatory plant extracts may lead to harmful adverse effects. Previously considered empirical, current data on the antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility of numerous plants have been scientifically confirmed. Phytosciences, as ethnopharmacology or phytotherapy, are emerging multidisciplinary areas with almost unlimited sources and several aspects to be discussed. Recently, there has been a growing trend to seek natural drugs as part of dental treatment. In dentistry, the association of plant extracts with restorative dentistry, endodontics or periodontics materials have been used to reduce inflammation, as antimicrobial enhancer agent, antiseptics, antifungals, antioxidants, analgesics or even as mouth rinse to prevent or reduce dental plaque. Thus, this book will address the use of plant extracts in different fields of dentistry, highlighting its use in cariology, restorative dentistry, endodontics and periodontics, besides other uses of herbal plants in dentistry, as in dental trauma, osteointegration or hemostatic, among others. As will be shown and stated, the vast variety of different plants described in literature with medicinal properties makes it impracticable to discuss all extracts found in scientific literature. Therefore, this book will contribute with some of these extracts and different methodologies to assess, as an introduction to new research and new researchers. Also, different in vivo and in vitro tests used to evaluate biological response, such as biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity in dental treatment will be discussed.

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The book first intends to analyse a selected group of US presidential speeches building from the articulation between the study of decision-making psychological traps, understood from a discursive perspective, and the meta-theoretical principles of the pragma-dialectic approach to argumentation theory. Continuing, the authors analyse extracts from Ghana's education policy reform documents to exemplify the efficacy of critical discourse analysis as an interdisciplinary analytic tool and/or method for analysing written texts in critical policy research. The work of Marie-Anne Paveau, who has further developed the ideas of Michel Pacheux, is addressed. Her notion of prediscourse is applied to show how it can productively contribute to our understanding of the creation and perpetuation of ideas. The diverse ways the connectives "wa" in Arabic and "and" in English get translated between the two languages are assessed, with focus on the discrepancies between the discourse functions of these two particles in both languages. The existing current of discursive analysis assumes that reality is involved in hegemonic and ideological processes, allowing for the analysis of cultural imbrications and dynamic processes between structure and human agency in the construction of reality. As such, the possibility of using critical discourse analysis in consumer studies is addressed.

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The book opens with a presentation of the application of geographic information system -based statistical modeling in the delineation of landslide susceptible zones for Rani Khola River basin of Sikkim Himalayas, India, by combining various landslide conditioning factors, namely: geological, topographical and hydrological parameters. Inaccessible areas prone to landsliding are delineated, as increasing awareness of the human, economic, and environment effects of these natural disasters is necessary to promote the safety of human life. The authors develop a broad-based landslide susceptibility assessment considering causal factors and different triggering conditions for hillslopes bordering the Monterrey Metropolitan Area. This approach has been computed on a cell-by-cell basis in a geographic information system. The concluding study attempts to present a distribution map of major rainfall-induced landslides in March to April 2019 in Iran, as well as review the local geological characteristics of major case studies.

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Volume 303 begins by examining hyperacute vision experiments based on the eye of a house fly which use solid state electronics to obtain a 10 fold improvement over digital camera technology. This contradicts neuroscience models of hyperacuity based on cortical processing because the house fly does not have a cortex. Following this, the protocol of the seventh dialogue with Uranus inhabitants, including the invitation procedure, is presented and logically analyzed, along with the method for generating gravitational radiation by a neutrino graser. The authors consider the features of the formation of quasi-standing waves in resonators in the presence of factors not previously considered, including: the motion of media filling the resonators, the influence of the magnetization fields on resonators with gyrotropic media and the motion of the boundaries of resonators. Next, a general and pure wave theory of image formation for all types of stellar interferometers, including hypertelescopes, is developed in the frame of Fresnel's paraxial approximations of diffraction. Additionally, the gravitational mass spectroscopy method is used to study the long-range reaction of ovalbumin to the gravitational noise of the Sun and the center of our galaxy. Some aspects of spectrophotometry are discussed, including fast spectrophotometry with a low-resolution imaging spectrograph and the spectral variability of individual stars. Lastly, the authors present the basic elements of Chern-Simon theory and review some recent aspects of developments in Chern-Simon gauge field theory as a topological quantum field theory on a threemanifold.

