Description
Book SynopsisThe Complement System as a Viral Target for Immune Evasion.- Modulation of Type I Interferon Response by RNA Viruses.- Viroporins: Differential Functions at Late Stages of Viral Life Cycles.- Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Innate Immune Recognition and Persistence.- Candida and Candidiasis.- Mechanisms of Pathogenesis of Aspergillosis.- Airway Epithelium Interactions with Aspergillus fumigatus.- Anti-Fungal Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses.- Host-pathogen interaction in Malaria and Trypa nosomiasis.- The Host Pathogen Interaction and Immunomodulation During Leishmaniasis.- Immune responses induced by parasitic worms.- Pathogenic Persistence and Evasion mechanisms in Schistosomiasis.- Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies: Passage from Gut to Brain.
Table of Contents1. The Complement System as a Viral Ta rget
for Immune Evasion................................................................................1
Ajitanuj Rattan, Rewati Kasbe, Jayati Mullick and Arvind Sahu
Abstract......................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 1
Role of Complement in Combating Viruses............................................................................... 2
Complement Evasion by Viruses: Diverse Strategies................................................................ 6
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 17
2. Modulation of Type I Interferon Response
by RNA Viruses..........................................................................................28
Suchita Bhattacharyya
Abstract....................................................................................................................................... 28Introduction................................................................................................................................ 28
RNA Viruses............................................................................................................................... 29
Type I Interferon System............................................................................................................ 31
Modulation of Type I Interferon Response by RNA Viruses.................................................. 31
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 33
3. Viroporins: Differential Functions at Late Stagesof Viral Life Cycles.............................................................................38
Francois Kien, Huailiang Ma, Stefan Díaz Gaisenband and Béatrice Nal
Abstract....................................................................................................................................... 38
Introduction................................................................................................................................ 38
Molecular Organizations and Ion Channel Activities of IAV M2,
SARS‑CoV E, HCV p7 and HIV‑ 1 Vpu Viroporins......................................................... 42
Differential Roles of Viroporins during Virus Morphogenesis and Release.......................... 46Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 53
xviii Contents
4. Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
Innate Immune Recognition
and Persistence......................................................................................63
Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
Innate Immune Recognition
and Persistence......................................................................................63
Munirah Abdul‑Aziz and Anthony G. Tsolaki
Abstract....................................................................................................................................... 63
Introduction................................................................................................................................ 63
Initial Stages of M. tuberculosis Infection................................................................................. 64
Macrophage Involvement and M. tuberculosis Persistence..................................................... 69
Granuloma Formation and M. tuberculosis Persistence......................................................... 70
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 73
M. tuberculosis Infection................................................................................. 64
Macrophage Involvement and M. tuberculosis Persistence..................................................... 69
Granuloma Formation and M. tuberculosis Persistence......................................................... 70
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 73
M. tuberculosis Persistence..................................................... 69
Granuloma Formation and M. tuberculosis Persistence......................................................... 70
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 73
M. tuberculosis Persistence......................................................... 70
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 73
5. Candida and Candidiasis............................................................................82
Candida and Candidiasis............................................................................82Thomas Höfken
Abstract....................................................................................................................................... 82
Introduction................................................................................................................................ 82
Medically Important Candida Species...................................................................................... 83
Pathogenicity Mechanisms......................................................................................................... 83
Experimental Systems to Study Candidiasis............................................................................ 84
Adherence................................................................................................................................... 85
Invasion....................................................................................................................................... 86Secreted Hydrolytic Enzymes.................................................................................................... 87
Polymorphism............................................................................................................................ 88
Candida Species...................................................................................... 83
Pathogenicity Mechanisms......................................................................................................... 83
Experimental Systems to Study Candidiasis............................................................................ 84
Adherence................................................................................................................................... 85
Invasion....................................................................................................................................... 86
Secreted Hydrolytic Enzymes.................................................................................................... 87
Polymorphism............................................................................................................................ 88
Biofilm Formation...................................................................................................................... 92
Interaction with Bacteria........................................................................................................... 95
Phenotypic Switching and Mating............................................................................................. 96
Metabolic Flexibility and Nutrition Acquisition...................................................................... 96
Stress Adaptation....................................................................................................................... 97
Host Responses........................................................................................................................... 98
Antifungal Drugs and Drug Resistance.................................................................................... 99
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 100
...................................................................................................................... 92
Interaction with Bacteria........................................................................................................... 95
Phenotypic Switching and Mating............................................................................................. 96
Metabolic Flexibility and Nutrition Acquisition...................................................................... 96
