Oxbow Books

Book SynopsisThis lavishly illustrated volume presents a comprehensive architectural study of 87 individual temples and sanctuaries built in the Roman East between the end of the 1st century BCE and the end of the 3rd century CE, within a broad region encompassing the modern states of Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan. Religious architecture gave faithful expression to the complexity of the Roman East and to its multiplicity of traditions pertaining to ethnic and religious aspects as well as to the powerful influence of Imperial Rome. The source of this power lay in the uniformity of the architectural language, the inventory of forms, the choice of styles and the spatial layout of the buildings. Thus, while temples have an eclectic character, there is an underlying unity of form comprising the podium, the stairway between the terminating walls (antae) and the columns along the entrance front - in other words, the axiality, frontality and symmetry of the temple as viewed from outside.The temples and sanctuaries studied in this volume demonstrate individual nuances of plan, spatial design, location in the sanctuary and interrelations with the immediate vicinity but can be divided into two main categories: Vitruvian temples (derived from Hellenistic-Roman architecture) and Non-Vitruvian temples (those with plans and spatial designs that cannot be analysed according to architectural criteria such as those defined by Vitruvius). The individual descriptions presented focus solely upon the analysis of the external and internal space of the temples of all types and do not involve any cultural or ethnic discussion.Table of ContentsIntroduction Part I Chapter 1: Temples in the Roman East: Typological Analysis Vitruvian Temples Non-Vitruvian Temples Nabataean Temples Chapter 2: Sanctuaries in the Roman East: Typological Analysis Urban Sanctuaries Extra-Urban Sanctuaries Part II Corpus of Temples and Sanctuaries Part III Selected Terms in Architecture Notes Bibliography

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Book SynopsisThe Irish Neolithic has been dominated by the study of megalithic tombs, but the defining element of Irish settlement evidence is the rectangular timber Early Neolithic house, the numbers of which have more than quadrupled in the last ten years. The substantial Early Neolithic timber house was a short-lived architectural phenomenon of as little as 90 years, perhaps like short-lived Early Neolithic long barrows and causewayed enclosures. This book explores the wealth of evidence for settlement and houses throughout the Irish Neolithic, in relation to Britain and continental Europe. More importantly it incorporates the wealth of new, and often unpublished, evidence from developer-led archaeological excavations and large grey-literature resources.The settlement evidence scattered across the landscape, and found as a result of developer-funded work, provides the social context for the more famous stone monuments that have traditionally shaped our views of the Neolithic in Ireland. It provides the first comprehensive review of the Neolithic settlement of Ireland, which enables a more holistic and meaningful understanding of the Irish Neolithic.Trade ReviewAn extraordinarily important resource … this volume provides a comprehensive and thoughtful analysis of a truly exceptional data set. It will be essential reading for anyone interested in the European Neolithic and a landmark volume in the study of Irish prehistory. * European Journal of Archaeology *While this is essentially a scholarly volume it is still accessible to students and engaged general readers … [It] provides a welcome window on the greatly expanded Irish Neolithic dataset. * Landscape History *This is one of those long anticipated must-read books for anyone with a serious interest in the Irish or British neolithic (4000– 2500BC) ... A readable and enjoyable book that makes a significant contribution to neolithic studies. * British Archaeology *Table of Contents1. Populating the past 2. The house and society 3. The Irish early Neolithic house 4. The role of the Early Neolithic house 5. Beyond the ‘house horizon’ 6. Settling the island: activity and place 7. A landscape in small acts 8. After the flood: re-assessing the Irish Neolithic Index

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Book SynopsisGudme: The Iron Age Settlement and Central Halls presents, describes and interprets the many finds and structures that have been comprised during the extended excavations at the central parts of the Gudme locality on southeast Funen, Denmark. Head of excavation Palle Østergaard Sørensen extracts, combines, classifies, dates and temporalizes the many finds and houses from the excavations Gudmehallerne, Gudme III, Gudme IV.Since the 19th century the Gudme area has been known as one of the richest prehistoric localities in Scandinavia, and more than 1,000 roman coins, close to 600 fibulas as well as several small mask and animal figurines form part of the Gudme find assemblage. From AD 200 to AD 600 the site expanded rapidly and covered as much as one square kilometre comprising up to 50 farmsteads. At the individual farms, specialized craftsmanship can be found and the debris and tools of gold- and silversmiths as well as bronze casting is abundant – here, bronze fragments, often from statues, imported from the Roman Empire form a distinct category of finds – bearing witness to a flourishing and innovative world of craftsmanship, as well as an extensive trade network.During this period the unique and monumental halls, with the largest being 47 m long and 10 m wide, dominated the hilltops east of Gudme lake. Just to the south a smaller building accompanied the large hall, and had been purposely demolished and rebuilt several times at the exact same spot. The unusually large entrances to the two adjoined buildings lead straight from one to the other, thus witnessing a duality of buildings that came to define the aristocratic localities throughout Scandinavia in the following 800 years. Hence, Gudme represents a starting point for a significant type of architectural ideal as well as a first generation of central places.Table of ContentsPreface I. Gudme – an introduction 1. The Gudme halls 2. Gudme III 3. Gudme IV 4. The house typology at Gudme and in the rest of the Danish area Abbreviations and general information Bibliography

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Book SynopsisThis book charts and explains how human activities have shaped and altered the development of soils in many parts of the world, taking advantage of five decades of soil analytical work in many archaeological landscapes from around the globe. The core of this volume describes and illustrates major transformations of soils and the processes involved in these that have occurred during the Holocene and how these relate to human activities as much as natural causes and trajectories of development, right up to the present day. This is done in two ways: first by examining a number of major processes and impacts on the landscape such as Holocene warming and the development of woodland, clearance and agricultural activities, and second by examining the trajectories of these changes in soil systems in different palaeo-environmental situations in several diverse parts of the world. The transformations identified are relevant to prevalent themes of today such as over-development and soil, land and environmental degradation and resilience. The studies articulated relate to Britain, southeastern Europe, the Mediterranean basin, East Africa, northern India and Peru in South America.Table of ContentsPreface Acknowledgements 1. Introduction: Geoarchaeological approaches in archaeology 1.1 Endeavour 1.2 Development of the discipline of geoarchaeology as part of archaeological investigations 1.3 Importance to archaeology 2. Methodological approaches 2.1 Approaches in the field 2.1.1 Landscape to soil-scape 2.1.2 Soils and palaeosols 2.1.3 Formulating research designs 2.2 Basic characterisation techniques 2.2.1 Field prospection and soil/sediment profile description 2.2.2 pH and water quality 2.2.3 Loss-on ignition 2.2.4 Magnetic susceptibility 2.3 More involved techniques 2.3.1 Phosphorus (or phosphate) content 2.3.2 Multi-element analysis 2.3.3 Soil nutrient and fertility status 2.3.4 Micromorphology 2.3.5FTIR, XRF, EDAX, XRD and SEM 2.4 Establishing chronologies: Radiocarbon, OSL and Bayesian statistics 2.5 Scales of resolution 2.6 Soil nomenclature and classification 3. Soil transformation trajectories in temperate European landscapes 3.1 The beginnings to woodland soil development 3.2 Disturbance and degradation of woodland soils 3.3 Agricultural soil development 3.4 Woodland to pasture soils 3.5 Acidification and podzolisation 3.6 Erosion and colluviation 3.7 Alluviation, floodplains and waterlogging 3.8 Wetland soils 3.9 Cumulative soils 4. Soil transformation trajectories in southern Mediterranean landscape systems 4.1 Brown to red Mediterranean soils 4.2 Xeric calcitic soils and soil erosion 4.3 Erosion, alluviation and wadi development 5. Soil transformation trajectories in arid/semi-arid soil systems 5.1 Aridisols 5.2 Colluvial/alluvial systems 5.2.1 The Burj-Masadpur area of the Indus valley, northern India 5.2.2 The central Rio Puerco, New Mexico 5.2.3 The lower Ica valley, southern Peru 5.2.4 The Kerio-Embobut valleys in Marakwet, north-central Kenya 5.3 Terracing and irrigation 5.3.1 Aksum, northern Ethiopia 5.3.2 Konso, southern Ethiopia, 5.3.3 Engaruka, northern Tanzania 5.3.4 Sangayaico in the upper Ica valley, southern Peru 6. Timescales and longevity of soil processes 6.1 Timescales and longevity of soil properties 6.2 Soil horizonation and structural development 6.3 Within-soil illuviation and textural changes: stability, disturbance and erosion 7. Understanding long-term resilience in transformed soils Bibliography Appendices 1. Site gazeteer