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This books explore the relevance and application of the conceptual and theoretical works of Michel Foucault to an understanding of modern society. The book begins by providing a biographical excursion of Foucault's life and works that gives the reader hints of how this thinking of social theory was shaped. The book moves its attention to how conceptual tools he developed are relevant to modern social theory and the interpretation of people, professions and populations in western culture in particular. The book explores the impact of his work on power and the example of social work and how it reshaped such a helping profession. In doing so, Foucault raised both a challenge and impact for social theorists to take up on subjectivity in how individuals make their own histories. Despite this, the book concludes with a re-appraisal of Foucault's work on surveillance and aging prisoners that highlights the sheer analytical diversity of his social philosophy.

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The authors first discuss pituicytomas, rare primary glial neoplasms that arise in the neurohypophysis (or posterior portion) of the pituitary gland. They typically present with signs and symptoms of a slow growing, non-hormonally active mass of the sellar and suprasellar region, compressing adjacent structures. Following this, the clinical and pathologic features of spindle cell oncocytomas are discussed. Spindle cell oncocytomas are rare tumors, accounting for less than 0.5% of sellar masses. Tumors typically present in adults and most commonly manifest with visual disturbances and pituitary hypofunction. Additionally, the authors review the clinical and pathological features of gangliocytomas, rare benign tumors of the neuroaxis. They are most commonly seen in children and young adults, and most often arise in the cerebellum as part of Cowden's disease, or in the sellar region. The clinicopathologic features of granular tumors, rare neoplasms that most commonly arise in the neurohypophysis or posterior portion of the pituitary gland, are also discussed. This compilation goes on to examine the adrenal glands, paired structures located superior to the kidneys in the retroperitoneal space. Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and adrenal androgens are synthesized respectively in the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculatis and zona reticularis that make up the cortex, while the inner adrenal medulla produces the catecholamines and peptides. The risk of developing adrenal insufficiency among glucocorticoid users is assessed, and risk factors are identified. Glucocorticoids are widely used for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions and malignancies, as well as after organ transplantation. The closing study explores hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, a potent and complex response to heat stress in domestic livestock. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is activated during stress, which leads to the secretion of cortisol and aldosterone from the adrenal gland.

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In the opening study of Advances in Engineering Research. Volume 34, five probability distributions which are currently used by researchers, including Normal, Log-Normal II, Gumbel, Pearson type III and Log-Pearson type III, are fitted to the values of ET0 and precipitation related to 30 synoptic stations of Iran with different climates. The authors discuss an energy efficient envelope tracking solution in a power amplifier system for demanding wireless standards. In a wireless transmitter, a huge portion of power is consumed by the power amplifier, and this generates the need for a power-efficient amplifier for longer battery run-time. The authors discuss the ways that may change the way air traffic controllers and others learn and work in air navigation, as well as how they can improve their workload thanks to the implementation of holographic radars. The various methods for the detection of accidental island formation are discussed, as well as the differences between the detection methodologies. Some of the main anti-islanding algorithms are evaluated by means of a MatLab/Simulink® platform employing a single-phase voltage source inverter designed for active power injection into the low-voltage distribution network, using solar photovoltaic as an energy source. The authors survey cryptographic keys management issues related to cloud computing deployment. This provides a critical analysis of cryptographic keys management in the cloud, and explores the most valuable solutions and recommendations used in real-world applications. This compilation also explores the design, preparation, testing and applications of thin-film thermocouples, particularly the tungsten-rhenium thin-film thermocouples proposed by Xi'an Jiaotong University. Later, the best probability distribution function is combined with a suitable plotting position formula in estimating the annual reference evapotranspiration. For this purpose, using meteorological data reported in 30 synoptic stations (1960-2014), the values of reference evapotranspiration were calculated by the FAO56 Penman-Monteith method based on reference conditions. The penultimate chapter studies how to realize double station navigation under the condition that we only know the path difference and the length of baseline between two stations. A one-dimensional equidistant double-base array is directly constructed, and the azimuth angle of the target is solved using the redundant calculation. The final study proposes a technique called "Data as a Service using Data Hibernation and Service Oriented Architecture" that plays a key role in the improvement of the cloud network by enforcing a pay-as-you-go concept.