Stress Adaptation....................................................................................................................... 97Host Responses........................................................................................................................... 98
Antifungal Drugs and Drug Resistance.................................................................................... 99
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 100
6. Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
of Aspergillosis...................................................................................115
Savneet Kaur, Kavita Kale, Taruna Madan and P. Usha Sarma
Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 115
Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 115
Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis (IPA)................................................................................. 116
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)................................................................ 127
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 132
Contents xix
7. Airway Epithelium Interactions
with ASPERGILLUS fumigatus.........................................................138
ASPERGILLUS fumigatus.........................................................138Neelkamal Chaudhary
Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 138
Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 138
Airway Epithelium Interaction with A. fumigatus................................................................. 139
Toll‑Like Receptors................................................................................................................... 140
Non‑TLR Receptors.................................................................................................................. 142
Other Antimicrobial Mechanisms........................................................................................... 143Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 144
A. fumigatus................................................................. 139
Toll‑Like Receptors................................................................................................................... 140
Non‑TLR Receptors.................................................................................................................. 142
Other Antimicrobial Mechanisms........................................................................................... 143
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 144
8. Anti‑Fungal Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses.............149
Uday Kishore, Suhair M. Abozaid and Mohammed N. Al‑Ahdal
Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 149
Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 150Innate Immune Mediated Defense against Fungi.................................................................. 151
Adaptive Immunity and Fungal Pathogens............................................................................ 156
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 159
9. Host‑pa thogen interaction in Malaria
and Trypa nosomiasis.........................................................................167
Janez Ferluga, Annapurna Nayak, and Uday Kishore
Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 167
Introduction: Malaria, Background and Life Cycle of the Parasite.................................... 168
Malaria Immunity and Chronicity Development.................................................................. 170
Complement Involvement........................................................................................................ 174
PfEMP1: Virulence and Pathogenesis Modulation................................................................ 175
Cerebral Malaria...................................................................................................................... 176
Placental Malaria...................................................................................................................... 177
EMP1: Virulence and Pathogenesis Modulation................................................................ 175
EMP1: Virulence and Pathogenesis Modulation................................................................ 175Cerebral Malaria...................................................................................................................... 176
Placental Malaria...................................................................................................................... 177
P. falciparum Anaemia.............................................................................................................. 178
A Role of Red Cell Blood Groups in Malaria Virulence Modulaton.................................... 179
Merozoite Erythrocyte Invasion.............................................................................................. 179
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT)................................................................................ 180
Parasite Life Cycle.................................................................................................................... 181
HAT Pathogenesis.................................................................................................................... 182Evasion of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by Trypanosome............................................... 184
Potential Involvement of the Complement System................................................................ 185
Genetic HAT and Host Diversity and Disease Phenotypes................................................... 186
American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)........................................................................ 187
Anaemia.............................................................................................................. 178
Anaemia.............................................................................................................. 178A Role of Red Cell Blood Groups in Malaria Virulence Modulaton.................................... 179
Merozoite Erythrocyte Invasion.............................................................................................. 179
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT)................................................................................ 180
Parasite Life Cycle.................................................................................................................... 181
HAT Pathogenesis.................................................................................................................... 182
Evasion of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by Trypanosome............................................... 184
Potential Involvement of the Complement System................................................................ 185
Genetic HAT and Host Diversity and Disease Phenotypes................................................... 186
American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)........................................................................ 187
T. cruzi Life Cycle...................................................................................................................... 188
Cell Invasion............................................................................................................................. 188
Pathogenesis of Chagas Disease............................................................................................... 188
Chronic Chagas Disease........................................................................................................... 189
Role of Adipose Tissue.............................................................................................................. 190
Cytokine Expression and Regulaton....................................................................................... 190
Complement and Immune Evasion......................................................................................... 191
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 192
Life Cycle...................................................................................................................... 188
T. cruzi Life Cycle...................................................................................................................... 188
Cell Invasion............................................................................................................................. 188
Pathogenesis of Chagas Disease............................................................................................... 188
Chronic Chagas Disease........................................................................................................... 189
Role of Adipose Tissue.............................................................................................................. 190
