Search results for ""pan stanford publishing pte ltd""

This book focuses on polymer–clay nanocomposite materials. It introduces readers to polymers, clays, and organo-clay and discusses the nature of interparticle interactions and physical adsorption, which are predominant in the synthesis of organo-clay; conversion of clay to organo-clay; interactions between functional groups in the interlayer region of clay and modifier ions; synthesis of organo-clays and their uses; and the commercial utilization of organo-clays. The text then covers the preparation of polymer–clay nanocomposites and their characterization, properties, performance, and applications.The primary goal of this book is to aid readers who wish to engage in the research and development of polymer–clay nanocomposites and to offer them an overview of the commonly used polymer–clay nanocomposites and their origins, manufacture, properties, and potential applications. This book will serve as a general introduction to researchers just entering the field and as a useful reference for scholars from other subfields.

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Through natural evolvement in thousands of years, biosurfaces have become highly adaptable to display their biological functions perfectly. Interestingly, they have developed micro-/nanostructures with gradient features to achieve smart wetting controls, such as ultra-hydrophobic water repellency in lotus leaf, directional water collection in wetted spider silk, directional adhesion in superhydrophobic butterfly wing, and fog-collecting hydrophobic/hydrophilic pattern on beetle back. These surfaces provide endless inspiration for the design and fabrication of functional interface materials with unique wettability, generating promising applications such as micro-fluidic devices, functional textiles, corrosion resistance, liquid transportation, antifogging, and water-collecting devices. In recent years there has been an exciting confluence of research areas of physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science to develop functional micro- and nanosurfaces. A kernel consists of organic materials with high/low surface energy and regular/irregular order/disorder, which can be rough/smooth and endlessly arranged and combined with various styles of micro- and nanostructures. This book introduces recent research on wettability of biological and bio-inspired surfaces. It discusses the mechanism of smart wetting controls, such as water collection/repellency on biological micro-/nanostructure gradient interfaces. It suggests ways to mimic these biological features to realize bio-inspired functional surfaces with unique wettability. The book will help researchers innovate designs with novel materials for future scientific works.

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Crystalline semiconductors in the form of thin films are crucial materials for many modern, advanced technologies in fields such as microelectronics, optoelectronics, display technology, and photovoltaic technology. Crystalline semiconductors can be produced at surprisingly low temperatures (as low as 120 ˚C) by crystallization of amorphous semiconductors, which are put in contact with a metal. This so-called metal-induced crystallization process has attracted great scientific and technological interest because it allows the production of crystalline semiconductor-based advanced devices at very low temperatures, for example, directly on low-cost (but often heat-sensitive) substrates.This book provides the first comprehensive and in-depth overview of the current fundamental understanding of the metal-induced crystallization process and further elucidates how to employ this process in different technologies, for example, in thin-film solar cells and display technologies. It aims to give the reader a comprehensive perspective of the metal-induced crystallization process and thereby stimulate the development of novel crystalline semiconductor-based technologies.

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The rapidly evolving field of nanomedicine refers to the clinical application of nanotechnologies. However, as with all new technologies, there are ethical, safety, and regulatory issues. This handbook, written by leading international experts, provides a meticulous overview of the state of the art of safety assessment of nanomaterials (nanotoxicology) in the context of their application in nanomedicine. The volume includes a historical perspective on the development of nanomedicine and its regulation, and a personal view of the future of (nano)medicine by Patrick Hunziker, president of the European Society of Nanomedicine. Ethical considerations in relation to nanomedicine are discussed. There are a series of chapters on organ-specific toxicities of nanomaterials, including pulmonary and cardiovascular toxicity, neurotoxicity, dermatotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity, as well as a discussion on immunotoxicity and genotoxicity. The importance of a thorough characterization of physicochemical properties of nanomaterials is emphasized. The handbook also contains a critical discussion on the applicability of in vitro versus in vivo methods and models for nanosafety assessment, along with an introduction to mathematical modeling approaches with a view to a predictive toxicology of nanomaterials. The overall aim is to provide a comprehensive, science-based framework for safety assessment of current and future nanomedicines.

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An optical cavity confines light within its structure and constitutes an integral part of a laser device. Unlike traditional gas lasers, semiconductor lasers are invariably much smaller in dimensions, making optical confinement more critical than ever. In this book, modern methods that control and manipulate light at the micrometer and nanometer scales by using a variety of cavity geometries and demonstrate optical resonance from ultra-violet (UV) to infra-red (IR) bands across multiple material platforms are explored.The book has a comprehensive collection of chapters that cover a wide range of topics pertaining to resonance in optical cavities and are contributed by leading researchers in the field. The topics include theory, design, simulation, fabrication, and characterization of micrometer- and nanometer-scale structures and devices that support cavity resonance via various mechanisms such as Fabry–Pérot, whispering gallery, photonic bandgap, and plasmonic modes. The chapters discuss optical cavities that resonate from UV to IR wavelengths and are based on prominent III-V material systems, including Al, In, and Ga nitrides, ZnO, and GaAs.