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This book brings together a range of contemporary research contributions of the malnutrition field. Written by leading international experts in the field of socioeconomic, demographic, clinical, and environmental and policy related malnutrition. This book explores the theme of the prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of malnutrition lifecycle and burden of the 21st century's world.

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Healthy Food: Perspectives, Availability and Consumption first explores the pathological form of healthy eating, orthorexia nervosa. Although orthorexia nervosa cannot be found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, important findings suggest that orthorexia nervosa should receive wider scientific and public attention. Additionally, the current literature regarding the effects of healthy foods and early feeding practices in childhood is explored in the context of the primordial prevention of non-communicable diseases and their risk factors. This compilation also examines carrot bagasse flour and banana peel flour for their potential to be employed as functional ingredients to improve the texture, color, and flavor of raw meat products, as chorizo, or cooked meat products, as sausages. Candelilla wax oleogel is investigated for its potential to replace pork back fat lard in cooked sausages, specifically focusing on its textural profile, moisture, color, and sensory acceptance. Results indicate that candelilla wax oleogel can be employed as a fat replacement, improving the health profile of certain meat products.

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Dyslexia: Analysis and Clinical Significance is a book composed of ten chapters with scientific contributions in the fields of speech language pathology and education. This book contains chapters presenting research findings from a case study with dyslexic children, as well as literature review chapters with topics of interest to the academic life of students with this specific neurodevelopmental disorder.

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Benzothiazole is an aromatic heterocyclic compound with the chemical formula of C7H5NS. Benzothiazole: Preparation, Structure and Uses opens with a review on the synthesis of benzothiazoles for their anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, analgesic, antiviral and antitubercular activities. Following this, considering the versatile nature of benzothiazole, various benzothiazole derivatives with anticonvulsant and anticancer activity are discussed in detail. A report on the design strategies, detailed photo-physical properties and applications of benzothiazoles is provided in an effort to help researchers overcome existing challenges in designing novel excited state intramolecular proton transfer benzothiazole fluorescent molecules. In closing, the authors present recent updates on the usefulness and structure-activity relationship of benzothiazole derivatives for the development of novel anticancer agents.

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Sleep can be viewed as a brain state, as a process and a behavior. As any of these, sleep serves several purposes, including energy restoration, immunocompetence, brain metabolic homeostasis, neural ontogenesis and, importantly, cognitive, emotional and social processing. Supported by a strong empirical backbone focused on contemporary research outlining links between these subjects, this book will offer a guide to state-of-the-art research of sleep mechanisms, its impact in many cognitive and affective features as well as brief but in-depth overview of the strong association between sleep and social interactions. The complexity behind the common mechanisms between sleep, cognition and emotion, reveal that only through an integral approach in its study at both a neuroanatomical, functional, clinical and social level can reveal how this interplay influences human and furthermore, of mammal homeostasis as whole. Also, we intend to shed a light on the complex relationships between sleep and specific psychiatric disorders, thereby informing both prevention and clinical intervention. In order to provide clear guidance for researchers, the book also outlines future directions for the continued advancement of our understanding of sleep. We aim to balance the breadth and depth of available information to provide a resource that is accessible for upper-level seminars within academic settings, while serving as a practical guide for established scholars studying and treating conditions related to the interplay between sleep, cognition and emotion.

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Lavoisier is one of the giants of chemistry. In this book, he lays out all of the theories of early chemistry and how to conduct experiments. He ties the old chemistry (alchemy) into the new, and it is here that the kernels of modern chemical nomenclature begin. He is rightfully called "The Father of Modern Chemistry". Anyone who is serious about learning chemistry should read this book.

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Frontiers in Bacteriology Research opens with a summary regarding the role of plants, substrate/filter material, microbial biodiversity, chemical variation, system designs and operational parameters as they relate to the removal of toxic elements in constructed wetlands. The authors discuss oxidoreductases, a large class of enzymes that catalyze several biological oxidation/reduction reactions by transferring electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors. The increasing rate of Clostridium difficile infections and associated control methods are also discussed. Clostridium difficile is an important pathogen that causes diarrhea associated with the use of antibiotics. Recent progress in research concerning the antibacterial activities of different carbon-based nanomaterials is presented. Graphene, graphene oxide, graphene and carbon quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and nanodiamonds are discussed. In closing, data reporting on the activity of lectins against resistant bacteria, alone or in conjunction with other drugs, is reviewed.

