Search results for ""carnegie publishing ltd""

Towards the end of the eighteenth century, Lancaster stood on the brink of great change. During one of the most tumultuous, terrifying and important periods in British history, the city experienced rapid boom, followed by equally rapid decline, that shaped the prosperous, ancient and attractive place we know today. But history can only be fully understood by looking at the people who shaped the events, and at those who are most affected by them, and it is these human stories that are told in The Making of Lancaster: People, Places & War, 1789–1815. The experiences of seamen, farmers, women, the poor, slavers, clergy, soldiers, politicians and gentry all feature, together building a fascinating picture of the city. Through these accounts of the lives of their forbears, present-day Lancastrians have a window on their city during a time of significant growth and change, evidence of which can still be seen in the city’s buildings and streets. This new edition includes additional pictures and information, particularly relating to slavery, and is sure to be every bit as popular as the first.

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This is a Liverpool history with a difference. Packed with information, this lively book is not only about events but about people - our Great Liverpudlians - and the part they each played in shaping the city. There are many familiar faces, of course, but they stand shoulder to shoulder with the ordinary men and women who have made Liverpool what it is. And as well as bringing the unsung heroes and their interesting lives to our attention, Daily Post columnist David Charters has also dug deep to unearth less well known details about those famous names we all thought we knew everything about. Great Liverpudlians takes the reader on a wonderfully enjoyable journey through the city's past, introducing us to an array of colourful characters, from kings and politicians, to philanthropists, poets, musicians, comedians, sportsmen and women, barrow girls and clergy. All human life is here, as they say, and what is any great city if not the sum of its people?

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This very important new publication is an essential work of reference for any study of flora and ecology in Lancashire, both at the present time and into the future. The detailed, exhaustively researched information provided in the book represents a unique and indispensable 'snapshot' which will act as a crucial baseline for the ongoing analysis of changes in our natural environment. The first de finitive account of the past and present occurrence of flowering plants and ferns found in North Lancashire.

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Preston was no ordinary town during the nineteenth century. While king cotton reigned supreme throughout Lancashire, the underlying ills associated with this industry were very often highlighted particularly starkly there. Child labour, shocking working conditions with appallingly long hours and pitifully low wages, as well as the constant risk of suffering horrific accidents in the cotton mills, all fostered a deep sense of hostility among the operatives towards the employers. Overcrowded and insanitary housing, disease, poverty and awful wretchedness were often to be witnessed in the fast-growing working-class districts of Preston.Against this backdrop the nascent trade unions and political and social reformers began to challenge the unbridled mastery of the millowners. Trade disputes, confrontations, lockouts, strikes and tragic episodes of violence were the inevitable consequence of this lethal mix of hardship and employer intransigence, and dominated affairs in the town for many years. This book by local author J.S. Leigh is a powerful indictment of the industrial system that caused such suffering to Preston's cotton 'martyrs'.

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Manchester was 'at the heart of English pop music creativity for at least three decades'. This fascinating book celebrates this contribution and delves into the music cultures and subcultures around the city during one of the most exciting eras in musical history.

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An excellent book which celebrates the remarkable richness of the sporting culture of the Manchester area.

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Perhaps better than any other city, Manchester illustrates the historical relationship between the growth of science and the growth of industry - a relationship which is topical now, as it has been for two centuries. This introduction provides a sketch map and some references for those who would like to explore this local and regional history.

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"The Millers" describes not only the changes in machinery and processing and the effects on the traditional industry, but also the personalities who shaped the trade, the companies they ran, and the myths and legends which have surrounded them.

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Ian and Krysia Brodie's carefully chosen walks are intended for all ages and abilities, guiding walkers through some of the most beautiful landscape in Lancashire. Straightforward instructions are accompanied by helpful maps, local information, historical background and attractive photographs, making this book a real joy to use.