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Book SynopsisFor those that survive, the traumas of military conflict can be long lasting. It might seem astonishing that archaeology, with its uncovering of the traces of the long-dead, of battlefields, of skeletal remains, could provide solace, and yet there is something magical about the subject. In archaeology there is a job for everyone; from surveying and drawing, to examining the finds, to digging itself. Often this is in some of the most beautiful and restful of landscapes and with talks around a campfire at the end of the day.Operation Nightingale is a programme which was set up in 2011 within the Ministry of Defence of the United Kingdom to help facilitate the recovery of armed forces personnel recently engaged in armed conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, using the archaeology of the British Training Areas. Over the following decade, the project has expanded to include veterans of older conflicts and of other nations – from the United States, from Poland, from Australia and elsewhere.This book is the story of those veterans, of their incredible discoveries, of their own journeys of recovery – sometimes one which can lead to a lifetime of studying archaeology. It has taken them to the crash sites of Spitfires and trenches of the Western Front in the First World War, through to burial grounds of Convicts, camp sites of Hessian mercenaries, and Anglo-Saxon cemeteries. Lavishly illustrated, this work shows the reader how the discovery of our shared past – of long-forgotten houses, of glinting gold jewellery, of broken pots, can be restorative and help people mend otherwise damaged lives.The book features a foreword and illustrations by Professor Alice Roberts, presenter on BBC's The Big Dig, Digging for Britain and Coast, alongside superb photography by Harvey Mills.Trade ReviewUplifting and inspirational, it is a book we need to keep returning to, to remind us all of those who serve and the damage they endure. Heroes – one and all. * Professor Dame Sue Black, Baroness Black of Strome *Richard Osgood’s superb book is the story of the healing power of archaeology – of compassion, team-building and self-discovery gained in pursuit of a common goal. Broken Pots, Mending Lives is a thought-provoking celebration of our humanity and a reminder of what a remarkable profession archaeology will always be. * Barry Cunliffe *I’m in awe of Richard Osgood. His passion is infectious. He believes in exploring the past as much as he believes in living healthy, happy lives; and he shows how the two are linked. * Dan Snow *It’s been a privilege to work with Operation Nightingale over the years and witness the positive impact that getting your hands dirty on a dig can have on mental health. Talking with veterans has really brought the power of archaeology to heal home to me. * Sir Tony Robinson *Table of ContentsForeword by Professor Alice Roberts Introduction Chapter 1: Origins at the Midden: The beginnings of Operation Nightingale at an Iron Age feasting site Chapter 2: The Phoenix and the Eagle: Searching for Hessians and the Band of Brothers Chapter 3: Legends: The convict burials of Rat Island Chapter 4: Mud, Blood and Green Fields Beyond: Digging for Tank 796 and the traces of the First World War Chapter 5: Tally Ho!: archaeology and the Battle of Britain Chapter 6: Facing Beowulf – excavating remains of Anglo Saxon England Chapter 7: Locking the House: finding and reconstructing a Bronze Age roundhouse Chapter 8: Homes of the Dead: discoveries at a burial mound on Salisbury Plain Chapter 9: Conclusions Index Acknowledgements Further Reading

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Book SynopsisThe Hadrian’s Wall Community Archaeology Project (WallCAP) was funded by the National Lottery Heritage Fund to promote the value of heritage – specifically of the Hadrian’s Wall World Heritage Site – to local communities, and to provide opportunities for volunteers to engage with the archaeology and conservation of the Wall to better ensure the future of the monument.This short book provides a summary of the project, communicating the range of activities undertaken during the project and key results. It explores the structure and aims of the project, and creates an insightful overview of the many different people and communities that participated. Archaeological fieldwork resulted in a number of new discoveries and insights into Hadrian’s Wall. The revolutionary new work to explore the stones of Hadrian’s Wall, its source geology and how stones were reused from the monument is also discussed. Each chapter is supported by full colour illustrations, and contributions from project volunteers also bring the project into a vibrant focus.Table of ContentsList of Figures List of Tables List of Volunteer Contributors A Note on Endnotes Preface Acknowledgements 1: Introduction to the Hadrian’s Wall Community Archaeology Project 2: Engaging People and Inclusive Opportunities Volunteer Reflections part 1 3: The Wall At Risk Volunteer Reflections part 2 4: The Origins and Afterlives of the Wall’s Stones Volunteer Reflections part 3 5: A Future for the Wall and Its People Bibliography

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Book SynopsisThe Roman world was diverse and complex. And so were religious understandings and practices as mirrored in the enormous variety presented by archaeological, iconographic, and epigraphic evidence. Conventional approaches principally focus on the political role of civic cults as a means of social cohesion, often considered to be instrumentalised by elites. But by doing so, religious diversity is frequently overlooked, marginalising ‘deviating’ cult activities that do not fit the Classical canon, as well as the multitude of funerary practices and other religious activities that were all part of everyday life.In the Roman Empire, a person’s religious experiences were shaped by many and sometimes seemingly incompatible cult practices, whereby the ‘civic’ and ‘imperial’ cults might have had the least impact of all. The authors rethink these methodologies, arguing for a more dynamic image of religion that takes into account the varied and often contradictory choices and actions of individual, which reflects the discrepant religious experiences in the Roman world. Is it possible to ‘poke into the mind’ of an individual in Roman times, whatever his/her status and ethnicity, and try to understand the individual’s diverse experiences in such a complex, interconnected empire, exploring the choices that were open to an individual? This also raises the question whether the concept of individuality is valid for Roman times. In some periods, the impact of individual actions can be more momentous: the very first adoption of Roman-style sculpture, cult practices or Latin theonyms for indigenous deities can set in motion long-term processes that will significantly influence people’s perceptions of local deities, their characteristics, and functions. Do individual choices and preferences prevail over collective identities in the Roman Empire compared to pre-Roman times? To examine these questions, this volume presents case studies that analyse individual actions in the religious sphere.Table of ContentsList of figures List of tables Contributors 1. Introduction: the dynamics of religious individualisation Ralph Haeussler, Anthony King, Francisco Marco Simón and Günther Schörner 2. Religious individualisation: a bottom-up approach to religious developments in the Roman world Ralph Haeussler 3. Discrepant behaviour: on magical activities in the Latin West Francisco Marco Simón 4. Individual religious choice: the case of the ‘mystery’ cults Jaime Alvar Ezquerra 5. Sons and mothers: the matres, the military and religious choice in Roman Britain Elizabeth Blanning 6. Pre-Roman deities along the north-eastern Adriatic: continuity, transformation, identification Marjeta Šašel Kos 7. Private devotions at temples in Central and Eastern Gaul Isabelle Fauduet 8. Tradition, diversity and improvisation in Romano-British cremation burials in south-east England Jake Weekes 9. Individual choices in burial ritual and cult activity in and around the Iron Age and Romano-British town of Baldock, Hertfordshire, UK Gilbert R. Burleigh 10. Religious individualisation in extremis: human remains from Romano-Celtic temples in Britain and Gaul Anthony King 11. Indigenous arae and stelae: symbolic landscapes and individualisation in north-west Roman Hispania Fernando Alonso Burgos 12. Indigenism and identity shaping: the case of the Irrico group in Central Spain Jesús Alberto Arenas-Esteban 13. The religious construction of ‘household’ in Roman Italy: the case of the Casa dei Vettii Günther Schörner 14. Types of Interpretatio and their users in the Keltiké: explicationes and translationes vs. identificationes and adaptationes Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel 15. Religious individualisation in an entangled world: how to pick and mix favourite deities in the Roman Keltiké Ralph Haeussler

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Book SynopsisJust six miles from the center of Belfast, County Down, on the plateau of Ballynahatty above the River Lagan, is one of Ireland’s great Neolithic henge monuments: the 200 m wide Giant’s Ring. For over a thousand years, this area was the focus of intense funerary ritual seemingly designed to send the dead to their ancestors and secure the land for the living. Scattered through the fields to the north and west of the Ring are flat cemeteries, standing stones, tombs, cists, and ring barrows – ancient monuments that were leveled by the plough when the land was enclosed in the 18th and 19th centuries.A great 90 m long timber enclosure with an elaborate entrance and inner ‘temple’ was first observed through crop marks in aerial photos. Excavation of the site between 1990–1999 revealed a complex structure composed of over 400 postholes, many over 2 m deep. This was a building in the grand style, elegantly designed to control space, views, and access to an inner sanctum containing a platform for exposure of the dead.By 2550 BC, the timber ‘temple’ had been swept away in a massive conflagration and the remains dismantled. Ballynahatty was one of the last great public ceremonial enterprises known to have been constructed by the Neolithic farmers in Northern Ireland, an enterprise proclaiming their enigmatic religion, ancestral rights and territorial aspirations.This report reconstructs the remarkable building complex and explains the sophistication and organization of its construction and use. The report sets the site and excavation in the wider development of the Ballynahatty landscape and its study to the present day.Table of Contents1. The landscape and historical research 2. Archaeological surveys 3. Environmental history of the Ballynahatty area 4. Cumulative interpretation landscape map 5. Ballynahatty 5 and 6: excavating the enclosures 6. The pottery 7. The lithic assemblage: chipped stone 8. Other artefacts from the excavation 9. Human remains from excavations at Ballynahatty 10. Dating and Chronology 11. Interpreting the excavation results in the wider context of prehistoric Ballynahatty 12. Digitally recreating Ballynahatty and simulating astronomical alignments in Irish timber circles 13. The Ballynahatty landscape – past, present and future