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Diagnosis can be a deep investigative process, complex by nature. The diagnostic processes have become much more multidisciplinary, demanding the use of an eclectic set of technological methodologies and tools, especially from the Fourth Revolution. Biosensors, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things and 3D Printing have become common terms in health research. Cancer in all its forms has become one of the biggest public health issues of the twentieth century. Among all types of cancer, breast cancer is the most dangerous for older and middle-aged women; it is also the most common form of cancer among the female population. Breast cancer is among the five most common cancers worldwide. This disease has been proliferating in developed, underdeveloped and developing countries. Its incidence rate is increasing with the average life expectancy of the population and with the adoption of new forms of consumption. There are some preventive strategies for breast cancer, such as stimulating visual inspection and touching of the breasts. However, they are not efficient enough to impact breast cancer mortality rate because the disease is still being diagnosed late in many cases. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the disease is necessary, including its risk factors and strategies for early identification and efficient treatment. The existence of these tools in public healthcare systems is important because they may contribute to increasing the chances of cure and the treatment options, decreasing mortality rates. Herein this collection book, we present to readers a set of works from the state-of-the-art dealing with cancer diagnosis using biosensors, artificial intelligence and other approaches. We hope this collection could present some of the state of the art of innovative techniques based on the Fourth Industrial Revolution to support early and accurate diagnosis of cancer, especially breast cancer.

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Salivary Glands: Structure, Functions and Regulation summarizes the current understanding of the critical role that miRNAs and lncRNAs may play in salivary gland development and physiology, tumorigenesis and its progression, as well as in other pathologies. The authors also evaluate their potential as circulating biomarkers and therapeutic targets in different pathologies. Next, the authors explore the diagnostic assessment, surgical approaches, and use of radiation and chemotherapy in the treatment of parotid tumors. Furthermore, the most common complications of parotid surgery and relative management are considered. The clinical presentation, etiology and diagnostic modality of juvenile recurrent parotitis is reviewed, in conjunction with the role of sialoendoscopy in the diagnosis, management and prevention of recurrent attacks.

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Volume 71 first reviews the processing and recycling of plastics all over the world. Due to the population growth and the economic progress of many nations, dependence on the production and consumption of plastic materials has increased. Following this, the authors aim to understand the current outlook of PM2.5 pollution and how the application of computer modelling can contribute to its monitoring and control. The pre-treatment of landfill leachate via ultra-sonication is explored in an effort to debilitate its inhibitory effect prior to bioremediation by microalgae. Accordingly, the by-products generated from ultrasonic pre-treatment were assimilated by microalgae for growth. Material flow accounting approaches are used to calculate crop biomass and to study differences between crop biomass production and residues utilisation for energy purposes with an environmental impact in China and Slovakia. The authors explore how the pressure of the anthropic activities (pollution, species introduction, overfishing, coastal development) on the marine ecosystem has intensified in the past decade with effects that include global warming and ocean acidification. The penultimate study demonstrates the presence of MDR E. coli isolates presenting virulence pathotypes with the ability of biofilm formation in urban rivers located at Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, Brazil. The closing chapter provides informaiton regarding the wetland plant Phragmites, particularly its medicinal properties and related research. Phragmites a large perennial grass mainly found in wetlands throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the globe.

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This book intends to contribute to the discussions on the "New" Turkey, which has become a noteworthy term during the third term of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) and which was officially used by Erdogan, the Republic of Turkey in 2014. The "New" Turkey, although a connotation used frequently for a new beginning of politics followed by each political power, has been attributed to a symbolic value by the current political power, AKP. The "New" Turkey has a bipolar meaning in Turkish politics: One that is strongly defended and supported by the current political power to maintain the historical bond between the Ottoman heritage, a mixture of Turkish culture and Islamic identity, and the Turkish republic, therefore to reinstate the Ottoman understanding among the people through state institutions while challenging the secular and Kemalist side, which resists losing the "old" Turkey's Kemalist identity. Political, social and economic transformations are visible in daily and social life in Turkey toward Turkish-Islamic synthesis. Such a visibility is of concern for both polarized sides in Turkey. The "conservative democrat" AKP is deeply keen on bringing back the "national" and "local" philosophy of culture, production, technology and identity while protecting their "own" and "othering" those who do not agree with the AKP, securitizing the opposition who disregard the Ottoman heritage and who states the Turkish Republic was founded from a scratch. This book focuses on the political regime transformation, social problems such as aging and nation, economic problems such as import and export destinations during the third term of AKP, when they officially started to name it "New" Turkey. Although the "New" Turkey is very often used to denote a state culturally and ideologically conservative, it is also a term to utter a regional power, which centers itself in the world politics. Today, the biggest question is whether Turkey is going to manage to undo polarization of the society while maintaining development. The present work seeks answers to these questions.