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After a brief introduction to the fundamental properties of graphene, this book focuses on synthesis, characterization and application of various types of two-dimensional (2D) nanocarbons ranging from single/few layer graphene to carbon nanowalls and graphene oxides. Three major synthesis techniques are covered: epitaxial growth of graphene on SiC, chemical synthesis of graphene on metal, and chemical vapor deposition of vertically aligned carbon nanosheets or nanowalls. One chapter is dedicated to characterization of 2D nanocarbon using Raman spectroscopy. It provides extensive coverage for applications of 2D carbon in energy storage including supercapacitor, lithium ion battery and fuel cells.

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The impending energy crisis brought on by the running out of finite and non-homogenously distributed fossil fuel reserves and the worldwide increase in energy demand has prompted vast research in the development of sustainable energy technologies in the last few decades. However, the efficiency of most of these new technologies is relatively small and therefore it needs to be increased to eventually replace conventional technologies based on fossil fuels. The required efficiency increase primarily relies on the ability to improve the performance of the functional materials which are at the heart of these technologies. The purpose of this book is to give a unified and comprehensive presentation of the fundamentals and the use and design of novel materials for efficient sustainable energy applications, such as conversion, storage, transmission, and consumption. The book presents general coverage of the use and design of advanced materials for sustainable energy applications. Thus, the book addresses all the relevant aspects, such as materials for energy conversion, storage, transmission, and consumption.

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Recent developments in atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been accomplished through various technical and instrumental innovations, including high-resolution and recognition imaging technology under physiological conditions, fast-scanning AFM, and general methods for cantilever modification and force measurement. All these techniques are now highly powerful not only in material sciences but also in basic biological sciences. There are many nanotechnology books that focus on materials, instruments, and applications in engineering and medicine, but only a few of them are directed toward basic biological sciences. This book tries to bridge this gap.Edited by a prominent researcher, this volume provides an overview of modern AFM technologies: the basic AFM protocols in Part I, newly developed technologies in Part II, and the most recent applications of AFM technologies in biological sciences in Parts III and IV. The chapters are contributed by some of the leading scientists in the field of nanobiology.

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Successful biofunctional surface engineering will determine the future of medical devices such as orthopedic implants, stents, catheters, vaccine scaffolds, wound dressings, and extracorporeal circulation devices. Moreover, the biosensor and diagnostic chip technology will evolve rapidly due to the growing medical need for personalized medicine. A major drawback in these technologies is the need for terminally sterilized products. However, novel and safe technologies, including coupling, stabilization, and protection of effector molecules, enable terminal sterilization without functional loss. This book provides a comprehensive overview on the state of the art and the future of biofunctional surface engineering and is of major interest for those working in the fields of medicine and medical devices.

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Since four decades, rapid detection and monitoring in clinical and food diagnostics and in environmental and biodefense have paved the way for the elaboration of electrochemical biosensors. Thanks to their adaptability, ease of use in relatively complex samples, and their portability, electrochemical biosensors now are one of the mainstays of analytical chemistry. In particular, electrochemistry has played a pivotal role in the development of transduction methods for biological processes and biosensors. In parallel, the explosion of activity in nanoscience and nanotechnology and their huge success have profoundly affected biosensor technology, opening new avenues of research for electrode materials and transduction.This book provides an overview of biosensors based on amperometry, conductimetry, potentiometry, square-wave voltammetry, impedance, and electrochemiluminescence and describes the use of ultramicroelectrodes for the real-time monitoring and understanding of exocytosis. Areas of particular interest are the use of silver and gold nanoparticles for signal amplification, photocurrent transduction, and aptamer design. Moreover, advanced insights in the innovative concept of self-powered biosensors derived from biofuel cells are also discussed.

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This book focuses on applications of compound library design and virtual screening to expand the bioactive chemical space, to target hopping of chemotypes to identify synergies within related drug discovery projects or to repurpose known drugs, to propose mechanism of action of compounds, or to identify off-target effects by cross-reactivity analysis. Both ligand-based and structure-based in silico approaches, as reviewed in this book, play important roles for all these applications. Computational chemogenomics is expected to increase the quality and productivity of drug discovery and lead to the discovery of new medicines.

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A comprehensive overview of detonation nanodiamond particles produced by detonation of carbon-containing explosives, this book discusses the technology of synthesis and the effect of various technological parameters on the structure and physicochemical properties of nanodiamonds. It explores the possibilities of targeted chemical modification of the surface, describes methods of structural modification of nanodiamonds aimed at obtaining nanographite, analyzes the various methods employed in studies of nanodiamonds as a carbon nanostructure, and suggests and explores at length the potential of nanodiamond application in technology and medicine.

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This book comprehensively reviews the considerations of nanotechnology elaborated in philosophy, ethics, and the social sciences and systematizes and develops them further. It focuses on the issues of ethical responsibility regarding chances and risks of nanotechnology and its possible applications in the fields of synthetic nanoparticles, synthetic biology, animal enhancement, and human enhancement. The book has been, thus, put in the context of the keywords "responsible innovation" and "reflective sciences," which have been central concepts in the debates about the relationship between science and society for the last few years.