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There are few customs as quintessentially English as afternoon tea. From being the preserve of the privileged classes, to the universally enjoyed and infinitely varied occasion that it is today, afternoon tea is loved and appreciated all over the world. In Queen Elizabeth II’s Platinum Jubilee year, it seems fitting that a tradition which was popularised by a previous queen of England and a duchess should be celebrated with the publication of a wonderful new book on the subject. In 'Please pass the scones: a social history of English afternoon tea', social historian and author Gillian Perry takes us on a highly entertaining whistle-stop tour, enhanced by many luscious illustrations to make you salivate, and to bring forth your own wonderful memories. The book covers many aspects of the afternoon tea story, including its origins, etiquette, dress codes, and the rise and fall of once essential tea table features such as the slop bowl and the paper doily. The precise elements that make up an afternoon tea may vary – fine crockery, silver spoons, a traditional three-tiered cake stand or a thoroughly modern alternative, delicate sandwiches, party themes, miniature sweets, fizz. But there are two things that cannot be omitted: a steaming pot of the flavoursome liquid that all the delicious edible treats pivot around, and a fresh, scrumptious scone. How do you make the optimum cup of tea? What height should the perfect filled scone be, and is it jam or cream first? What is the tea-related origin of the expression ‘the dregs of society’? Why were tea gowns frowned upon in Victorian society? Gillian Perry answers these and hundreds of other questions in a story that involves smuggling and scandal as much as refinement and high society. Her style is readable, amusing and informative, in this beautifully produced, unique book that will be a perfect gift for someone special in Platinum Jubilee year.

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What is a tradition? How does folklore develop? Who do we thank for collecting this stuff ? And what about ‘fake-lore’? This riveting book takes a deep dive into the world of Yorkshire folklore and traditions, and discovers the stories and people behind them. Covering the whole of the great county, and every day of the year, this is a history-based approach that goes beyond simply listing what happened in the past. Catherine traces origins, examines beliefs, and in doing so, has created a book that is as entertaining as it is revealing. This is popular community culture at its very best. Leeds-born Catherine Warr is a young historian with a huge personality and online presence. As someone who grew up on a council estate, she is passionate about making history available to people of all backgrounds and walks of life.

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Chester and its surrounding area are birthplace to some truly fascinating heroes and villains. The stories in this book bring to life eight centuries of their loves and hates, hopes, fears, triumphs, relationships and failings. Based on meticulous research in Cheshire's rich archives, they uncover individuals as varied as a mediaeval gang member, a powerful Elizabethan woman addicted to marriage, one of the early organisers of the Grand National, and an innocent little girl who died after drinking from the wrong bottle. Readers interested in Chester and its environs will certainly enjoy these stories, but so will anyone who delights in uncovering the personalities and exploits of our long-forgotten ancestors. Spanning centuries, counties, class and generations, author Peter Cotgreave allows this heroic, comedic, devious, irresistible cast of characters to live again in the pages of this unique book, and in so doing reveals much about the area's unique and ancient history.

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This beautiful book is an exploration and celebration of modern Lancashire’s unspoilt and lesser-known corners. Full of fascinating facts, figures and insights, complemented by many colour images, and produced to a very high standard, the book is designed to be both informative and lovely to look at. It is written in an accessible and lively style and will delight anyone who has an interest in the natural history of our region.

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Written with fell walkers and other countryside enthusiasts in mind this thoroughly engaging and absorbing book shows that there is much more to the Lake District than simply 'stanes and watter'. Have you ever wondered why Scafell is different from Skiddaw, or why the east side of Helvellyn is different from the west side, or why Ullswater is different from Windermere, or why the summit of Helm Crag is, well, a bit craggy? If so, this book will provide some answers, together with a deeper understanding of how the fell country acquired its special characteristics. The physical landscape of the Lake District acts like a giant magnet, attracting several million visitors every year to the fell country. From John Constable to Alfred Wainwright, via William Wordsworth and Beatrix Potter, the Lake District has inspired visitors and residents alike. Although often romanticised in words and pictures as static and enduring, the mountains of the Lake District are dynamic elements of nature undergoing constant change. Media interest in climate change, storms, floods and landslides has done much to increase the public's perception of a 'dynamic' rather than a 'static' physical landscape. For those who think they know all there is to know about the mountains of the Lake District this book provides details of a different facet that is accessible to all who take the time 'to stand and stare'

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A brilliant new book especially for the gardeners of the North West! Full of Grow Your Own (GYO) information and tips for growers across the old county of Lancashire, covering everything, including ...soil & sun plants & pests tubs & trenches fertilisers & failures weeds & watering seasons & sogginess equipment & ecology triumphs & tastiness ...and much more! The first Grow Your Own book to help North West gardeners grow successfully in the specific soils & climate What grows well in the gardens of the south and middle of England will not necessarily grow well up here Aimed at all ages and abilities Suggests ways of growing organically, & how to include children & grandchildren For growing spaces of all shapes & sizes, including, yards, pots and window sills. Includes some newly rediscovered old Lancashire varieties of fruits & veg Also includes recipes & ideas to maximise usefulness & enjoyment