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Book SynopsisThe Battle of Pinkie, fought between the English and the Scots in 1547, was the last great clash between the two as independent nations. It is a well-documented battle with several eyewitness accounts and contemporary illustrations. There is also archaeological evidence of military activities. The manoeuvres of the two armies can be placed in the landscape near Edinburgh, despite considerable developments since the 16th century. Nevertheless, the battle and its significance has not been well understood.From a military point of view there is much of interest. The commanders were experienced and had already had battlefield successes. There was an awareness on both sides of contemporary best practice and use of up-to-date weapons and equipment. The Scots and the English armies, however, were markedly different in their composition and in the strategy and tactics they employed. There is the added ingredient that the fire from English ships, positioned just off the coast, helped decide the course of events.Using contemporary records and archaeological evidence, David Caldwell, Victoria Oleksy, and Bess Rhodes reconsider the events of September 1547. They explore the location of the fighting, the varied forces involved, the aims of the commanders, and the close-run nature of the battle. Pinkie resulted in a resounding victory for the English, but that was by no means an inevitable outcome. After Pinkie it briefly seemed as if the future of Britain had been redefined. The reality proved rather different, and the battle has largely slipped from popular consciousness. This book provides a reminder of the uncertainty and high stakes both Scots and English faced in the autumn of 1547.Table of ContentsList of Figures and Tables Acknowledgements Copyright and Abbreviations 1 Introduction Slaughter near Musselburgh Modern understandings of Pinkie Purpose of this book 2 Causes of conflict in 1547 Warning of war Dynastic ambitions Religious conflict Attack on Langholm Objectives in September 1547 3 The English forces The commanders Cavalry Infantry Artillery Naval forces Logistics and supply 4 Scotland’s military capability The host Wappenshaws The mobilisation The Scottish commanders The structure of the army Scottish battlefield successes 5 Early sources for the battle – a review Official documentation Diplomatic reports English descriptions of the battle Scottish descriptions of the battle 6 Pinkie Battlefield – Topography and Archaeology What’s in a name? Topographical overview Lordships and lands Settlements Communications Land use On manoeuvres, September 1547 The Archaeology of the Battle of Pinkie 7 A New interpretation of the battle The English advance into Scotland Scottish preparations Thursday 8 and Friday 9 September Saturday 10 September 8 Pinkie First and Last After Pinkie – the English policy After Pinkie – the Scottish response Pinkie and military change in Early Modern Britain Pinkie – future directions Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisRock art in Dakhleh was produced for perhaps as long as 10 millennia, resulting in the formation of hundreds of sites displaying thousands of images. In some places, petroglyphs form a true melting pot of iconographic creations, elsewhere only isolated depictions appear on rock surfaces. Various rock art traditions, from prehistoric, through pharaonic, Graeco-Roman, and mediaeval, have all added to a tremendous variety of petroglyphs, their formal traits and subject matter.This book is the first ever monograph on Dakhleh Oasis rock art, providing both an introduction to the versatile topic as well as an overview of the current state of research. It is designed as a collection of essays that deal with specific aspects of the research. The reader is offered here not only old and new documentation, much of it previously unpublished, but also a great deal of innovative interpretation.All chapters, although devoted to different case studies, revolve around an all-encompassing concept of lan

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Book SynopsisThis book brings together an international team of scholars to re-evaluate Roman-period architecture outside Rome and the Italian Peninsula, looking at the regions that formed part of the Roman Empire over a broad time frame: from the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century CE. Moving beyond traditional views of ‘Roman provincial architecture’, they highlight the multi-faceted features of these architectures, their function, impact and significance within the local cultures, and the dynamic discourse between periphery and centre.Architecture is intended in the broad sense of the term, encompassing the buildings’ technological components as well as their ornamental and epigraphic apparatuses. The geographic framework under examination is a broad one: along with well-documented areas of the ancient Mediterranean, attention is also paid to the territories of north-west Europe. The discussion throughout the volume focuses on three interrelated themes – models, agency, and reception. The broader scope of these essays gives a reinvigorated impetus to the scholarly debate on the role and influence of ancient architectures beyond the centre of Empire. The book has a strong interdisciplinary character, reflecting the authors’ diverse expertise in the fields of archaeology, architecture, ancient history, art and architectural history.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of figures List of abbreviations 1. Architectures of the Roman World: An introduction Niccolò Mugnai 2. …incorrupti imbribus, ventis, ignibus omnique caemento firmiores? Earthen building materials in the Roman West Ben Russell, Christopher Beckett, Tanja Romankiewicz, J. Riley Snyder and Rose Ferraby 3. Unusual terracotta tiles for the vaulting of Roman baths: An investigation into the exchange and diffusion of technical knowledge in the western Roman Empire Lynne C. Lancaster 4. From dry to mortared construction: Building at Nikopolis and Olympia between the first century BCE and the first century CE Paolo Vitti 5. Green shoots: Architectural transfer and sustainability in the architecture of the Roman provinces Edmund Thomas 6. Building cities on the Rhine and on the Danube: The socio-ecological diversity of Roman construction Dominik Maschek 7. Provincial-sized monumentality: The construction site of the Roman theatre of Augusta Raurica (Switzerland) Thomas Hufschmid 8. Building public baths outside Rome: The case study of Nora, Sardinia Caterina Previato 9. What have the Romans ever done for us? Early Roman Jerusalem as an urban centre between local tradition and Roman rule Orit Peleg-Barkat 10. Building and reshaping public spaces in North Africa in the early imperial period: The examples of Thugga, Lepcis Magna, and Cyrene Niccolò Mugnai 11.Responding to ‘Classical’ architecture in Roman-era Athens Christopher Siwicki 12. A matter of perspective: The reception of early imperial composite column capitals in Asia Minor Phil Stinson 13. Where do we live? Local stonescapes and globalized architecture in Cyrenaica and Cyprus Eleonora Gasparini 14. Architectures of the Roman World: Some conclusions Janet DeLaine

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Book SynopsisThis volume follows on from papers presented at the 13th International Cretan Congress in 2022 and covers the period from the 1st century BC to 4th5th centuries AD, with the articles in the volume set around the topic of upheavals and disruptions, and in particular those evidenced with the arrival of Rome, the creation of the Roman Province, along with those resulting from the dividing of the Roman Empire and the emergence of the Byzantine world. The volume is set against the background of the Roman conquest of Crete in 67 BC, which heralded the end of the power and control of the Greek city-states, which were themselves steeped in age-old traditions and governed by a variety of legal frameworks, some of which had their roots in Archaic times. The ensuing changes, when they arrived, took centuries to develop but resulted in the establishment of a Greco-Roman culture and society that was far removed from its Hellenistic predecessor. Roman Crete witnessed several significant periods of d

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Book SynopsisThroughout history rivers have been a hub for human settlement and have long been a key part of local livelihoods, history and culture, as well as still playing a present-day role in providing services and leisure to people who live around them. It is no coincidence that all four of the earliest human civilisations were formed on great rivers: the Nile, Euphrates, Indus and Yellow rivers all saw great human aggregation along them. The most ancient and vital architectural structures linked to the use of rivers are bridges.There are a wide range of medieval bridge structures, some very simple in their construction, to amazing triumphs of design and engineering comparable with the great churches of the period. They stand today as proof of the great importance of transport networks in the Middle Ages and of the size and sophistication of the medieval economy. These bridges were built in some of the most difficult places, across broad flood plains, deep tidal waters, and steep upland valleys, and they withstood all but the most catastrophic floods. Yet their beauty, from simplistic to ornate, remains for us to appreciate.Medieval Bridges of Southern England has been organised geographically into tours, and covers the governmental regions of Southwest England, London, and Southeast England. There are exactly 100 bridges included. There is an introduction and background information about the medieval period of English history at the beginning and there are beautiful full colour photographs throughout the book.Table of ContentsForeword Introduction Defining Medieval Medieval Period Overview Criteria for Inclusion Medieval Timeline Chronology and Dating Bridges and Medieval Road Networks Basic Components of a Medieval Bridge Medieval Bridges and the Church The Economics of Medieval Bridges Medieval Bridge Types Medieval Bridge Builders Islands in the Stream Cutwaters Longevity List of Medieval Bridges in Southern England by Region and County Listed Bridges and Structures National Grid Reference Numbers The Bridge Tours The Star Rating System BUCKINGHAMSHIRE & NORTH OXFORDSHIRE TOUR NORTHEAST CORNWALL TOUR CENTRAL CORNWALL NORTH TOUR CENTRAL CORNWALL SOUTH TOUR NORTH DEVON TOUR SOUTHEAST DEVON TOUR SOUTHWEST DEVON TOUR EAST DEVON TOUR NORTH DORSET TOUR SOUTHEAST DORSET TOUR GLOUCESTERSHIRE HAMPSHIRE KENT TOUR LONDON TOUR EAST OXFORDSHIRE TOUR WEST OXFORDSHIRE & KEBLE’S BRIDGE TOUR EAST SOMERSET TOUR CENTRAL SOMERSET TOUR WEST SOMERSET TOUR SURREY TOUR TITCHFIELD & WEST SUSSEX TOUR NORTH WILTSHIRE & IFORD TOUR SOUTH WILTSHIRE & FORDINGBRIDGE TOUR A Glossary for Medieval Bridges Bridge Index Acknowledgements Bibliography