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Molecular imprinting focuses on the fabrication of an artificial receptor with perfect molecular recognition abilities. It has attracted a great deal of scientific attention because of the enormous opportunities it opens in the fields of separation, catalysis, and analysis. The advantages of the molecular imprinting enable to target a wide class of substances ranging from small molecules to big conglomerates, such as proteins or even cells. In recent years, sensor applications based on molecular imprinting have started to attract greater attention because of the easy creation of robust receptor sites with high specificity and sensitivity toward a target compound.A collection of contributions from distinguised experts, Handbook of Molecular Imprinting: Advanced Sensor Applications provides a comprehensive overview on the specific challenges of molecular imprinting in sensor applications. It covers various molecular imprinting approaches. As a result, a perspective of future device ensembles for sensing is acquired. The text lays particular emphasis on fundamental aspects as well as novel ideas in the context of sensor applications. It also highlights the operation principles of various sensor transducers that are generally employed in combination with molecular imprinting recognition elements.

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This book focuses on the fundamental concepts and physical and chemical aspects of pulsed laser ablation of solid targets in liquid environments and its applications in the preparation of nanomaterials and fabrication of nanostructures. The areas of focus include basic thermodynamic and kinetic processes of laser ablation in liquids, and its applications in metal and metal oxides nanocrystals synthesis and semiconductor nanostructures fabrication. The book comprises theoretical and experimental analysis of laser ablation in liquids, research methods, and preparation techniques.

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Emulation is a hybrid experimentation technique intended to bridge the gap between simulation and real-world testing. The key idea of emulation is to reproduce in real time and in a controlled manner the essential functionality of a system, so that it can interact with other real systems that can thus be evaluated. This book describes the technique of network emulation and compares it with the other experimental approaches: the scholarly analytical modeling, the popular network simulation, and the demanding real-world testing. To emphasize the practical aspects related to emulation, this book presents a large number of examples of network emulators on the market, as well as provides an in-depth analysis of a case study, the wireless network emulation testbed called QOMB.

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This book introduces readers to the structure and characteristics of nanomaterials and their applications in dentistry. With currently available implant materials, the clinical failure rate varies from a few percent to over 10 percent and new materials are clearly needed. Nanomaterials offer the promise of higher strength, better bonding, less toxicity, and enhanced cytocompatibility, leading to increased tissue regeneration. Mieczyslaw Jurczyk, director of the Institute of Materials Science and Engineering at the Poznan University of Technology in Poland, has drawn from work in his laboratory and elsewhere in Poland to show that nanomaterials have important biological applications including in the stomatognathic system consisting of mouth, jaws, and associated structures. The book is written from a materials science and medical point of view and has 13 chapters and about 400 pages. The book can be divided approximately into three sections: the first five chapters introduce nanobiomaterials, the next five chapters describe their dental applications, and the last chapters describe their biocompatibility. Chapter 3 is a compendium on metallic biomaterials such as stainless steel, cobalt alloys, and titanium alloys; bioactive, bioresorbable polymers; and composites and ceramic biomaterials. The "top-down" approach to producing nanomaterials such as high-energy ballmilling and severe plastic deformation, as well as Feynman’s "bottom-up technique" of building atom by atom, are discussed in the next chapter. Subsequent chapters discuss each material in depth and point out how new architectures and properties emerge at the nanoscale.Chapter 8 is devoted to shape-memory materials, which now include not only NiTi but also polymers and magnetic materials. In order to improve bonding, nanomaterials can be used to synthesize implants with surface roughness similar to that of natural tissues. Chapter 9 is devoted to different surface treatments for Ti-based nanomaterials, such as anodic oxidation to improve the bioactivity of titanium and improve the corrosion resistance of porous titanium and its alloys. The use of carbon in various forms—nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanotubes, and thin films—is discussed next with emphasis on the microstructure and properties of these materials, their implant applications, and their interaction with subcutaneous tissues. Nanomaterials can be used in preventive dentistry and therefore can reduce the amount of dental treatment that is necessary to maintain a healthy mouth as argued in chapter 11. In a subsequent chapter, the author explains osseointegration (direct bone-to-metal interface) from a biological point of view and early tissue response. The mechanism of the interaction between the implanted materials with the cellular protein in the tissues is described. The last chapter discusses the application of new nanostructured materials in permanent and bioresorbable implants, nanosurface dental implants, and nanostructured dental composite restorative materials. This book not only focuses on nanomaterials but also on nanoengineering to achieve the best results in dentistry. It is recommended to anyone interested in nanomaterials and their applications in dental science. People with a background in materials, chemistry, physics, and biology will benefit from it.

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The book comes in three parts: "The Rising Sun in a Developing World", "Solar Power for the World" and "PV Today and Forever". It provides a historical summary and gives a comprehensive overview of the present photovoltaic (PV) situation worldwide and future strategies for development and implementation. The author is a world leader in PV and all renewable energies.The book is illustrated with about 100 pictures.

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This book focuses on the various functional properties and potential applications of one-dimensional ZnO nanostructures, from basic principles to our most recent discoveries. It comprises experimental analysis of various properties of ZnO nanostructures, preparation techniques, research methods, and some promising applications. The areas of focus include ZnO-based gas/biochemical sensing devices, field emitters, solar cells, light-emitting diodes, e-papers, and single-nanowire-based transistors.