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Desalination is imperative to mitigate the global water scarcity as it produces drinking water from unpotable water. Currently, reverse osmosis membrane processes are widely used and account for 60% of desalination plants globally as they have lower energy requirements than other techniques, such as thermal desalination. Another promising alternative to desalination is membrane distillation (MD), which has been highlighted as one of the most promising and cost-effective desalination technologies over the last five decades. MD is a thermally driven desalination process that uses microporous and hydrophobic membranes through which only vapor can pass. Because non-volatile ions cannot pass through the membrane, MD theoretically achieves 100% salt rejection. In addition, MD is superior to other techniques as it is conducted at relatively low temperature and pressure, and is less sensitive to the feed concentration. MD is a desalination process that uses the vapor pressure difference between the feed and permeate as the driving force through the membranes. Over 2,800 scientific publications appeared in Web of Science as of September 2019 (over 400 just in 2019) describing the current state of development and potential future applications of MD. Although these publications provide excellent knowledge regarding MD, they are rather fragmented, and it is difficult to gain a complete overview of the basic principles and functions of membranes for MD configurations and their application to real plants. In this book, we introduce MD from the invention of this technique to the recent developments in membranes and processes. The membrane materials and configurations of MD processes are systematically discussed, along with an introduction to real pilot plants that have been installed and tested in the field, and an economic analysis of MD. The objective of this book is to provide a short, but reasonably comprehensive, introduction to MD to graduate students and persons with an engineering or natural science background, to gain a basic understanding of MD, and the associated materials, configurations, and applications, without studying a large number of different reference books.

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Volume 19 extensively reviews a few important aspects of genetic diversity, including: the importance of genetic diversity in livestock and agriculture, the assessment of different procedures to get a precise measure of genetic diversity, factors affecting genetic diversity, and strategies to prevent such losses. Continuing, this compilation discusses genomic instability, which has been observed in several inherited pathological conditions. Mutations causing the disorder, as well as genomic instability, were present in genes associated to different biochemical functions such as: calcium influx or ionic permeation. The authors discuss short sequence repeats or microsatellite markers, which have been utilized extensively in livestock because they can be easily amplified and possess large amounts of allelic variation at each locus. The authors also explore a new commercially available test that can identify fetal chromosomal abnormalities by analyzing fetal nucleic acids circulating in a maternal blood sample. This test can be done before 10 weeks and can replace traditional first-trimester non-invasive screening. The causes underlying inbreeding depression and heterosis are analyzed, allowing for new insights into these phenomena as the result of a diploid genome structure, creating the states of homozygosity and heterozygosity. The relation of inbreeding depression and heterosis to the major biological processes is demonstrated. The closing study discusses default sex from different points of view, proposing a conception "germ cell-supported female default" in vertebrate gonadal somatic cells, as well as the idea that most vertebrate sex-determining genes emerged as destruction factors against the female default.

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The authors present and discuss the partial results of the first stage of a research study on children's transition from early childhood education to elementary school. Next, drawing on findings from a four-year longitudinal study which investigated direct and indirect influences of parental involvement on academic achievement of pupils, social cohesion, and the family-community-school relationship, this compilation focuses on the role of parents as partners in contemporary schooling. The subsequent study looks for evidence of how school attendance depends upon household circumstances, notably income and education, and how attendances varies with gender and region. Using large sample survey data collected by the National Sample Survey Office for 2011-2012, this analysis aims to address several major issues. The authors analyse the gender differences in balance, object-control skills and change of direction ability in 9 to 11-year-old children. Gender could be a differentiating factor in the motor competence of children, specifically in static balance and catching ability. The penultimate chapter describes the gender gaps in the quality education measurement system test and university selection test outcomes within the framework of an observational, comparative, prospective and eight-year follow-up study. The closing chapter provides an insight into a relatively novel pedagogical method applied within the framework of peer education. This multilateral activity focuses on knowledge, health behavior, attitudes, experience and motivation of youngsters in connection with health promotion programs and community service work.