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Book SynopsisOld orchards have an irresistible appeal. Their ancient trees and obscure fruit varieties seem to provide a direct link with the lost rural world of our ancestors, a time when the pace of life was slower and people had a strong and intimate connection with their local environment. They are also of critical importance for sustaining biodiversity, providing habitats, in particular, for a range of rare invertebrates. Not surprisingly, orchards and the fruit they contain have attracted an increasing amount of attention over the last few decades, from both enthusiastic bands of amateurs and official conservation bodies. But much of what has been written about them is historically vague, romanticised and nostalgic. Orchards have become a symbol of unspoilt, picturesque rural England.This book attempts, for the first time, to provide a comprehensive review of the development of orchards in England from the Middle Ages to the present day. It describes the various different kinds of orchard and explains how, and when, they appeared in the landscape – and why they have disappeared, at a catastrophic rate, over the last six decades. Chapters discuss the contrasting histories of fruit growing in different regions of England, the complex story of ‘traditional’ fruit varieties and the role of orchards in wildlife conservation. In addition, a chapter on researching orchards provides a practical guide for those wishing to investigate the history and archaeology of particular examples.Trade ReviewThe book is an enjoyable read, it combines a vast amount of information in an accessible narrative * Antiquity *This is a well-produced book with ample colour illustrations and presents a useful summary on the subject of English orchards, in particular the consideration of the four different types of orchards and a comparison of orchard development between the three key regions of orchard landscapes in England. * Landscape History *Blending erudite landscape history and ecology with a perceptive eye for heritage and environmental issues, this book provides a superb overview of a neglected feature of our historic environment. It fully deserves the wide readership that it will doubtless receive. * Worcestershire Recorder *Table of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Illustrations 1. Introducing Orchards 2. Types of Orchard: Farmhouse and Commercial 3. Types of Orchard: Gardens and Institutions 4. The Orchard Countries: Western England 5. The Orchard Countries: South-East England 6. The Orchard Countries: East Anglia and the Fens 7. The Recent History of Orchards 8. Studying Old Orchards 9. The Importance of Orchards: Biodiversity 10. The Importance of Orchards: Culture and History 11. Conclusion Bibliography

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Book SynopsisThis book shows how analysis of Scandinavian-influenced place-names in their landscape contexts can provide crucial new evidence of differing processes of Viking migration and settlement in East Anglia between the late ninth and eleventh centuries.The place-names of East Anglia have until now received little attention in the academic study of Viking settlement. Similarly, the question of a possible migration of settlers from Scandinavia during the Viking period was for many years dismissed by historians and archaeologists – until the recent discovery by metal-detectorists of abundant Scandinavian metalwork and jewellery in many parts of East Anglia. David Boulton has synthesised these two previously neglected elements to offer new insights into the processes of Viking settlement.This book provides the first comprehensive analysis of Scandinavian-influenced place-names in East Anglia. It examines their different categories linguistically and explores the landscape and archaeological contexts of the settlements associated with them, with the aid of GIS-generated maps. Dr Boulton shows how the process of Viking settlement was influenced by changes in rural society and agriculture which were then already occurring in East Anglia, such as the late Anglo-Saxon expansion of arable farming and the associated recolonisation of the inland clay plateau. These developments resulted in patterns of place-name formation which differ significantly from some of the previously accepted, orthodox interpretations of how Scandinavian-influenced place-names (especially those containing the bý and thorp elements, and the ‘Grimston-hybrids’) came into being in the Danelaw.In view of these discrepancies, David Boulton proposes an innovative, hypothetical model for the formation of the Scandinavian-influenced place-names in East Anglia, which explores differing patterns and phases of Viking settlement in the region and the possible pathways of migration that preceded them.Table of ContentsList of figures List of tables Abbreviations Conventions and terminology Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. The historical and archaeological context 3. The linguistic and geographical context 4. Place-names in -bý 5. Place-names in -thorp 6. Place-names containing other Scandinavian-influenced generics 7. Hybrid place-names 8. A migrationary perspective 9. Conclusion Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisMonarchs, no less than their subjects, want to impress their guests. This book is about gardens as one aspect of creating favourable impressions soft power in particular through the royal gardens of England in Tudor and Stuart times. It addresses the backdrop of palaces, parks and gardens that were unspoken statements of authority and cultural achievement that gave status and credibility to the country's representatives.Garden history from this perspective has been neglected hitherto; neither have the royal gardens been assessed as a collection in which monarchs favoured chosen sites for indulging their stylistic passions. Research on their forms and designs have in the past been accumulated piecemeal, without any sense of overview.This book contains a new analysis enabled by gathering information from numerous archaeological investigations, historic texts and the available visual material, together with extensive original research in the National Archives and elsewhere. Reconstruction drawings flesh out the narrative in the early years when maps, drawings and prints were so very scarce and are reproduced alongside the available material and the more abundant prints and paintings as the Stuart era draws to a close.Radical new understandings of the medieval garden in England serve as the starting point for a fresh narrative of the history of internationally significant English gardens in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It will be of interest to architectural, garden design, social and political historians of the period and to a wide readership of those fascinated by how statecraft, foreign influences, and native innovation interwove for two centuries in our royal gardens and parks.

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Book SynopsisThe date of the Cerne Giant has long been a matter for debate, as exemplified by a public and televised debate of March 1996, published as The Cerne Giant: An Antiquity on Trial (1999, Oxbow Books). Excavations were conducted in 2020 by the National Trust in the centenary year of its ownership of the Giant. The excavations were limited and targeted in extent and scope, the aim was to date the actual construction of the iconic figure by absolute dating methods (OSL). As the 1999 publication explained, the jury was still out with advocates for a prehistoric origin, one connected to the period of the Civil War or a more modern one. In the event, the dates were a complete surprise, falling within the Anglo-Saxon period.The research has provided an accurate, scientifically verified date for the Cerne Giant. These unexpected results, together with the land-use history and ominous disappearance' of the Giant for six centuries, provide the platform for reconsideration and new discussion and d

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Book SynopsisPresents a summary of the excavations at Bornais and Cille Pheadair, providing an introduction to the Viking colonisation and Norse occupation of the Western Isles/Outer Hebrides of Scotland.