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Nanoplasmonics is one of the most important growth areas of this century. It is part of nano-optics and nanophotonics and deals with oscillations of electrons in metallic nanoparticles and nanostructures. Also, it is a multidisciplinary subject covering atomic, molecular, and solid-state physics, as well as much of chemistry. Nanoplasmonics makes it possible to combine the nanoscale properties of smart devices with their optical frequencies of operation.Nanoplasmonics presents, for the first time, both the physical principles and mathematical descriptions of main nanoplasmonic effects that now are scattered over thousands of research articles. Importantly, it contains many methods, accompanied by diagrams, for fast estimations and calculations of main properties of nanoparticles of very different shapes and their clusters. It also presents the most important applications of nanoplasmonics, including in medicine, nanolasers, electronics, perfect lenses, and invisibility cloaks.

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This book serves as a guide for practicing engineers, researchers, and students interested in MEMS devices that use biomaterials and biomedical applications. It is also suitable for engineers and researchers interested in MEMS and its applications but who do not have the necessary background in biomaterials.Biomaterials for MEMS highlights important features and issues of biomaterials that have been used in MEMS and biomedical areas. Hence this book is an essential guide for MEMS engineers or researchers who are trained in engineering institutes that do not provide the background or knowledge in biomaterials. The topics include fabrication of devices using biomaterials; biocompatible coatings and issues; thin-film biomaterials and MEMS for tissue engineering; and applications involving MEMS and biomaterials.

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Consisting of ten chapters written by some of the world’s leaders in the field, this book combines experimental, theoretical and numerical studies of current-driven phenomena in the nanoscale. The topics covered range from single-molecule, site-specific nanochemistry induced by a scanning tunneling microscope, through inelastic tunneling spectroscopy and current-induced heating, to current-triggered molecular machines. The various chapters focus on experimental and numerical method development, the description of specific systems, and new ideas and novel phenomena.

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This book on nanodiamonds is the first of its kind. Nanodiamonds are indispensable for polishing industrial materials (e.g., computer hard drives and read heads) and advanced ceramics (e.g., silicon carbide and gem diamond). The book is valuable for those dealing with nanodiamonds as well as for those interested in a general education of nanosize materials.

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Over the past decade biophotonics has appeared as a new department within the academic structure across the globe. With experimental work going back for more than a century, application of the scientific method has shown the importance of biophotonics within biological and medical practice. At the same time, a new mathematical description of physics and biophysics has emerged. Self-Field Theory (SFT) describes the role of photon as a binding agent between an electron and a proton within atomic structures. SFT is being rapidly accepted by the physics community as a distinct physical theory. This is now an alternative view, in addition to classical electromagnetics and the quantum theories, that forms the basis of a chemical bond. Atomic chemistry underpins biochemistry, the pharmaceutical approach to medical therapy, and has been a staple of biological and medical knowledge over the 20th century. The biophoton within SFT provides another layer of structural organization that sits underneath atomic chemistry. This book is the first to describe SFTs role within biophotonics and as such provides a theory of biophotonics capable of describing a wide range of experimental biophotonic phenomena. Inside the Photon: A Journey towards Health describes the newly discovered layer of biophotonics underlying all atomic chemistry and biochemistry. As with the variety of snowflakes, the range in biological species within flora for instance is dependent on this biophotonic layer of interaction within atomic and biomolecular structures. A new range of energies that can be balanced only within the biophotonic states are responsible for these innumerable varieties of biological species. The phonon, the quantum of acoustic, or vibrational, energy is also described and given status alongside the photon. Hence the ‘biophonon’ sits aside the biophoton as an element within biological structures. Sounds can create structure in the same way biophotons can use structure to communicate. Therapies such as homeopathy, acupuncture, traditional Chinese medicines are given fresh impetus including putative understanding of mechanism. Mitosis is understood via the cell cycle and how electric, acoustic, and magnetic fields can induce changes at the biophotonic level. The possibility arises of medical therapy without invasive surgery and without the side effects of drug-based therapies.

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This book is a guide for users of new technologies, as it includes accurately proven protocols, allowing readers to prepare their samples for experiments. Additionally, it is a guide for the bioinformatics tools that are available for the analysis of the obtained tags, including the design of the software, the sources and the Web. Finally, the book provides examples of the application of these technologies to identify promoters, annotate genomes, identify new RNAs and reconstruct models of transcriptional control. Although examples mainly concern mammalians, the discussion expands to other groups of eukaryotes, where these approaches are complementing genome sequencing.

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This book provides a comprehensive overview of the chalcogenide glass science and various applications based on the glasses. It starts with a review on the glass-forming ability of various systems, followed by a discussion on the structural and physical properties of various chalcolgenide glasses and their application in integrated optics. The chapters have been contributed by prominent experts from all over the world, and therefore, the book presents the recent research advances in the area. This book will appeal to anyone who is involved in glass science and technology and glass application.