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Lancaster has always had a vibrant pub culture. In Georgian times, with sailors landing in the port hell bent on drunken oblivion and revelry, lawyers, traders and even royalty wishing to find a good meal and a bed for the night, the city had to provide a range of establishments to satisfy demand. While some of the inns that were born as the town flourished have disappeared, many do still exist, though sometimes with a change of name, and even location. Well-known local historian (and lover of good beer) Andrew White has dug deep into the archives to trace the records of inns and pubs that have served the town over the centuries. In this wonderful new book, he paints a vivid picture of inn life, touching on all aspects, including brewing, publicans, food, prostitution, famous visitors and inn names, and also provides a unique and fascinating gazetteer of Lancaster inns, past and present.

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Around twenty-five miles north-east of the county town of Lancaster, nearly 550 metres above sea level, a tiny spring arises under the shadow of the famous Three Peaks. This is the source of the river Ribble. Along with tributaries of immense variety and interest - the Hodder, the Calder and the Douglas - the Ribble flows through some of the most beautiful and historically important landscapes in the country, finally to meet the sea twenty miles west of Preston. Anciently the Ribble formed a political boundary between north and south, as well as an important routeway from east to west; and today it still marks a stark contrast between rural countryside to the north and industrial landscapes to the south.In this unique and important new book, Malcolm Greenhalgh combines local history - Iron Age hillforts, Roman camps, monastic farms, ancient crosses in churchyards, farming practices and land use - with a comprehensive and authoritative account of the area's wildlife and how it has changed over time. The result is a book which explains, with rare clarity and insight, how the countryside we know and love came to be as it is today, as well as how human intervention has moulded many disparate landscapes in different ways over the centuries, right up to the present day.

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Rivers and streams occupy a fundamental place within the British landscape. They are central and focal features of the natural landscape, helping to shape the very landforms of the country, as well as providing a range of habitats for flora and fauna. Few places in Britain are far from running water, and human society interacts with rivers in a wide range of ways. Most towns and cities grew up on riverbanks, and rivers play a vital role in economic, social and cultural life. They have provided power for industry; water for industrial use and human consumption; rivers have often been used for communication and the transport of goods; and they are sites of leisure and recreation. Most people are attracted to water; and rivers have featured prominently in literature and art over the centuries. Rivers can also pose threats, from flooding or pollution, and therefore have to be managed and regulated. Whereas there are many books which deal with specific aspects of rivers, "Rivers and the British Landscape" provides the first fully integrated analysis of British rivers exploring the physical formation of rivers; the characteristics of environments; analysis of the social, economic and cultural uses and associations of rivers; and examination of the problems of river management. These themes are explored through historical and contemporary examples, with case studies drawn from all parts of Britain. The book is lavishly illustrated and includes an appendix of key facts about British rivers. Written by experts on each aspect of British rivers, "Rivers and the British Landscape" is aimed at anyone with a general interest in rivers and the British landscape. The authors aim to highlight the holistic nature of river environments, and to explore the ways in which physical, economic, cultural and management characteristics interact to create the distinctive personalities of British rivers. It is hoped that material in this volume may help you to view your local river in a new light.

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The County of Lancashire - and the City of Lancaster in particular - have a richer archaeological heritage than is often appreciated. This was most dramatically demonstrated in November 2005 with the discovery of a massive stone bearing the image of a triumphant horseman and his fallen foe. This was without doubt one of the most significant finds of recent years. But who was the horseman, could the many fragments ever be satisfactorily be reassembled, and what did this stunning object mean for our history? To hope to answer these questions, and to put this artefact where it might be enjoyed by Lancastrians and visitors alike, would take the co-operative efforts of numerous museums, four universities, and the enthusiastic support of local people. This richly illustrated volume represents a first attempt - by archaeologists, classical historians, conservators and curators - to tell the stone's story, and in doing so to unravel some of the mysteries surrounding Insus, son of Vodullus.

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This is a full biography of the first Dean of Liverpool, Frederick William Dwelly, detailing his personal and religious significance within the city - the first Dean since medieval times to be in office during construction of his cathedral.

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For 15 years, from 1970 until 1985, Lancaster was one of the great centres for live rock music in the world. This superb book tells the full story of this unbelievable period, giving details of the performers and the shows, and revealing what went on backstage.