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Book SynopsisFor a period of about week in February 1865, as the Civil War was winding down and Plains Indian communities were reeling in the wake of the Sand Creek massacre, combat swept across the Nebraska panhandle, especially along the Platte River. The fighting that marked this event barely compares to the massive campaigns and terrible carnage that marked the conflict that was taking place in the eastern states but it was a significant event at the opening on the ensuing Indian Wars. Operating on terrain they knew well, Cheyenne warriors and other Native forces encountered the US Cavalry who operated within a modern network of long distance migration and pony express trails and military stations.The North Platte Campaign offers a good basis for the application of landscape approaches to conflict archaeology if only because of its scale. This fighting is both easily approached and fascinatingly encompassed. There were probably far fewer than 1000 fighters involved in those skirmishes, but before, after, and between them, they involved substantial movements of people and of equipment that was similar to the arms and gear in service to other Civil War era combatants. They also seem to have used approaches that were typical of America’s western warfare. Like many of the conflicts of interest to modern observers, the North Platte fights were between cultural different opponents. Archaeological consideration of battlefields such as Rush Creek and Mud Springs, bases, and landscapes associated with this fighting expose how the combat developed and how the opposing forces dealt with the challenges they encountered.This study draws on techniques of battlefield archaeology, focusing on the concept of ‘battlespace’ and the recovery, distribution and analysis of artifacts and weaponry, as well as historical accounts of the participants, LiDAR-informed terrain assessment, and theoretical consideration of the strategic thinking of the combatants. It applies a landscape approach to the archaeological study of war and reveals an overlooked phase of the American Civil War and the opening of the Indian Wars.Trade ReviewThis book ... contains a most interesting and informative account of two relatively small and unfamiliar actions between the US Cavalry and the Cheyenne. * Miniature War Games *Table of ContentsAcknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. Landscapes and Dynamics of the Platte Valley in 1864 and 1865 Forms and Features of the Platte Valley Landscape The River Course North Platte Valley Side Slopes North Platte Bluffs Plains Traffic and Trail Patterns of the Platte Valley Euro-American Trails Native American Trails Euro-American Civilian Facilities Relations between the United States Government and Platte Valley Native Communities The Sand Creek Massacre Indian Reactions to Sand Creek and the move to the North Platte Valley Army Reactions to Sand Creek 3. Conceptual Tools for the Consideration of Conflicted Landscapes Levels of War The Strategic Level The Operational Level The Tactical Level Conflicted Landscapes as “Battlespace” 4. Levels of War and Battlespace in the North Platte Valley of 1865 Levels of War and Battlespace among the Cheyenne and allied tribes Levels of War and Battlespace of the Civil War Frontier Army Battlespace – Trails and Battlefields as Essential Elements 5. Conflict Begins – The Battle of Mud Springs Mud Springs as Battlespace Strategy and Tactics of the Mud Spring Operation 6. The Archaeology of the Mud Springs Battle The Archaeological Assemblage Firearms Artifact Distribution The “Rifle Pit” Feature Interpreting the Actions and Evidence of Mud Springs 7. The Road to Rush Creek Cheyenne Movements away from the Camp on Rush Creek The Army’s Pursuit Discovery of the Rush Creek Camp 8. The Forces Collide at Rush Creek Beginning of the Battle Tactical Operations of Rush Creek Combat Artillery at Rush Creek Cavalry Action at Rush Creek 9. Archaeology of the Rush Creek Battle Archaeological Expression of the Battlefield Small Arms Evidence Artillery Evidence Rush Creek: A battlespace adjusted to surprise 10. Conclusions Appendix: Transcriptions of Enlisted Men’s Accounts of the Fights References Index

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Book SynopsisMore than quarter of a century ago Richard Bradley published The Passage of Arms. It was conceived as An Archaeological Analysis of Prehistoric Hoards and Votive Deposits, but, as the author concedes, these terms were too narrowly focused for the complex subject of deliberate deposition and the period covered too short. A Geography of Offerings has been written to provoke a reaction from archaeologists and has two main aims. The first is to move this kind of archaeology away from the minute study of ancient objects to a more ambitious analysis of ancient places and landscapes. The second is to recognise that problems of interpretation are not restricted to the pre-Roman period. Mesolithic finds have a place in this discussion, and so do those of the 1st millennium AD. Archaeologists studying individual periods confront with similar problems and the same debates are repeated within separate groups of scholars – but they arrive at different conclusions. Here, the author presents a review that brings these discussions together and extends across the entire sequence. Rather than offer a comprehensive survey, this is an extended essay about the strengths and weaknesses of current thinking regarding specialised deposits, which encompass both sacrificial deposits characterised by large quantities of animal and human bones and other collections which are dominated by finds of stone or metal artefacts. It considers current approaches and theory, the histories of individual artefacts and the landscape and physical context of the of places where they were deposited, the character of materials, the importance of animism and the character of ancient cosmologies.Trade ReviewBuilding upon, but greatly expanding, his earlier influential work, this small book will be widely read and much appreciated for the way in which it demonstrates that ‘big data’ also require big ideas. * Antiquity *This elegant, stimulating, dialogous book will hopefully appeal to all archaeologists, whatever their period persuasion… This book readily bears several reading either of its entirety or its discreet but connected parts and its compact, travel-anywhere size helps to facilitate that. * Medieval Archaeology *A pocket-sized archaeology book that is packed full of useful information…accessible both to those new to the subject and to those with a detailed knowledge of individual periods or types of evidence. * Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society *The relatively small size of this book belies its ambition. A Geography of Offerings is as accessible as it is erudite, and will appeal to anyone with an interest in ancient landscapes and specialised deposits, regardless of specialism… a fresh perspective on a subject that I believed could not be usefully reconsidered. Bradley has proven me wrong. * Time and Mind: The Journal of Archaeology, Consciousness and Culture *Table of ContentsChapter One Beginning again Chapter Two A chapter of accidents The Broadward hoard The Mästermyr hoard Reassessments Bridges and troubled waters Iron Age deposits at La Tène Roman artefacts from the Rhine near Mainz Reassessments Literary sources Ritual and non-ritual, religious and secular deposits The ubiquity of water Hidden in plain sight Chapter Three Faultlines in contemporary research Chronological faultlines Controversy and uncertainty The sources of confusion Unfinished business The next stage Chapter Four Proportional representation The variety of deposits Excavations at two spring deposits Excavations at other wetland deposits Excavations at dryland deposits A question of scale A question of time Summary Chapter five The hoard as a still life Pronkstillevens Accumulations Display Summary and conclusions Chapter Six The nature of things Technologies and myths Stone and metal Metals Chapter Seven A kind of regeneration The final act Whole and undamaged artefacts Incomplete or damaged artefacts Friendly fire Fragmentation Weights Numbers the last act Chapter 8 Vanishing point Sinking treasures Giving and taking Artefacts with attitude Profiting from loss Exquisite corpses Chapter Nine A guide to strange places Naming places Going under Going forward Northern lights Southern comforts A note of caution Chapter 10 Thresholds and transitions Introduction Bridges, fords and causeways Other kinds of boundaries River names and their associations The character of water The character of mountains The earth compels A final reflection

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Book SynopsisThe volume is co-published by the Winchester Excavations Committee and forms Volume 11 of the Winchester Studies series.Following the success of volumes IV (Windsor and Eton) and V (York) in the series of Historic Towns Atlases, the new volume maps and explains the history of Winchester face=Calibri>– a city which has played such an important part in English history from Roman times onwards.Combining many full-colour maps with an authoritative but very readable text, the atlas shows how the Roman city of Venta Belgarum became the second-most important city in England for several centuries: a walled town, the seat of kings and an ecclesiastical centre almost unparalleled in the country, before gently declining into a judicial centre and county town.The Atlas is centred on a detailed map of the city at the scale of 1:2500, showing Winchester's historic buildings and structures on a map of the city as it was in 1800. A series of maps show how Winchester was at key points in its history, charting its development and changing shape. The Atlas includes an early OS map, modern maps and historic aerial photographs, as well as colour illustrations, many of which have never been published before.The introduction offers a full history of how and why Winchester developed from prehistoric times onwards, in a series of chapters written by historians but aimed at the general reader. It also includes a comprehensive reference gazetteer listing every place shown on the maps, with a map location, a brief history, and further reading for those interested in finding out more.Like its companion volumes, the maps, text, gazetteer and illustrations are presented in an A3 stiff card binder, and the format allows for maps of different date to be compared side-by-side.Trade ReviewThe maps and illustrations are fortified by nine brilliant essays. But to me the most valuable part of the Atlas, apart from the maps, is the gazeteer. * Oxford Recorder *

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Book SynopsisWestminster Abbey contains the only surviving medieval Cosmatesque mosaics outside Italy. They comprise: the ‘Great Pavement’ in the sanctuary; the pavement around the shrine of Edward the Confessor; the saint’s tomb and shrine; Henry III’s tomb; the tomb of a royal child, and some other pieces. Surprisingly, the mosaics have never before received detailed recording and analysis, either individually or as an assemblage. This two-volume publication presents a holistic study of this outstanding group of monuments in their historical architectural and archaeological context.The shrine of St Edward is a remarkable survival, having been dismantled at the Dissolution and re-erected (incorrectly) in 1557 under Queen Mary. Large areas of missing mosaic were replaced with plaster on to which mosaic designs were carefully painted. This 16th-century fictive mosaic is unique in Britain. Conservation of the sanctuary pavement was accompanied by full archaeological recording with every piece of mosaic decoration drawn and coloured by David Neal, phase plans have been prepared, and stone-by-stone examination undertaken, petrologically identifying and recording the locations of all the materials present. It has revealed that both the pavements and tombs include a range of exotic stone types. The Cosmati study has shed fresh light on every aspect of the unique series of monuments in Westminster Abbey; this work will fill a major lacuna in our knowledge of 13th-century English art of the first rank, and will command international interest.Trade ReviewThe two volumes comprise work of lasting quality and importance. * Church Monuments *…a series of hugely important thoughts and conclusions about the material evidence which offer a new set of narratives about Henry’s presbytery and his place as patron of the new medium — Cosmatesque mosaics. * Medieval Archaeology *With their in-depth discussions and analyses, new insights and lavish illustrations, these two volumes are a truly monumental achievement and an essential resource for scholars. * Archaeological Journal *This is a monumental study, a work of great scholarship with breath-taking illustrations … An invaluable and comprehensive historical work. * Ancient Monuments Society *There is a good index, and pages are helpfully numbered consectively across the two volumes. A wonderful achievement. * British Archaeology *Table of ContentsForeword by The Dean of Westminster Preface Acknowledgements Summary VOLUME 1 The Pavements 1 The cosmatesque pavements and monuments: introduction and context 2 Historiography and the antiquarian record 3 The sanctuary and high altar pavements: past interventions, damage and repair 4 Description of the sanctuary pavement 5 Surveying, analyzing and evaluating the sanctuary and high altar pavements 6 Conservation and repair of the sanctuary pavement by Vanessa Simeoni 7 St Edward the Confessor’s chapel pavement 8 Materials employed in the pavements and monuments VOLUME 2 The Royal Tombs 9 St Edward’s chapel and the context of the shrine 10 The shrine-tomb of St Edward the Confessor, I: description and primary fabric 11 The shrine-tomb of St Edward the Confessor, II: Tudor reconstruction and later history 12 Tomb of King Henry III 13 Child’s tomb in the south ambulatory 14 Related monuments and furnishings 15 The Westminster mosaic assemblage: summary, assessment and dating Appendix 1. The shrine in the records by Matthew Payne Archival references Chronicles Appendix 2. Quantification of tesserae in the mosaic pavements and monuments Notes to chapters 9 to 15 Abbreviations and bibliography Index Plans 3 and 4 (fold-outs at end of volume)