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What has gone wrong in Japan that has led to innovation crisis? Prof. Eiichi Yamaguchi has been committed to answer this question, and his quest has spanned several years and academic disciplines. Initially it appeared as if it had no context, but when he put the pieces together, he realized that it was actually one story. This book is a summary of his research over the last 20 years, especially after he moved out of the field of physics, to which he had devoted 21 years. He felt that it was essential for him to do his bit to save this sinking ship, or it would be disrespectful to the future generation.The book integrates his research on innovation policy, innovation theory, and trans-science. It begins with a detailed story of the innovation of blue LEDs, for which three Japanese scientists received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014. It describes the current innovation and science crises in Japan and presents evidence that the strong international competitiveness of science-based industries in the United States is a result of the invention of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) system. It discusses a new theory of innovation structures, showing the error in Clayton M. Christensen’s argument of “disruptive innovation.” It also proposes a new concept for “paradigm disruptive innovation,” emphasizing that abduction and transilience are essential factors for accomplishing it and that their decline has led to the innovation crisis in Japan. Finally, it analyzes the future vision of the innovation ecosystem, which promotes abduction and transilience, for scientists to develop new science-based industries.

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Nanomaterials have the potential to shift the paradigm for the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases, especially neoplasms, because of the intriguing behaviors associated with their unique size-/shape-influenced chemical, physical, and physiological features. Currently, there is a huge imbalance between the several nanoplatforms reported in the literature and the few ones approved for clinical applications. This disequilibrium affects, in particular, plasmonic nanomaterials, which present no approved platforms and few candidates in clinical trials. This trend can be reversed by promoting collaborations among scientists from different fields as well as by improving the multidisciplinary background of researchers interested in this area. This book is a collection of must-read peer-reviewed papers focusing on (i) the main behaviors of nanomaterials for nanomedicine, (ii) key features nanomaterials need for successful translation to the clinical setting, and (iii) market analysis of nanomaterials at the bedside or on the way. The main aim of this book is to offer a comprehensive point of view to students and researchers in order to promote the translation of new technologies to patients. It is a unique reference for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students of nanotechnology and researchers in materials science, nanotechnology, chemistry, biology, and medicine, especially those with an interest in cancer theranostics.

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Since its invention, the integrated circuit has necessitated new process modules and numerous architectural changes to improve application performances, power consumption, and cost reduction. Silicon CMOS is now well established to offer the integration of several tens of billions of devices on a chip or in a system. At present, there are important challenges in the introduction of heterogeneous co-integration of materials and devices with the silicon CMOS 2D- and 3D-based platforms. New fabrication techniques allowing strong energy and variability efficiency come in as possible players to improve the various figures of merit of fabrication technology. Integrated Nanodevice and Nanosystem Fabrication: Breakthroughs and Alternatives is the second volume in the Pan Stanford Series on Intelligent Nanosystems. The book contains 8 chapters and is divided into two parts, the first of which reports breakthrough materials and techniques such as single ion implantation in silicon and diamond, graphene and 2D materials, nanofabrication using scanning probe microscopes, while the second tackles the scaling and architectural aspects of silicon devices through HiK scaling for nanoCMOS, nanoscale epitaxial growth of group IV semiconductors, design for variability co-optimization in SOI FinFETs, and nanowires for CMOS and diversifications.

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The manipulation of light at the nanometer scale is highly pursued for both fundamental sciences and wide applications. The diffraction limit of light sets the limit for the smallest size of photonic devices to the scale of light wavelength. Fortunately, the peculiar properties of surface plasmons in metal nanostructures make it possible to squeeze light into nanoscale volumes and enable the manipulation of light and light–matter interactions beyond the diffraction limit. Studies on surface plasmons have led to the creation of a booming research field called plasmonics. Because of its various scientific and practical applications, plasmonics attracts researchers from different fields, making it a truly interdisciplinary subject.Nanophotonics: Manipulating Light with Plasmons starts with the general physics of surface plasmons and a brief introduction to the most prominent research topics, followed by a discussion of computational techniques for light scattering by small particles. Then, a few special topics are highlighted, including surfaceenhanced Raman scattering, optical nanoantennas, optical forces, plasmonic waveguides and circuits, and gain-assisted plasmon resonances and propagation. The book discusses the fundamental and representative properties of both localized surface plasmons and propagating surface plasmons. It explains various phenomena and mechanisms using elegant model systems with well-defined structures, is illustrated throughout with excellent figures, and contains an extensive list of references at the end of each chapter. It will help graduate-level students and researchers in nanophotonics, physics, chemistry, materials science, nanoscience and nanotechnology, and electrical and electronic engineering get a quick introduction to this field.

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This book deals with the difference electron nanoscope (DEN), whose principles have been invented and realised by the book author. The DEN is based on a smart combination of diffractometric and spectroscopic data and uses a visualisation of three-dimensional difference electron densities (in our case stemming from 3d orbitals) in order to obtain the key quantity involved, the electric field gradient (efg). However, the DEN is no machine, as the title of the book might infer. It is a computer program running on a fast computer system displaying 3D difference electron hyperareas floating in space and the relevant efg as a wire frame model within the unit cell of the sample involved. In this sense, it acts on a sub-nanometer scale (hence the term "nanoscope") and generates images of uncompared symmetrical and physical evidence—and beauty.For the first time, diffractometry and spectroscopy have been integrated for the common synergetic effects that may contribute to a better understanding of electric and magnetic interactions in a crystal. The experimental derivation of the common quantity, the efg, is not confined to iron-containing samples, as the use of Mössbauer spectroscopy might infer, but can also be determined by nuclear quadrupole resonance that is not confined to special nuclides. Hence, the DEN can be applied to a huge multitude of scientifically interesting specimens since the main method involved, diffractometry in a wide sense, has no general limitations at all. So it is a rather universal method, and the monograph might contribute to a wide distribution of the method in the scientific world. Has anyone seen a real orbital before: a real orbital distribution in a crystal unit cell together with its efg tensor ellipsoid? In this book, one can see it.

