Description
Book SynopsisA complete, up-to-date, introductory guide to fuel cell technology and application Fuel Cell Fundamentalsprovides a thorough introduction to the principles and practicalities behind fuel cell technology. Beginning with the underlying concepts, the discussion explores fuel cell thermodynamics, kinetics, transport, and modeling before moving into the application side with guidance on system types and design, performance, costs, and environmental impact. This new third edition has been updated with the latest technological advances and relevant calculations, and enhanced chapters on advanced fuel cell design and electrochemical and hydrogen energy systems. Worked problems, illustrations, and application examples throughout lend a real-world perspective, and end-of chapter review questions and mathematical problems reinforce the material learned.
Fuel cells produce more electricity than batteries or combustion engines, with far fewer emissions. This book is the esse
Table of Contents
PREFACE xi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii
NOMENCLATURE xvii
I FUEL CELL PRINCIPLES
1 Introduction 3
1.1 What Is a Fuel Cell? / 3
1.2 A Simple Fuel Cell / 6
1.3 Fuel Cell Advantages / 8
1.4 Fuel Cell Disadvantages / 11
1.5 Fuel Cell Types / 12
1.6 Basic Fuel Cell Operation / 14
1.7 Fuel Cell Performance / 18
1.8 Characterization and Modeling / 20
1.9 Fuel Cell Technology / 21
1.10 Fuel Cells and the Environment / 21
1.11 Chapter Summary / 22
Chapter Exercises / 23
2 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics 25
2.1 Thermodynamics Review / 25
2.2 Heat Potential of a Fuel: Enthalpy of Reaction / 34
2.3 Work Potential of a Fuel: Gibbs Free Energy / 37
2.4 Predicting Reversible Voltage of a Fuel Cell under Non-Standard-State Conditions / 47
2.5 Fuel Cell Efficiency / 60
2.6 Thermal and Mass Balances in Fuel Cells / 65
2.7 Thermodynamics of Reversible Fuel Cells / 67
2.8 Chapter Summary / 71
Chapter Exercises / 72
3 Fuel Cell Reaction Kinetics 77
3.1 Introduction to Electrode Kinetics / 77
3.2 Why Charge Transfer Reactions Have an Activation Energy / 82
3.3 Activation Energy Determines Reaction Rate / 84
3.4 Calculating Net Rate of a Reaction / 85
3.5 Rate of Reaction at Equilibrium: Exchange Current Density / 86
3.6 Potential of a Reaction at Equilibrium: Galvani Potential / 87
3.7 Potential and Rate: Butler–Volmer Equation / 89
3.8 Exchange Currents and Electrocatalysis: How to Improve Kinetic Performance / 94
3.9 Simplified Activation Kinetics: Tafel Equation / 97
3.10 Different Fuel Cell Reactions Produce Different Kinetics / 100
3.11 Catalyst–Electrode Design / 103
3.12 Quantum Mechanics: Framework for Understanding Catalysis in Fuel Cells / 104
3.13 The Sabatier Principle for Catalyst Selection / 107
3.14 Connecting the Butler–Volmer and Nernst Equations (Optional) / 108
3.15 Chapter Summary / 112
Chapter Exercises / 113
4 Fuel Cell Charge Transport 117
4.1 Charges Move in Response to Forces / 117
4.2 Charge Transport Results in a Voltage Loss / 121
4.3 Characteristics of Fuel Cell Charge Transport Resistance / 124
4.4 Physical Meaning of Conductivity / 128
4.5 Review of Fuel Cell Electrolyte Classes / 132
4.6 More on Diffusivity and Conductivity (Optional) / 153
4.7 Why Electrical Driving Forces Dominate Charge Transport (Optional) / 160
4.8 Quantum Mechanics–Based Simulation of Ion Conduction in Oxide Electrolytes (Optional) / 161
4.9 Chapter Summary / 163
Chapter Exercises / 164