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Book SynopsisDeeply stratified settlements are a distinctive site type featuring prominently in diverse later prehistoric landscapes of the Old World. Their massive materiality has attracted the curiosity of lay people and archaeologists alike. Nowadays a wide variety of archaeological projects are tracking the lifestyles and social practices that led to the building-up of such superimposed artificial hills. However, prehistoric tell-dwelling communities are too often approached from narrow local perspectives or discussed within strict time- and culture-specific debates. There is a great potential to learn from such ubiquitous archaeological manifestations as the physical outcome of cross-cutting dynamics and comparable underlying forces irrespective of time and space. This volume tackles tells and tell-like sites as a transversal phenomenon whose commonalities and divergences are poorly understood yet may benefit from cross-cultural comparison. Thus, the book intends to assemble a representative range of ongoing theory – and science –based fieldwork projects targeting this kind of sites. With the aim of encompassing a variety of social and material dynamics, the volume’s scope is diachronic – from the Earliest Neolithic up to the Iron Age–, and covers a very large region, from Iberia in Western Europe to Syria in the Middle East. The core of the volume comprises a selection of the most remarkable contributions to the session with a similar title celebrated in the European Association of Archaeologists Annual Meeting held at Barcelona in 2018. In addition, the book includes invited chapters to round out underrepresented areas and periods in the EAA session with relevant research programmes in the Old World. To accomplish such a cross-cultural course, the book takes a case-based approach, with contributions disparate both in their theoretical foundations – from household archaeology, social agency and formation theory – and their research strategies – including geophysical survey, microarchaeology and high-resolution excavation and dating.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction: Learning from Prehistoric Tells by Antonio Blanco-González and Tobias L. Kienlin Chapter 2. Architectural Phases, Use-life Episodes and Taphonomic Processes in Tell Formation: An Approach to Neolithic Tell Halula (Syria) by Miquel M. Molist, Quim Sisa, Julia Wattez and Anna Gómez-Bach Chapter 3. Re-discovering the Neolithic Landscapes of Western Thessaly, Central Greece by Athanasia Krahtopoulou, Charles Frederick, Hector, A. Orengo, Anastasia Dimoula, Niki Saridaki, Stella Kyrillidou, Alexandra Livarda and Arnau Garcia-Molsosa Chapter 4. The Old Becomes New: Material Culture and Architectural Continuity on an Anatolian Höyük by Sharon R. Steadman & Jennifer C. Ross Chapter 5. Moving Bottom-up: The Case Study of Kakucs-Turján (Hungary) and its Implications for Studies of Multi-layered Bronze Age Settlements in the Carpathian Basin by Robert Staniuk, Mateusz Jaeger, Gabriella Kulcsár, Nicole Taylor, Jakub Niebieszczański and Johannes Müller Chapter 6. Exploring the Bronze Age Tells and Tell-like Settlements from the Eastern Carpathian Basin. Results of a Research Project by Florin Gogâltan, Alexandra Găvan, Marian A. Lie, Gruia Fazecaș, Cristina Cordoș and Tobias L. Kienlin Chapter 7. Talking Trash. Reconstructing Activities, Discard and Abandonment at Late Bronze Age Tell Sabi Abyad (Syria) by Victor Klinkenberg Chapter 8. Domesticаtion of Tells: Settlements of the First Farmers in Pelagonia (Macedonia) by Goce Naumov Chapter 9. Tells (and Flat Sites) as Social Agents: A View from Neolithic Greece by Stella Souvatzi Chapter 10. Human Activities on a Late Neolithic Tell-like Settlement Complex of the Hungarian Plain (Öcsöd-Kováshalom) by András Füzesi, Knut Rassmann, Eszter Bánffy and Pál Raczky Chapter 11. The Practice of Everyday Life on a European Bronze Age tell: Reflections from Százhalombatta-Földvár (Hungary) by Joanna Sofaer, Marie Louise Stig Sørensen and Magdolna Vicze Chapter 12. Social Life on Bronze Age Tells. Outline of a Practice-oriented Approach by Tobias L. Kienlin Chapter 13. Architecture, Power and Everyday Life in the Iron Age of North-eastern Iberia. Research from 1985 to 2019 on the Tell-like Fortress of Els Vilars (Arbeca, Lleida, Spain) by Joan B. López, Emili Junyent and Natàlia Alonso Chapter 14. Then, Now, to Come – A Commentary by John Chapman

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Book SynopsisAlready in Greek and Roman antiquity a vibrant series of exchange relationships existed between the Mediterranean regions and China, including the Indian subcontinent, along well-defined routes we call the Silk Roads. Among the many goods that found their way from East to West and vice versa were glass, wine spices, metals and precious stones as well as textile raw materials and fabrics of wool and silk, a precious fibre that was highly appreciated in many of the cultures along the roads that were named after it by modern scholars.These collected papers bring together current historical, philological and archaeological research from different areas and disciplines in order highlight the use, circulation and meaning of silk as a commodity, gift, tribute , booty, and status symbol in varying cultural and chronological contexts between East and West, including technological aspects of silk production. Rome and China in antiquity provide the geographical and chronological frame for this volume (c. from the third century BCE to the fifth century CE), but also earlier and later epochs and cultures in between these empires are considered in order to build and intercultural and diachronic understanding of long-distance relations that involved silk.Trade Review“There is much here to engage the expert but we might hope that others may also learn more about a subject which was far more conspicuous in antiquity than most that occupy archaeologists, and therefore perhaps a more valuable guide to our understanding of people, places and motives.” * Ancient West & East *This volume will appeal to the specialist focused on ancient textiles, but there is more on offer here. The lines of communication and extent of knowledge about and between the cultures at the eastern and western limits of the Silk Road and in the many regions that acted as intermediaries are topics that will have wider significance to scholars and students. * Ancient Near Eastern Studies *

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Book SynopsisIreland's First Settlers tells the story of the archaeology and history of the first continuous phase of Ireland’s human settlement. It combines centuries of search and speculation about human antiquity in Ireland with a review of what is known today about the Irish Mesolithic. This is, in part, provided in the context of the author's 50 years of personal experience searching to make sense of what initially appeared to be little more than a collection of beach rolled and battered flint tools.The story is embedded in how the island of Ireland, its position, distinct landscape and ecology impacted on when and how Ireland was colonised. It also explores how these first settlers evolved their technologies and lifeways to suit the narrow range of abundant resources that were available.The volume concludes with discussions on how the landscape should be searched for the often ephemeral traces of these early settlers and how sites should be excavated. It asks what we really know about the thoughts and life of the people themselves and what happened to them as farming began to be introduced.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements Part I 1. why 2. Understanding Ireland’s environment and ecology 3. It’s about time Part II. Laying the foundations 4. Where did it all come from? 5. Chronology, flint facts and other artefacts Part III. Often an island too far? 6. Anything earlier? 7. The first arrivals 8. Settling in Part IV. Lifeways 9. Patterns in the landscape 10. Food, sustenance and procurement Part V. Where to now? 11. A critical analysis of fieldwork and methodolgies 12. Life, death, the universe and everything Bibliography