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The use of light for probing and imaging biomedical media is promising for the development of safe, noninvasive, and inexpensive clinical imaging modalities with diagnostic ability. The advent of ultrafast lasers has enabled applications of nonlinear optical processes, which allow deeper imaging in biological tissues with higher spatial resolution. This book provides an overview of emerging novel optical imaging techniques, Gaussian beam optics, light scattering, nonlinear optics, and nonlinear optical tomography of tissues and cells. It consists of pioneering works that employ different linear and nonlinear optical imaging techniques for deep tissue imaging, including the new applications of single- and multiphoton excitation fluorescence, Raman scattering, resonance Raman spectroscopy, second harmonic generation, stimulated Raman scattering gain and loss, coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, and near-infrared and mid-infrared supercontinuum spectroscopy. The book is a comprehensive reference of emerging deep tissue imaging techniques for researchers and students working in various disciplines.

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This book describes at the introductory level how modern technology has made the scenario of the classic science-fiction movie Fantastic Voyage a reality. The movie is about a submarine and its crew members being shrunk to microscopic size and ventured into the body. Exactly 50 years following the release of the film, such reality takes the form of a medical interventional room capable of mimicking this scenario. Based on 15 years of intensive research and development by the world-leading team in this specific field, the book goes through the scenes of the movie while explaining how it is implemented in this first-of-a-kind interventional facility.This is the first book that explains the fundamentals of navigation of therapeutic agents in the vascular network. The scope of the book is twofold: (1) to initiate readers into various technologies, including, but not limited to, nanotechnology, robotics, and biochemistry (more importantly, it shows how critical the integration of all these disciplines is to solving problems that indeed require a multidisciplinary environment); (2) to inspire the younger generation by showing that science and technology can bring one everywhere with the power to transform fiction to reality that can help humankind.

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Today, the concepts of single-electron tunneling (SET) are used to understand and model single-atom and single-molecule nanoelectronics. The characteristics of nanoelectronic devices, especially SET transistors, can be understood on the basis of the physics of nanoelectronic devices and circuit models. A circuit theory approach is necessary for considering possible integration with current microelectronic circuitry. To explain the properties and possibilities of SET devices, this book follows an approach to modeling these devices using electronic circuit theory. All models and equivalent circuits are derived from the first principles of circuit theory. Based on energy conservation, the circuit model of SET is an impulsive current source, and modeling distinguishes between bounded and unbounded currents. The Coulomb blockade is explained as a property of a single junction. In addition, this edition differs from the previous one by elaborating on the section on spice simulations and providing a spice simulation on the SET electron box circuit, including the spice netlist. Also, a complete, new proof of the two-capacitor problem in circuit theory is presented; the importance of this proof in understanding energy conservation in SET circuits cannot be underestimated. This book will be very useful for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students of electrical engineering and nanoelectronics and researchers in nanotechnology, nanoelectronic device physics, and computer science.Only book modeling both single-electron tunneling and many electron tunneling from the points of view of electronics; starting from experiments, via a physics description, working towards a circuit description; and based on energy conservation, in electrical circuits, developing the impulse circuit model for single-electron tunneling.

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This book deals with evolving intelligence systems and their use in immune algorithm (IM), particle swarm optimization (PSO), bacterial foraging (BF), and hybrid intelligent system to improve plants, robots, etc. It discusses the motivation behind research on and background of evolving intelligence systems and illustrates IM-based approach for parameter estimation required for designing an intelligent system. It approaches optimal intelligent tuning using a hybrid genetic algorithm–particle swarm optimization (GA-PSO) and illustrates hybrid GA-PSO for intelligent tuning of vector system.

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Over the past few decades, carbon nanomaterials, most commonly fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, have gained increasing interest in both science and industry, due to their advantageous properties that make them attractive for many applications in nanotechnology. Another class of the carbon nanomaterials family that has slowly been gaining (re)newed interest is diamond molecules, also called diamondoids, which consist of polycyclic carbon cages that can be superimposed on a cubic diamond lattice. Derivatives of diamondoids are used in pharmaceutics, but due to their promising properties—well-defined structures, high thermal and chemical stability, negative electron affinity, and the possibility to tune their bandgap—diamondoids could also serve as molecular building blocks in future nanodevices. This book is the first of its kind to give an exhaustive overview of the structures, properties, and current and possible future applications of diamondoids. It contains a brief historical account of diamondoids, from the discovery of the first diamondoid member, adamantane, to the isolation of higher diamondoids about a decade ago. It summarizes the different approaches to synthesizing diamondoids. In particular, current research on the conventional organic synthesis and new approaches based on microplasmas generated in high-pressure and supercritical fluids are reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods discussed. The book will serve as a reference for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students in chemistry, physics, materials science, and nanotechnology and researchers in macromolecular science, nanotechnology, chemistry, biology, and medicine, especially those with an interest in nanoparticles.