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Malcolm Neesam is an institution. He is a much-loved local historian and Freeman of the Borough of Harrogate, and there can be no one who knows more about the history of his native Harrogate. In this monumental work, Malcolm has left no archive unresearched, excluded nothing from the epic story of Yorkshire’s famous spa. Rich with detail, lavishly illustrated, and astonishingly comprehensive, Wells and Swells: the Golden Age of Harrogate Spa, 1842–1923, is an invaluable resource bound in a beautiful, limited edition, two-volume set. It is an immediate classic, and is certain be highly collectable in years to come.

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Six years in the making, this superbly crafted book is a ‘must read’ for anyone interested in Victorian country mansions with regard to social life, architecture, layout of rooms and grounds, décor and furniture, twentieth-century developments in electric lighting and vacuum cleaning systems. The author, with much thoroughness, presents a detailed historical account of one of Lancashire’s well-loved country mansions; an account enriched by a large and impressive selection of illustrations.

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Risking harsh retribution, including beatings, further privations, and at the very least confiscation, Far East prisoners of war (FEPOW) were still determined to provide the world with visual accounts of their brutal existence. Doing so was strictly forbidden, so their art had to be done on whatever scraps of paper or other materials they could beg, steal or borrow, and their paints and tools were ingeniously acquired or home made. Captive Artists brings together for the first time this secret art, created by over 65 previously unrecognised artists, all British servicemen, who documented survival during Far East captivity. In colour, pencil, pen and ink, even needle and thread and clay, this uncompromising and at times challenging collection illustrates both the importance of art as therapy, and the resilience of the human spirit. Humorous cartoons, caricatures and portraits bring the men to life. Glorious watercolours of landscapes, local flora and fauna, camp life and medical ingenuity poignantly reveal how the men lived and survived in the face of such deprivation and despair. Survival, and the artists' need to record it in myriad ways, underpins this unique collection of unseen Second World War art. Not only is the art often of an astonishingly high standard, it is also a sobering but vital portrayal of man's inhumanity to man. * Published to coincide with the 75th Anniversary of VJ Day (Victory in Japan) in 2020 * The only book that really conveys in both a visual and verbal way just what it was like living through the nightmare of captivity in the Far East * Exhibition in Philip Mould Gallery in Pall Mall in February 2020

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THE YORKSHIRE DALES, so beloved of visitors today, was once remote, wild and undiscovered, invaded by settlers who left their stories in scars on the land and hints of their origins in the place names that remain. As the written word developed, a gradual trickle of explorers came to view the uncanny and the awesome, from natural wonder to ransacked abbey. They reported back on their travels and as word spread, the trickle became a constant stream. This unusual and beautifully illustrated book gives us a unique window on 600 years of Dales history. Looking through the eyes of contemporary writers, we can see how perceptions, attitudes and even the landscape itself have changed over time. What has remained the same is the grandeur, variety and sheer beauty of this stunning National Park. Part history, part guide and part joyous celebration, this unique book will enchant residents and visitors alike.

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200 years ago, in 1819, the Lancaster Canal was officially completed. It represented a new and bright future for all those who traded between Preston and Kendal. It was to become a vital navigable artery during Britain’s industrial heyday, and also a very comfortable way for paying passengers to travel throughout north Lancashire. After many years of sterling service as a working canal, it is now hugely popular with boaters, walkers, cyclists and runners. One of only a handful of coastal canals in the country, it is easily accessible and well maintained, travelling through beautiful and varied countryside. In the fi rst half of this excellent book, author Robert Swain outlines the history of the canal, from its construction (including the internationally renowned Lune Aqueduct), through its trading days, to its demise and then rebirth as an invaluable leisure resource. Part two is a guide to the entire canal today, pointing out and explaining the hundreds of fascinating features to be seen along its length. Published to coincide with the 200th anniversary of the opening, the book is full of interesting facts and beautiful pictures, and is the perfect companion for anyone who wishes to learn about, explore and enjoy the Lancaster Canal.