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a general self-reflexive review and critical analysis of Scandinavian rock art from the standpoint of Chris Tilley’s research in this area over the last thirty years. It offers a novel alternative theoretical perspective stressing the significance of visual narrative structure and rhythm, using musical analogies, putting particular emphasis on the embodied perception of images in a landscape context.Part I reviews the major theories and interpretative perspectives put forward to understand the images, in historical perspective, and provides a critique discussing each of the main types of motifs occurring on the rocks. Part II outlines an innovative theoretical and methodological perspective for their study stressing sequence and relationality in bodily movement from rock to rock. Part III is a detailed case study and analysis of a series of rocks from northern Bohuslän in western Sweden. The conclusions reflect on the theoretical and methodological approach being taken in relation to the disciplinary practices involved in rock art research, and its future.Trade ReviewThis book is a masterclass in deconstructing rock art and the landscape in which it stands. * Current World Archaeology *Table of ContentsList of Figures List of Tables Preface by Joakim Goldhahn Acknowledgements Prelude PART I: ARIAS: MOTIFS AND INTERPRETATIONS PART II: CABALETTA: LANDSCAPE SETTING AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: THE RHYTHMIC VISUAL ARTS OF NARRATIVE PART III: FINALE: PERAMBULATING THE ROCKS Postlude References Index

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Book SynopsisThis highly-illustrated book reveals a brand-new story of the royal castle of Lincoln – how it was imposed on the late Anglo-Saxon town and how it developed over the next 900 years in the hands of the king or his aristocratic associates. Today, we have been left a surviving monument of three great towers, each with its own biography.Led by FAS Heritage, archaeologists, architectural historians and a large cohort of the general public have come together to produce a revealing and accessible account of the story of Lincoln Castle; in doing so, we gain further insight into the history, culture and society of medieval England.Trade Review[T]he volume provides a much needed and significant addition to the panoply of published British urban castles (including Oxford and Norwich) and is a fine example of its type. * Speculum *The book caters for the specialist and non-specialist alike … It is lavishly illustrated with photographs, diagrams, maps, tables and reconstructions, making it a book to which the reader will want to keep going back … A good benchmark for how a well-funded excavation should be presented to the public. * The Local Historian *A book you’ll want to return to again and again, as it takes you on a journey deep into the heart and soul of this most remarkable place. * Lincoln Archaeology *The book is superbly balanced … while the archaeology is explored in a good level of detail, the text retains an accessible and engaging style throughout that will appeal to a broad audience. Wonderfully illustrated with colour photos, maps and plans, this high quality volume represents a fitting tribute to one of Europe’s most exceptional castles. * Lincolnshire Past & Present *It's very good, accessible yet scholarly […] The material on the prison is fascinating. * British Archaeology *The text is written specifically to avoid specialist terminology (there is a glossary at the back) and to be intelligible to a wider readership. Full colour is used to stunning effect throughout, with as much emphasis on representations of the archaeological process as results. It is a real achievement to present such a comprehensive account so concisely as well as attractively. … Visually stunning and combining communication of new primary research with a concise, accessible text, the volume is a model of its type and highly recommended. * Medieval Archaeology *Table of ContentsList of illustrations List of tables Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Picture credits 1. The campaign to reveal Lincoln Castle 2. The Roman fortress and colonia 3. The city beneath the castle 4. The early castle and the Lucy Tower 5. The castle gates and walls 6. The Observatory Tower 7. Cobb Hall and the last flowering of the medieval castle 8. Lincoln Castle recreated 9. Legacy Digest of evidence Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisIn the long history of documenting the material culture of the archaeological record, meaning and actions of makers and users of these items is often overlooked. The authors in this book focus on rituals exploring the natural and made landscape stages, the ritual directors, including their progression from shaman to priesthood, and meaning of the rites. They also provide comments on the end or failure of rites and cults from Paleoindian into post-DeSoto years.Chapters examine the archaeological records of Cahokia, the lower Ohio Valley, Aztalan Wisconsin, Vermont, Florida, and Georgia, and others scan the Eastern US, investigating tobacco/datura, colour symbolism, deer symbolism, mound stratigraphy, flintknapping, stone caching, cults and their organisation, and red ochre. These authors collectively query the beliefs that can be gleaned from mortuary practices and their variation, from mound construction, from imagery, from the choice of landscape setting. While some rituals were short-lived, others can be shown to span millennia as the ritual specialists modified their interpretations and introduced innovations.Table of ContentsList of contributors 1 The Ritual Complex Cheryl Claassen Part 1: Cults and Rituals 2 The Old Fire-Deer Spirits cult in the Archaic Period of eastern North America Cheryl Claassen 3 Priestesses and priests, temples and goddesses: structuring and centering ritual in early Cahokian religious landscapes Thomas E. Emerson 4 Continuity, resilience, and transformation in Choctaw ritual practice David H. Dye 5 Places of stone and skill: an exploration of Paleoindian and Early Archaic rituals and ritual practitioners in northeastern North America Francis “Jess” Robinson 6 Watchfires above the wetwoods: late Middle Archaic mortuary ritual and landscape in the Falls of the Ohio region Anne Tobbe Bader 7 Persons of the Directions: ontology and ethics meet cosmology in understanding the world views and rituals of Adena, Hopewell, and Postcontact eastern Woodland Indian societies Christopher Carr 8 Set, setting, and sacra: eastern North America’s tobacco shamans and the New World narcotic complex Bobi Deere 9 Figured practices: the material heritage of ritual in the Great Lakes region William Fox and Neal Ferris Part 2: Landscape, Shrines, and Pilgrimage 10 Portals through the spirit world: precontact ceremonial cave use in the American Southeast Jan F. Simek, Beau Duke Carroll, and Alan Cressler 11 Rituals of stone: Native American use of stone in the southeastern US James R. Wettstaed and Johannes H. N. Loubser 12 Revisiting Aztalan: looking at ritual from several perspectives Lynne Goldstein, Sissel Schroeder, and Donald Gaff 13 Sacred journeys in the greater Cahokia region B. Jacob Skousen 14 Paths of the lightning arrow: the Apalachee ballgame and the persistence of landscapes Jesse C. Nowak and Charles T. Rainville

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Book SynopsisRenowned archaeologist, Dale Serjeantson, tells the story of human engagement with birds from the end of the last Ice Age to around AD 1650. In this book, she integrates the study of archaeological bird remains with ethnography and the history of birds and avian biology. It identifies changing patterns of wetland, water bird and game species through time, and in addition to their food value, examines our changing interactions with them. This includes considering evidence for use of bird body parts in religious rituals; taboos, totemism and superstitions surrounding eating certain species; their capture and role in falconry and as companion animals; and their importance in the economy from the Viking period onwards. Essential reading for archaeologists, zooarchaeologists, and historians, it is an eye-opening, accessible introduction to the archaeology of wild birds in Britain and Ireland for anyone interested in our natural history.Trade ReviewThis book is a must read for anyone with an interest in the ornithological history of Britain and Ireland. * Birdbooker Report *Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Ravens and crows 3. Raptors and owls 4. Fenland birds 5. Game birds 6. Waders 7. Songbirds 8. Ducks, geese, and swans 9. Pigeons 10. Seabirds 11. Gannets and cormorants 12. Auks and gulls 13. Hawks and hawking 14. Changing roles and perceptions Appendix: list of assemblages referred to in the text with bibliographic reference Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThe Byzantine cathedral of Hagia Sophia has been a source of wonder and fascination since its sixth-century construction. It was the premier monument of the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, and remains one of the most recognisable symbols of modern Istanbul. Often seen as encapsulating Byzantine history and culture, the building has been the subject of much scholarly interest since the Renaissance. However, while almost all previous archaeological work has focussed on the church itself, the surrounding complex of ecclesiastical buildings has been largely neglected. The research project presented here (co-directed by the authors) is the first to focus on the archaeology of the immediate environs of the church in order to understand the complex as a whole.Previously unrecorded material includes parts of the Patriarchal complex, from which the Orthodox Church was governed for almost a millennium, what may be the ‘Great Baptistery’ north of the church, and what are perhaps the first fragments of the fourth-century phase of the cathedral yet identified. The discovery of an unrecognised porch, surviving to its full height within the standing building, changes the known plan of the famous sixth-century church. This new information provides fresh evidence about the appearance and function of the complex, illustrating its similarities to, and dissimilarities from, Episcopal centers elsewhere in the Byzantine world. Combined with other archaeological sources, these discoveries enable us to place the sixth-century cathedral in its urban context and to reconsider what Hagia Sophia can tell us about the wider Byzantine world.Trade ReviewAn important read for those who want as much information as possible about the whole complex of the church. * Journal of Greek Archaeology *Table of ContentsPreface Terminology and conventions Acknowledgments Chapter 1: Introduction The Patriarchal complex The Hagia Sophia Project 2004–2018 Methods and practical constraints Chapter 2: The undiscovered church: Hagia Sophia before Justinian Introduction Fourth-century structures Fifth-century structures Features below the sixth-century church identified in other recent work Conclusion Chapter 3: New light on Justinian’s Hagia Sophia Introduction Buttress piers, their external staircase towers and the corner staircases in the base of the dome The Vestibules The access ramps Newly recorded sixth-century decoration Marble veneer on the church exterior Structures southwest of the Justinianic church: the Patriarchal palace Structures surrounding the Large Hall The southwest vestibule of the church The Baptistery south of the church A large rectilinear structure north of the sixth-century church Marble paving around the church and evidence for surrounding courtyards Archaeology and liturgy in Justinian’s church Conclusion Chapter 4: Revealing the Byzantine cathedral: Hagia Sophia after Justinian Introduction The Skeuophylakion North-east and south-east vestibules The north-east ramp Post-sixth-century modifications to the Patriarchate Identifying the Large Hall and associated structures with the later textually-attested additions to the Patriarchal palace The Baptistery The buttresses The south-west buttress The south middle buttress The north middle buttress The north-east buttress The west flying buttresses The remaining buttresses Archaeology and liturgy after the sixth century Conclusion Chapter 5: Sixth-century Hagia Sophia in its wider context Introduction Hagia Sophia in the context of surrounding structures and landscape features Building Orthodoxy in sixth-century Constantinople Bibliography