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Millions of patients suffer from end-stage organ failure or tissue loss annually, and the only solution might be organ and/or tissue transplantation. To avoid poor biocompatibility–related problems and donor organ shortage, however, around 20 years ago a new, hybridized method combining cells and biomaterials was introduced as an alternative to whole-organ and tissue transplantation for diseased, failing, or malfunctioning organs—regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This handbook focuses on all aspects of intelligent scaffolds, from basic science to industry to clinical applications. Its 10 parts, illustrated throughout with excellent figures, cover stem cell engineering research, drug delivery systems, nanomaterials and nanodevices, and novel and natural biomaterials. The book can be used by advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students of stem cell and tissue engineering and researchers in macromolecular science, ceramics, metals for biomaterials, nanotechnology, chemistry, biology, and medicine, especially those interested in tissue engineering, stem cell engineering, and regenerative medicine.

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Plasmonics is an emerging field mainly developed within the past two decades. Due to its unique capabilities to manipulate light at deep subwavelength scales, plasmonics has been commonly treated as the most important part of nanophotonics. Plasmonic-assisted optical microscopy techniques, especially super-resolution microscopy, have shown tremendous potential and attracted much attention. This book aims to collect cutting-edge studies in various optical imaging technologies with advanced performances that are enabled or enhanced by plasmonics. The basic working principles, development details, and potential future direction and perspectives are discussed. Edited by Zhaowei Liu, a prominent researcher in the field of super-resolution microscopy, this book will be an excellent reference for anyone in the field of nanophotonics, plasmonics, and optical microscopy.

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This book covers almost all fields of cancer genetics and genomics for personalized medicine. Targeted therapy, or precision medicine, or personalized medicine is becoming a standard treatment for many diseases, including cancer. However, how much do we know about the personalized medicine approach? This lucid book helps undergraduate and graduate students, professional researchers, and clinicians to better understand the key concept of personalized medicine.The most up-to-date topics on personalized medicine in this book cover the recent trends in and updates on lung, gastric, liver, breast, and other types of cancers. Circulating tumor cell, cell-free circulating DNA, and microRNAs are discussed as new diagnostic and prognostic markers for cancer. The avatar mouse model is also discussed for maximizing treatment efficacy and prognosis prediction, and so is microenvironment as a drug resistance mechanism. With classical and new pathological approaches, the book provides a systemic overview of personalized immunotherapies and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, followed by new emerging fields of hereditary cancer, thereby equipping readers to eventually contribute in developing more advanced tools and therapies for curing cancer.

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Despite substantial evidence showing the feasibility of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to identify cells with altered elastic and adhesive properties, the use of this technique as a complementary diagnostic method remains controversial. This book is designed to be a practical textbook that teaches how to assess the mechanical characteristics of living, individual cells by AFM. Following a step-by-step approach, it introduces the methodology of measurements in the case of both determination of elastic properties and quantification of adhesive properties.

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This book contains fascinating vignettes depicting future societies and the implications which increasing technological change has on society and the environment. The topics discussed include nanotechnology, medicine, computational science, biotechnology, synthetic biology, and cognitive technology, among others in science. In addition, social norms, attitudes, and policy are also featured. The upshot of this combination is an entertaining, educational, and thought-provoking volume.The glimpses into future societies subsequent to the introduction and incorporation of various emerging technologies depict scenarios of how we view ourselves, how we view others, how we are viewed by others, how our surroundings are viewed, how our leaders and political structures are viewed, what our social and behavioral norms are, what our temperament/mood is, and so forth. The introduction features a focused discourse on current trends of the impacts of emerging technologies and the conclusion highlights where society should go from here.

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Transport of pharmaceutical agents in the body is paramount to therapeutic efficacy. Advances in the past decades have rendered a remarkable improvement of drug delivery strategies, which has helped to increase the bioavailability of therapeutic agents by protecting them from degradation, targeting them to diseased sites, and controlling their circulation time and release rate. Additionally, for most therapeutics, reaching the targets of action require penetration across tissues and/or entry within cells. The design of strategies to control the transport of therapeutic compounds through these physiological barriers has become an imperative and a challenging need in the quest for better therapeutics. This book provides an overview of the current advances in this field, including considerations on the biological regulation and natural mechanisms overcoming these barriers, as well as drug delivery strategies facilitating the transport of drugs and their carriers at the tissue, cell, and subcellular levels.

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This book presents state-of-the-art contributions related to advanced structural characterization techniques in the field of clean energy materials with particular emphasis on solid oxide fuel cells and hydrogen storage materials. It describes several diffraction and spectroscopic techniques for the investigation of both average and local structures with several examples of the most recent materials for clean energy applications. It is the first authoritative collection of contributions on the importance of the application of the most advanced structural techniques to shed light on the properties and mechanisms of materials currently investigated for the use in alternative energy devices. The book provides key techniques for ex situ and in situ investigation of clean energy materials and, hence, is an essential guide for researchers working on the structural analysis of advanced materials.