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A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels by Robert Kerr is an 18 volume set that contains the complete history of the origin and progress of navigation, discovery, and commerce, by sea and land. In determining upon an era for the commencement of this work, Kerr was led, from a consideration of the accidental discovery of Iceland by the Norwegians in the ninth century, to adopt that period as the beginning of the series, both because the commencement of modern maritime discovery took place during the reign of a British sovereign, and because we derive the earliest written accounts of any of these discoveries from the pen of that excellent prince. It is true that the first accidental discovery of Iceland appears to have been made in 861, eleven years before the accession of Alfred to the throne; yet, as the actual colonization of that island did not take place till the year 878, the seventh of his glorious reign, we have been induced to distinguish the actual commencement of maritime discovery by the modern European nations as coinciding with his era.

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Some years ago, while a Senior Lecturer-in-Law at BPP University, one of my Master of Laws' students asked if he could write a dissertation in Maritime Law. He wanted to do a survey of the rules of both Admiralty Law and the Law of the Sea. The department contained no specialist in either of these fields, and I taught neither. As he could not be dissuaded from this plan, I had to undertake a rapid, informal, self-directed learning programme in the subjects in order to gain sufficient professional skill to be able to supervise, and, later, assess the dissertation. His project was surprisingly good -- and I had my first contact with rules concerning territorial seas, contiguous zones, exclusive economic zones, continental shelves and high seas. My interest in these topics grew and, eventually, flourished in the project of this monograph. The book covers the laws in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 that concern baselines and boundary delimitation, together with cases which relate to these topics. There is also a major input to the monograph from procedural matters pertaining to the International Court of Justice, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and arbitration under Annex VII to the Convention, with an example case provided for each of these mechanisms. As States Parties to the Convention may make a Declaration under its Article 287 for the settlement of their disputes by one or more of these methods -- together with special arbitration under Annex VIII to the Convention for four issues specified therein -- this Article, together with the methods and the remainder of Part XV of the Convention, are core material for a systematic review of the Law of the Sea. In instances in which it is possible, comparisons are made between: (i) the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and its predecessors, i.e., the Geneva Conventions from 1958, and (ii) the rules of the International Court of Justice and those of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. In essence, the Convention builds upon its precursory instruments, which tend to be simpler than the former, and the procedural rules for the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea are similar or identical to those of the International Court of Justice, other than a few provisions that are new or materially modified from the terms of the Court, but with the necessary changes from the latter being made. The cases at this level are fewer than in black-letter subjects of the law, but tend to be complex and, for the legal scholar, very interesting. This is especially true of the South China Sea Arbitration, which was a judgment of pioneering brilliance from an Annex VII arbitral tribunal composed of one academic and four experienced judges, to which a substantial literature has-in the short period since this case's resolution -- been devoted. The very best of luck with your reading!

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This book introduces the main waste heat sources that come from the industrial, electric, commercial, residential and transportation sectors of society. The wide applications of waste heat through heat pumps are then detailed, mainly including gas heating, hot water production, and steam production (for sterilization, distillation, rectification, etc.). A summary of the main findings and trends in the area of ejector-enhanced efficiency of waste heat recovery cycles and systems using low boiling point working fluids. Following a brief overview of the ejector, selected configurations of interest are presented and discussed in a variety of applications. The purpose of the following chapter is to provide a concise overview of waste heat availability and energy capturing potential, and the different technologies available for its recovery as well as their advantages and challenges. In closing, the different types of waste heat recovery technologies that are used in cement plants to produce electricity are reviewed, and the potential for electricity production from heat exhaust gases of three cement plants by using waste heat recovery technology is discussed.