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Liverpool in the 40s and 50s: a city of safe, cosy little streets – except when Hitler’s Luftwaffe couldn’t find the docks. A city of two-up, two-downs, where two or three generations lived within a few doors of each other, and often behind one door. It was a time when many of the men were away in the armed forces, strangers to their children, and when the women’s lives seemed to be filled with washing, shopping, cooking and cleaning. They were always at work, except for when they gathered on doorsteps to gossip, to talk about anyone who wasn’t with them; about who was getting more from the butcher than their ration book allowed. All of them talking, and none of them listening. Families struggled in desperately poor times, but for a child, life was an endless round of playing out. A paradise of sixpenny matinees at the Tunnel Road Picturedrome. Of `penny returns’ on the 5W tram to the countryside of Woolton, or much rarer tu’penny return ferry trips across the river, to the seaside and fairground at New Brighton. Not that you needed money. There were always the weekend adventures in Sefton and Prince’s parks, the inventive games on the streets, and on the bombed sites that littered the city. Ken Hayter’s warm, funny, poignant tales of growing up in Toxteth will strike a chord with anyone interested in the social history of Liverpool, whether they are old enough to remember how it was, or would like to have a fascinating peek into the past.

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Sometimes getting lost on a walk is the best thing you can do. In this beautiful corner of the world there are hidden corners to explore, long forgotten paths to discover, and spectacular views where you can pause, catch your breath, and lose yourself in the landscape. Arnside, Silverdale and Leighton Moss are often overlooked by people seeking high adventure in the neighbouring fells, but the walks in this book prove that the best views don't always come after the hardest climb - sometimes they come after a pleasant pub lunch or before a well-earned slice of cake. This collection of walks enables you to travel through time and uncover the hidden history of the area - a history that includes giant flying worms, fairy folklore and an American President. Each route is accompanied by stunning photographs and a lively commentary pointing out all the 'must see' spots plus a few local secrets. There's also an 'escape route' for most walks, for those who fancy something a bit shorter. Trails with Tales is the perfect book for anyone wanting to pull on their boots, explore the area and get up close to a little local history.

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The county of Lancashire has at its heart a real gem. Boasting fells, marshes, moorland, rivers, rich woodlands and ancient picturesque settlements, the Forest of Bowland provides a wonderful variety of habitats for an amazing array of birds, some of them rare. Little wonder, then, that local authors David Hindle and John Wilson developed such a passion for exploring the area, and decided to write a book. Birdwatching Walks in Bowland, now in its third edition, reveals the many treasures on offer that can be enjoyed by all. Readers can choose from over 30 lovely routes, all with straightforward directions, easy-to-follow maps and useful birding tips.

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This beautiful book celebrates the history and beauty of the amazing countryside around Preston. Seasoned historian and naturalist David Hindle takes the reader on gentle forays into specially selected parts of our county, all easily reached from the city itself. Along the way are opportunities to see an array of interesting sights, from picturesque villages and landscapes, to birds, mammals and other wildlife. So rich and interesting is the information about the heritage and natural history of the area that this book can even be read without leaving the comfort of your home!

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Fran Randle, Bill Shankly, Violet Carson, Les Dawson, Gracie Fields, as well as tacklers, overlookers, weavers and other mill workers, were interviewed for this gem of a book. A tackler comes to Oldham, in the pouring rain, and knocks on a door. Landlady opens the door and says, `Yes?' `Can I stay here for t'week?' `Aye,' says the landlady, `you can, but you'll get dam'd wet!' This is a classic example of a tackler's tale a story of gormlessness, delivered with a straight face. All of old Lancashire is covered, including Manchester and Liverpool, and former Daily Express columnist Geoffrey Mather reveals a great talent for amusing observation and wry comment. The result is an un-put-downable, rib-tickling collection of stories, recollections and commentary by the author on what it means to be a Lancastrian, then and now.

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The attractive Lakeland town of Kendal has achieved fame well beyond its modest size. Who hasn't heard of Kendal Mint Cake, K Shoes or 'The Gateway to the Lakes'? Although these are indeed all facets of Kendal and its past, they are but a small part of its long and varied history. Written by renowned local historian Andrew White, The History of Kendal is a wonderfully readable, comprehensive account, beautifully illlustrated with a wide range of images. From Roman times right up to date, the book reveals and assesses the events, industries, people and influences that have shaped the place we see today. This lovely book epitomises exactly what local history should be: informative, accessible and attractive. As such, it is certain to have universal appeal, and to be a classic for years to come.