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Direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs), such as methanol and ethanol ones, are very promising advanced power systems that may considerably reduce dependence on fossil fuels and are, therefore, attracting increased attention worldwide. Nanostructured materials can improve the performance of the cathodes, anodes, and electrolytes of DAFCs. This book focuses on the most recent advances in the science and technology of nanostructured materials for direct alcohol fuel cells, including novel non-noble or low noble metal catalysts deposited on the graphene layer and metal-free doped carbon black for oxygen electroreduction reaction, Sn-based bimetallic and trimetallic nanoparticles for alcohol electro-oxidation reaction, and novel nanomaterials for promoting proton transfer in electrolytes. In addition, the book includes chapters from not only experimentalists but also computational chemists who have worked in the development of advanced power systems for decades.Illustrated throughout with excellent figures, this multidisciplinary work is not just a reference for researchers in chemistry and materials science, but a handy textbook for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students in nanoscience- and nanotechnology-related courses, especially those with an interest in developing novel materials for advanced power systems.

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These days, advanced multiscale hybrid materials are being produced in the industry, studied by universities, and used in several applications. Unlike for macromaterials, it is difficult to obtain the physical, mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of nanomaterials because of the scale. Designers, however, must have knowledge of these properties to perform any finite element analysis or durability and damage tolerance analysis. This is the book that brings this knowledge within easy reach.What makes the book unique is the fact that its approach that combines multiscale multiphysics and statistical analysis with multiscale progressive failure analysis. The combination gives a very powerful tool for minimizing tests, improving accuracy, and understanding the effect of the statistical nature of materials, in addition to the mechanics of advanced multiscale materials, all the way to failure. The book focuses on obtaining valid mechanical properties of nanocomposite materials by accurate prediction and observed physical tests, as well as by evaluation of test anomalies of advanced multiscale nanocomposites containing nanoparticles of different shapes, such as chopped fiber, spherical, and platelet, in polymeric, ceramic, and metallic materials. The prediction capability covers delamination, fracture toughness, impact resistance, conductivity, and fire resistance of nanocomposites. The methodology employs a high-fidelity procedure backed with comparison of predictions with test data for various types of static, fatigue, dynamic, and crack growth problems. Using the proposed approach, a good correlation between the simulation and experimental data is established.

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The phenomenal success of nanostructures in various applications has led to the exploration of a plethora of novel nanomaterials. Nanoboron is no exception. Boron as material has the ability to form covalently bonded stable networks and finds use in a large variety of applications. This book provides a complete overview of the latest developments in the field of boron nanostructures. It starts with an introductory chapter on the fundamentals of boron chemistry, followed by chapters by experts devoted to discussions on boron nanoclusters, nanosheets, nanotubes, and nanowires, respectively. Applications of boron in nanomedicine are also discussed in wide detail.Very few titles covering Boron have surfaced to date; however, most of them are introductory text on boron chemistry and its properties along with couple of others covering specialized topics such as uses of boron in steel making, etc. This text provides state-of-the-art knowledge along with recent developments in boron nanostructures through succulent discussions.

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Magnetic nanoparticles appear naturally in rock magnetism together with a large distribution of sizes and shapes. They have numerous applications from nano-size magnetic memories to metamaterials for electromagnetic waves as well as biological applications such as nanosurgery with minimal traumatism. Their long-ranged size- and shape-dependent dipolar interactions provide numerous useful properties.This book describes the preparation as well as the magnetic properties of nanoparticles and also considers 2D dots, nearly spherical samples, elongated samples, and various assemblies of nanoparticles. The authors report the static magnetic structures and dynamic properties of these nanoparticles and the topological defects in 2D and 3D nanoparticles with new examples of S-shaped vortex or antivortex and of bent vortex or antivortex in 3D nanoparticles. The spectrum of magnetic excitations is shown to exhibit the occurrence of gaps, a key for magnonic metamaterial devices. Magnetic excited states are also considered with their coupling to nanoparticle elastic properties.

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Nanobiocatalysis has rapidly developed into a subarea of enzyme biotechnology. It combines the advances in nanotechnology that have generated nanoscale materials of different sizes, shapes, and physicochemical properties, and the excellent characteristics of biocatalysts into an innovative technology. This book provides an overview of the various relations between nanotechnology and biocatalysis. It discusses the fabrication and application of nanomaterials for the immobilization of enzymes used in the sustainable production of goods and chemicals. Nanosupports have several advantages compared with bulk solid materials because of their high surface area, which results in a significantly reduced mass transfer limitation and comparatively high enzyme loading. These characteristics are also of great use for applications in the fields of enzymatic biosensors, biofuel cells, bioelectronics, and photoelectrochemical analyte detection, where conductive nanomaterials improve the rate of electron transfer. The book also presents an overview of nanotoxicology and covers nanostructured enzyme catalysis in organic solvents and its potential application for biodiesel production, probing of enzymatic activity, and identification of enzyme functions of inorganic nanoparticles as enzyme mimics.

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