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Population growth, increasing living standards, and rapidly changing climate have resulted in an increasing demand for freshwater, accelerating the water degradation challenges. There is a compelling need to minimize water consumption and develop approaches to effectively manage existing water resources. On a positive note, water resource management strategies discussed in this book present innovative ways to conserve both quality and quantity. Chapter 1 discusses decentralized water management approaches for intervening the urban water cycle to minimize the environmental and socioeconomic impacts. This chapter concludes with a need to use a suite of tools based on decision support systems for managing urban water resources. Chapter 2 discusses the need for assessing suitability of various types of models for a specific scenario based on the required level of complexity. This chapter discusses in detail the underlying criteria behind model selection, validation, and uncertainty analysis. Urban watersheds can be more challenging compared to natural watersheds. The urban watersheds include parking lots, roads, and developed structures, all of which contribute to a myriad of anthropogenic pollutants through stormwater runoff. Computer-based models can be used to study water quality issues and to develop a plan to manage watershed level resources. Chapter 3 compares pros and cons of the state-of-the-art watershed models used for managing water resources. Numerical simulations can be performed to compare the current and future water quality scenarios of a given watershed and to estimate the impact of potential water resource management strategies. Chapter 4 presents a case study of an urban region in Hanoi, Vietnam. Water evaluation and planning simulation tool was used to predict the trends and drivers of wastewater generation. Considering rapidly changing climate and associated weather impacts, it is critical to secure water resources in addition to dealing with the water quality issues. Chapter 5 suggests that climate change models and watershed and precipitation models should be jointly used in order to capture uncertainties in ecological functions, energy and food production and water supply sources. Chapter 6 presents a water use estimation and management tool that examines the effect of climate change and drought conditions on water supplies to ensure adequate buffalo forage. Sustaining both buffalo forage and water supplies during drought conditions requires preparedness and adaptation in response to unfavorable conditions. Finally, water reuse can alleviate the stress on available water resources. For example, effluents from wastewater treatment plants and desalination plants can be treated and reused for managing water crisis. Chapter 7 emphasizes that it is critical to optimize both economical and sustainability parameters during treatment of wastewater effluents and desalination concentrate. In certain cases, valuable metals can be recovered from the concentrate.

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Before the ACA, sick people often couldn't get health insurance due to a pre-existing condition. If they were able to get coverage, they often paid significantly more for it than someone without a pre-existing condition. Today, millions of Americans no longer have to worry about large bills due to annual or lifetime limits on benefits. Yet, there is still a serious affordability problem in the individual market, especially for those who rely on the individual market for coverage but are not eligible for financial assistance and those facing rising deductibles. Chapters 1 discuss ways to stabilize premiums and help individuals obtain affordable insurance through the individual insurance market. Healthcare reform should empower individuals and families to make decisions for themselves based on what fits their needs and their budget. One of the best tools we have to accomplish this goal is consumer-directed health plans that are paired with health savings accounts, or HSAs. These plans offer lower premiums and a higher deductible to encourage better use of healthcare services as examined in chapter 2 IHS provides care to American Indians and Alaska Natives through a system of health care facilities. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) provided states with the option to expand their Medicaid programs, and created new coverage options beginning in 2014, including for American Indians and Alaska Natives. Chapter 3 describes (1) trends in health insurance coverage and third-party collections at federally operated and tribally operated facilities from fiscal years 2013 through 2018, and (2) the effects of any changes in coverage and collections on these facilities.

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A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels by Robert Kerr is an 18 volume set that contains the complete history of the origin and progress of navigation, discovery, and commerce, by sea and land. In determining upon an era for the commencement of this work, Kerr was led, from a consideration of the accidental discovery of Iceland by the Norwegians in the ninth century, to adopt that period as the beginning of the series, both because the commencement of modern maritime discovery took place during the reign of a British sovereign, and because we derive the earliest written accounts of any of these discoveries from the pen of that excellent prince. It is true that the first accidental discovery of Iceland appears to have been made in 861, eleven years before the accession of Alfred to the throne; yet, as the actual colonization of that island did not take place till the year 878, the seventh of his glorious reign, we have been induced to distinguish the actual commencement of maritime discovery by the modern European nations as coinciding with his era.