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Cheltenham is well known as the most complete Regency town in Britain. It boasts a wonderful ensemble of broad streets, handsome terraces and sweeping crescents, as well as a remarkable number of generously proportioned squares and gardens. Grand stuccoed houses of the period are adorned with fine wrought-iron balconies, and the town has an air of openness, lightness and genteel early nineteenth-century affluence. This period was certainly important in Cheltenham's development, a time when the town became firmly established as a fashionable place of residence for the better-off, all the more attractive for being less expensive than nearby Bath. Yet there is much more to Cheltenham than this. For hundreds of years it was a significant market town and trading centre for the surrounding agricultural area. This gave the town a major economic role within its region and also influenced its physical development over the centuries. Then in the eighteenth century Cheltenham's pleasant location began to entice a number of affluent people to settle here, even before Henry Skillicorne inaugurated the Cheltenham spa on his land. Cheltenham's waters were taken by many distinguished visitors including, most famously, King George III in the summer of 1788. Drinking the waters, it was hoped, might alleviate or cure the king's periodic bouts of 'madness'. The king spent several weeks in the town. He enjoyed his stay, and Cheltenham spa's fame was secured. The transformation was profound. Cheltenham's population increased tenfold in the first half of the nineteenth century, and the nature of the town changed radically, from market town to large, residential spa with a unique appeal. In the twentieth century, Cheltenham changed yet again, as the council successfully spearheaded a campaign to bring business and industry to the area. Several organisations established their headquarters here, while the establishment of GCHQ was of considerable significance. Tourism and leisure, too, are crucially important. In March each year almost 250,000 come to watch the races, while festivals and the town's other attractions draw in almost 2 million visitors each year. Cheltenham: A New History sets the town in its wider context. It describes the town's physical development, its changing social mix and character over the centuries. It is illustrated with over 280 photographs and maps, most in colour. It also covers the outlying areas of Charlton Kings, Leckhampton, Prestbury and Swindon.

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Lord Derby, Lancashire's highest-ranked nobleman and its principal royalist, once offered the opinion that the English civil wars had been a 'general plague of madness'. Complex and bedevilling, the earl defied anyone to tell the complete story of 'so foolish, so wicked, so lasting a war'. Yet attempting to chronicle and to explain the events is both fascinating and hugely important. Nationally and at the county level the impact and significance of the wars can hardly be over-stated: the conflict involved our ancestors fighting one another, on and off, for a period of nine years; almost every part of Lancashire witnessed warfare of some kind at one time or another, and several towns in particular saw bloody sieges and at least one episode characterised as a massacre.Nationally the wars resulted in the execution of the king; in 1651 the Earl of Derby himself was executed in Bolton in large measure because he had taken a leading part in the so-called massacre in that town in 1644. In the early months of the civil wars many could barely distinguish what it was that divided people in 'this war without an enemy', as the royalist William Waller famously wrote; yet by the end of it parliament had abolished monarchy itself and created the only republic in over a millennium of England's history. Over the ensuing centuries this period has been described variously as a rebellion, as a series of civil wars, even as a revolution.Lancashire's role in these momentous events was quite distinctive, and relative to the size of its population particularly important. Lancashire lay right at the centre of the wars, for the conflict did not just encompass England but Ireland and Scotland too, and Lancashire's position on the coast facing Catholic, Royalist Ireland was seen as critical from the very first months. And being on the main route south from Scotland meant that the county witnessed a good deal of marching and marauding armies from the north. In this, the first full history of the Lancashire civil wars for almost a century, Stephen Bull makes extensive use of new discoveries to narrate and explain the exciting, terrible events which our ancestors witnessed in the cause either of king or parliament. From Furness to Liverpool, and from the Wyre estuary to Manchester and Warrington...civil war actions, battles, sieges and skirmishes took place in virtually every corner of Lancashire.

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An up-to-date and in-depth historical study of the northern Roman frontier in Britain - why was the military conquest of Scotland never completed and what were the criteria governing Roman policy over the centuries? The idea of the Roman frontier immediately conjures up pictures of Hadrian's Wall with its forts and other remains, and of the Antonine Wall in Scotland. These two structures, however, represent two elements in a story which took a great deal longer to evolve and which, if taken in isolation, tend to mask a clear appraisal of the way in which the frontier in Britain actually developed. What, after all, did the Romans want to achieve in Britain? Why did they not capitalise on Agricola's victory at Mons Graupius in AD83 to subdue the entire country once and for all? How did the idea for a physical barrier evolve? And why, after all the effort of building Hadrian's Wall, did the emperor Antoninus Pius embark upon fresh conquest in Scotland? This book is intended primarily as an historical treatment of the Roman military occupation in Britain up until the early third century AD, although it does also describe the later history of the frontier zone. It draws upon archaeological evidence, but is not intended as a guide to the remains of Hadrian's and Antonine's Walls. Rather, it aims to set these spectacular fortifications into the broader context of Roman military plans.

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