5 Fuel Cell Mass Transport 167
5.1 Transport in Electrode versus Flow Structure / 168
5.2 Transport in Electrode: Diffusive Transport / 170
5.3 Transport in Flow Structures: Convective Transport / 183
5.4 Chapter Summary / 199
Chapter Exercises / 200
6 Fuel Cell Modeling 203
6.1 Putting It All Together: A Basic Fuel Cell Model / 203
6.2 A 1D Fuel Cell Model / 206
6.3 Fuel Cell Models Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (Optional) / 227
6.4 Chapter Summary / 230
Chapter Exercises / 231
7 Fuel Cell Characterization 237
7.1 What Do We Want to Characterize? / 238
7.2 Overview of Characterization Techniques / 239
7.3 In Situ Electrochemical Characterization Techniques / 240
7.4 Ex Situ Characterization Techniques / 265
7.5 Chapter Summary / 268
Chapter Exercises / 269
II FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY
8 Overview of Fuel Cell Types 273
8.1 Introduction / 273
8.2 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell / 274
8.3 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell / 275
8.4 Alkaline Fuel Cell / 278
8.5 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell / 280
8.6 Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell / 282
8.7 Other Fuel Cells / 284
8.8 Summary Comparison / 298
8.9 Chapter Summary / 299
Chapter Exercises / 301
9 PEMFC and SOFC Materials 303
9.1 PEMFC Electrolyte Materials / 304
9.2 PEMFC Electrode/Catalyst Materials / 308
9.3 SOFC Electrolyte Materials / 317
9.4 SOFC Electrode/Catalyst Materials / 326
9.5 Material Stability, Durability, and Lifetime / 336
9.6 Chapter Summary / 340
Chapter Exercises / 342
10 Overview of Fuel Cell Systems 347
10.1 Fuel Cell Subsystem / 348
10.2 Thermal Management Subsystem / 353
10.3 Fuel Delivery/Processing Subsystem / 357
10.4 Power Electronics Subsystem / 364
10.5 Case Study of Fuel Cell System Design: Stationary Combined Heat and Power Systems / 369
10.6 Case Study of Fuel Cell System Design: Sizing a Portable Fuel Cell / 383
10.7 Chapter Summary / 387
Chapter Exercises / 389
11 Fuel Processing Subsystem Design 393
11.1 Fuel Reforming Overview / 394
11.2 Water Gas Shift Reactors / 409
11.3 Carbon Monoxide Clean-Up / 411
11.4 Reformer and Processor Efficiency Losses / 414
11.5 Reactor Design for Fuel Reformers and Processors / 416
11.6 Chapter Summary / 417
Chapter Exercises / 419
12 Thermal Management Subsystem Design 423
12.1 Overview of Pinch Point Analysis Steps / 424
12.2 Chapter Summary / 440
Chapter Exercises / 441
13 Fuel Cell System Design 447
13.1 Fuel Cell Design Via Computational Fluid Dynamics / 447
13.2 Fuel Cell System Design: A Case Study / 462
13.3 Chapter Summary / 476
Chapter Exercises / 477
14 Environmental Impact of Fuel Cells 481
14.1 Life Cycle Assessment / 481
14.2 Important Emissions for LCA / 490
14.3 Emissions Related to Global Warming / 490
14.4 Emissions Related to Air Pollution / 502
14.5 Analyzing Entire Scenarios with LCA / 507
14.6 Chapter Summary / 510
Chapter Exercises / 511
A Constants and Conversions 517
B Thermodynamic Data 519
C Standard Electrode Potentials at 25∘C 529
D Quantum Mechanics 531
D.1 Atomic Orbitals / 533
D.2 Postulates of Quantum Mechanics / 534
D.3 One-Dimensional Electron Gas / 536
D.4 Analogy to Column Buckling / 537
D.5 Hydrogen Atom / 538
D.6 Multielectron Systems / 540
D.7 Density Functional Theory / 540
E Periodic Table of the Elements 543
F Suggested Further Reading 545
G Important Equations 547
H Answers to Selected Chapter Exercises 551
BIBLIOGRAPHY 555
INDEX 565