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The book first reviews the main advances in methods of obtaining synthetic montmorillonite for environmental and biomedical areas. The perspectives and main challenges in the application of these materials is critically analysed. The authors next study Polyhydroxy metal complexes of Al, Fe, Zr, Cr and Ti (inorganic pillarizing agents) for the synthesis of pillared clays. Information is provided on the possibility of using amorphous aluminosilicates as a modifying additive in the formulation of cement-based dry building mixtures. The physicochemical properties of the additive are considered, and the results of XRD and DTA analyzes are presented. The authors investigate the molecular orientation and surface morphology of organized molecular films with regard to solid-state structures for organo-modified aluminosilicates by a surface pressure-area isotherm, in-plane and out-of plane X-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy. A new method for the synthesis of amorphous mesoporous aluminosilicates with acidic properties and a narrow pore size distribution in the range of 2-7 nm is also explored. The urease immobilization of composite adsorbents polyacrylamide -- bentonite, polyacrylamide -- chitosan, and polyacrylamide chitosan -- bentonite is assessed, produced from polyacrylamide as a hydrogel, bentonite as an aluminosilicate mineral, and chitosan as a polysaccharide. Following this, the authors provide a brief overview of literature data where crystalline aluminosilicates have been utilized for the capture and immobilization of radionuclides. The physiochemical properties of as-synthesized layered aluminosilicate are characterized by small angle PXRD, FTIR, porosity studies, thermal studies, 27Al MAS NMR, and morphological studies. Subsequently, this compilation addresses the way in which magnetic nanoparticles have proven to be frequently occurring building blocks for hybrid structure construction and, moreover, have shown innovative prospects as multifunctional adsorbents. Modern methods for the synthesis of highly dispersed micro- and micromesoporous mordenite with a high degree of crystallinity, as well as high crystallinity mordenite with a hierarchical porous structure, methods for modifying the mentioned crystalline aluminosilicates as a result of postsynthetic treatments, and modern adsorption and catalytic systems based on them are described. Next, the high activity and selectivity of high crystallinity zeolite Y with a hierarchical porous structure in the synthesis of practically important oligomers of various unsaturated compounds is established. The authors highlight that the aluminosilicate present in kaolin may also be used in the production of zeolitic materials, and some details of this application are explained. The adsorptive features of PAAm-Ch-Z for Th4+ are investigated in view of its dependency on pH, concentration, time, temperature and ionic strength. The parameters derived from the compatibility of experimentally obtained data to Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich, van t'Hoff, pseudo frist-/second-order and Weber Morris models are utilized in the evaluation of adsorption and its thermodynamics and kinetics. Lastly, the authors consider a possible mechanism for the generation of an acetyl-zeolite intermediate via transfer from different acetyl donors through theoretical studies using a cluster model of H-ZSM-5 zeolite designed by three TO4 tetrahedral units.

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Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a well-known zinc-metallopeptidase that converts angiotensin I to the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II and degrades bradykinin, a powerful vasodilator, both for the regulation of vascular tone and cardiac functions. Other natural substrates of ACE were identified broadening the functions of this enzyme within different physiological contexts such as neuronal metabolism, hematopoiesis, digestion, and reproduction. In this context, ACE has an essential role in diseases, for instance, hypertension, Alzheimer's disease, oxidative stress, sperm maturation and fertility, intraocular pressure, bone metabolism, fibrillary glomerulonephritis, among others. This book describes the role of ACE as a part of the Renin-Angiotensin-System, on different metabolic processes related to some diseases, such as the examples already mentioned. Moreover, ACE is related to adipose tissue. The modulation of ACE can modulate hypertension and diseases related to this enzyme. Captopril is the first successful ACE inhibitor in the treatment of hypertension; however, it has adverse effects such as dry cough, dizziness, lightheadedness or loss of taste and others. The search for alternatives to Captopril has increased research on bioactive peptides. Then, several book chapters describe how ACE can be modulated by bioactive peptides, which are short amino acid sequences previously encrypted in whole proteins and liberated through the digestion process. Animal and vegetal proteins can be used as a source of bioactive peptides. Milk, milk-derived food products and lionfish are examples of animal proteins, while several legumes such as beans and peanuts are vegetable sources of bioactive peptides.

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This book is an attempt to present to the reader a critical summary of the results of the science now commonly called criminal anthropology. In other words, it deals briefly with the problems connected with the criminal as he is in himself and as he becomes in contact with society; it also tries to indicate some of the practical social bearings of such studies.

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