Cytokine Expression and Regulaton....................................................................................... 190
Complement and Immune Evasion......................................................................................... 191
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 192
Life Cycle...................................................................................................................... 188
Life Cycle...................................................................................................................... 188Cell Invasion............................................................................................................................. 188
Pathogenesis of Chagas Disease............................................................................................... 188Chronic Chagas Disease........................................................................................................... 189
Role of Adipose Tissue.............................................................................................................. 190
Cytokine Expression and Regulaton....................................................................................... 190
Complement and Immune Evasion......................................................................................... 191
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 192
xx Contents
10. The Host Pathogen Interaction
and Immunomodulation During Leishmaniasis...............203
Surajit Bhattacharjee and Arijit Bhattacharya
Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 203
Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 204
Initial Interaction and Phagocytosis....................................................................................... 205
Macrophage Functions Altered by Leishmania...................................................................... 206
Microbicidal Free Radical Production.................................................................................... 207
Impairment of Antigen Presentation....................................................................................... 208
Modulation of Cytokine Production........................................................................................ 209
Chemokine and Chemokine Receptors in Leishmaniasis..................................................... 211
Cytokine–Chemokine Networks in Leishmaniasis................................................................ 213
Leishmania...................................................................... 206
Microbicidal Free Radical Production.................................................................................... 207
Impairment of Antigen Presentation....................................................................................... 208
Modulation of Cytokine Production........................................................................................ 209
Chemokine and Chemokine Receptors in Leishmaniasis..................................................... 211
Cytokine–Chemokine Networks in Leishmaniasis................................................................ 213
Leishmania‑Induced Alteration of Host Cell Signaling......................................................... 214
Toll‑Like Receptors (TLRs)..................................................................................................... 220
Immune Responses against Leishmania Infection................................................................. 221
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 223
‑Induced Alteration of Host Cell Signaling......................................................... 214
Leishmania‑Induced Alteration of Host Cell Signaling......................................................... 214
Toll‑Like Receptors (TLRs)..................................................................................................... 220
Immune Responses against Leishmania Infection................................................................. 221
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 223
‑Induced Alteration of Host Cell Signaling......................................................... 214
‑Induced Alteration of Host Cell Signaling......................................................... 214Toll‑Like Receptors (TLRs)..................................................................................................... 220
Immune Responses against Leishmania Infection................................................................. 221Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 223
Leishmania Infection................................................................. 221
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 223
11. Immune responses induced by pa rasitic worms....................233
Janez Ferluga, Lubna Kouser and Uday Kishore
Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 233
Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 234
Helminth Type‑2 Immunity and Allergy................................................................................. 235
Hygiene Hypothesis on Allergies Increase.............................................................................. 237
Examples of Type 2 Immunity................................................................................................. 237
Tissue‑Parasite Variation in Type 2 Immunity....................................................................... 238
Potential Complement Involvement in Helminth and Autoimmunity................................. 240
Complement Evasion................................................................................................................ 242Trichinellosis............................................................................................................................. 243
Filariasis.................................................................................................................................... 244
Taeniasis.................................................................................................................................... 245
Schistosomiasis......................................................................................................................... 246
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 247
12. Pathogenic Persistence and Evasion mechanisms
in Schistosomiasis...............................................................................255
Annapurna Nayak and Uday Kishore
Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 255
Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 256
Life Cycle into Intermediate and Vector Host........................................................................ 257
Skin Penetration by Cercariae: Breaking the First Line of Defense.................................... 259Modulation of the Host’s Immune Response.......................................................................... 260
Granulomas in Acute and Chronic Schistosomiasis.............................................................. 263
Contribution of Various Immune Cells in the Immunopathology....................................... 265
Complement Evasion by Schistosome Paramyosin............................................................... 265
Immune Modulation of the Snail............................................................................................. 267
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 270
Contents xxi
13. TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES—
Passage from Gut to Brain............................................................276
Daniel A. Mitchell
Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 276
Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 277
The Replication of Infectious Prions....................................................................................... 277The Importance of the Gut in TSEs........................................................................................ 278
Prion Proliferation in Lymphoid Tissues................................................................................ 279
The Role of Dendritic Cells in Prion Trafficking................................................................... 279
The Role of the Complement System in Prion Disease.......................................................... 280
Prion Passage to the Brain and Neurocytoxicity.................................................................... 281
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 282
................................................................... 279
The Role of the Complement System in Prion Disease.......................................................... 280
Prion Passage to the Brain and Neurocytoxicity.................................................................... 281
Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 282