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Book SynopsisMagic, sorcery and witchcraft are among the most common themes of the great medieval Icelandic sagas and poems, the problematic yet vital sources that provide our primary textual evidence for the Viking Age that they claim to describe. Yet despite the consistency of this picture, surprisingly little archaeological or historical research has been done to explore what this may really have meant to the men and women of the time. This book examines the evidence for Old Norse sorcery, looking at its meaning and function, practice and practitioners, and the complicated constructions of gender and sexual identity with which these were underpinned. Combining strong elements of eroticism and aggression, sorcery appears as a fundamental domain of women's power, linking them with the gods, the dead and the future. Their battle spells and combat rituals complement the men's physical acts of fighting, in a supernatural empowerment of the Viking way of life. What emerges is a fundamentally new image of the world in which the Vikings understood themselves to move, in which magic and its implications permeated every aspect of a society permanently geared for war. In this fully-revised and expanded second edition, Neil Price takes us with him on a tour through the sights and sounds of this undiscovered country, meeting its human and otherworldly inhabitants, including the Sámi with whom the Norse partly shared this mental landscape. On the way we explore Viking notions of the mind and soul, the fluidity of the boundaries that they drew between humans and animals, and the immense variety of their spiritual beliefs. We find magic in the Vikings' bedrooms and on their battlefields, and we meet the sorcerers themselves through their remarkable burials and the tools of their trade. Combining archaeology, history and literary scholarship with extensive studies of Germanic and circumpolar religion, this multi-award-winning book shows us the Vikings as we have never seen them before.Trade ReviewThis is a brilliant and beautifully written book, as evidenced, for instance, by Price’s evocative retelling of Ragnarǫkr in Chapter 2. The first edition of Viking Way was a watershed publication for Viking archaeology, and as it has now been updated and extended, this book will only cement its position as a truly fundamental piece of scholarship painting a much richer, more complex, and more disconcerting picture of what are frequently caricatured and romanticized people. The Viking Way will undoubtedly be read, cited, and remembered for a very long time. * Early Medieval Europe *The Viking Way is a saga-like page-turner. […] It was the most important work to have been published on Norse magic when I first read it in 2002. In this second, revised and expanded edition, Price sets the benchmark for research on the Viking Way for at least another twenty years. * Time & Mind: the Journal of Archaeology, Consciousness and Culture. *The Viking Way is a precious and detailed handbook in every respect […] the book is a first-rank culture history of the Vikings. * Shaman *Price’s easy-to-read writing style allows the study to clearly present and explain an assortment of complicated subject matters, which in turn makes these intricate topics more accessible for a varied audience […] Ultimately, this book remains one of the most influential studies on the Viking Age… * Kyngervi *In summary, readers will be pleased by this new edition in that it largely preserves the much sought-after first edition while simultaneously updating some pieces of information and adding over 500 new references to relevant works published since the first edition, some new photographs and illustrations, and an index. * Journal of English and Germanic Philology *Table of ContentsList of figures and tables Abbreviations Preface and acknowledgements to the first edition Preface and acknowledgements to the second edition A note on language A note on seid 1. Different Vikings? Towards a cognitive archaeology of the later Iron Age A beginning at Birka Textual archaeology and the Iron Age The Other and the Odd? An archaeology of the Viking mind? 2. Problems and paradigms in the study of Old Norse sorcery Entering the mythology Research perspectives on Scandinavian pre-Christian religion Gods and monsters, worship and superstition The shape of Old Norse religion The double world: seiðr and the problem of Old Norse ‘magic’ Seiðr in the sources Seiðr in research 3. Seiðr Óðinn Freyja and the magic of the Vanir Seiðr and Old Norse cosmology The performers The performance Engendering seiðr Seiðr and the concept of the soul The domestic sphere of seiðr Seiðr contextualised 4. Noaidevuohta Seiðr and the Sámi Sámi-Norse relations in the Viking Age Sámi religion and the Drum-Time Rydving’s terminology of noaidevuohta Women and noaidevuohta The rituals of noaidevuohta The ethnicity of religious context in Viking-Age Scandinavia 5. Circumpolar religion and the question of Old Norse shamanism The circumpolar cultures and the invention of shamanism The shamanic world-view Shamanism in Scandinavia Seiðr and circumpolar shamanism 6. The supernatural empowerment of aggression Seiðr and the world of war Valkyrjur, skaldmeyjar and hjálmvitr Supernatural agency in battle The projection of destruction Battle magic Seiðr and the shifting of shape Berserkir and ulfheðnar Ecstasy, psychic dislocation and the dynamics of mass violence Weaving war, grinding battle: Darraðarljóð and Grottas˛ongr in context 7. The Viking way A reality in stories Viking women, Viking men 8. Magic and mind Receptions and reactions Cracks in the ice of Norse ‘religion’ Walking into the seiðr: contested interpretations of Viking-Age magic Queering magic? The social world of war The Viking mind: a conclusion References Primary sources, including translations Pre-nineteenth-century sources for the early Sámi and Siberian cultures Secondary sources Sources in archive Index

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisNearly 2000 years ago, people living in the river valleys of southern Ohio built earthen monuments on a scale that is unmatched in the archaeological record for small-scale societies. The period from c. 200 BC to c. AD 500 (Early to Middle Woodland) witnessed the construction of mounds, earthen walls, ditches, borrow pits and other earthen and stone features covering dozen of hectares at many sites and hundreds of hectares at some. The development of the vast Hopewell Culture geometric earthwork complexes such as those at Mound City, Chilicothe; Hopewell; and the Newark earthworks was accompanied by the establishment of wide-ranging cultural contacts reflected in the movement of exotic and strikingly beautiful artefacts such as elaborate tobacco pipes, obsidian and chert arrowheads, copper axes and regalia, animal figurines and delicately carved sheets of mica. These phenomena, coupled with complex burial rituals, indicate the emergence of a political economy based on a powerful ideology of individual power and prestige, and the creation of a vast cultural landscape within which the monument complexes were central to a ritual cycle encompassing a substantial geographical area.The labour needed to build these vast cultural landscapes exceeds population estimates for the region, and suggests that people from near (and possibly far) travelled to the Scioto and other river valleys to help with construction of these monumental earthen complexes. Here, in the first American Landscapes volume, Mark Lynott draws on more than a decade of research and extensive new datasets to re-examine the spectacular and massive scale Ohio Hopewell landscapes and to explore the society that created them.Trade ReviewMark Lynott has given us a successful account of the earthwork centers of southern Ohio and one that complements previous treatments focusing on grave lots, ritual production, and artifact-based interaction. It is a useful addition to our understanding of Ohio Hopewell and it will be read by generations to come. * Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology *Well illustrated with photos and drawings. A must for those interested in Hopewell and for scholars around the world researching ceremonial earthworks. * CHOICE *Hopewell Ceremonial Landscapes of Ohi is, in my estimation, the most authoritative, up-to-date, and attractive overview of ancient North America’s allimportant Hopewellian world (c. 150 b.c.–a.d. 350). The book’s authority and up-to-date quality rest on the late author’s decades-long experience with the archaeology and archaeologists of this all-important indigenous cultural phenomenon. * Landscape History *Table of ContentsI. More than Mounds and Ditches, an Introduction to Ohio Hopewell Ceremonial Landscapes Ohio and the Beginning of North American Archaeology Mortuary Mounds and Artifacts Expanding Research Interests in earthworks and ceremonial centers Ohio Hopewell Constructed Landscapes and the Digital Revolution Ohio Hopewell – an iconic name and iconic sites, but what is it?II. Current Issues in the Construction of Ohio Hopewell ceremonial landscapes Hopewell Variation and Distribution Time and Hopewell ArchaeologyEnergy analysis: How many people did it take to build Ohio Hopewell Ceremonial Landscapes Sedentary Farmers or Mobile Foragers? Mensuration, Geometry, Alignments and Reading the Heavens Alignments and Reading the Heavens The Great Hopewell Road Were ceremonial landscapes planned designs? Models and hypotheses.III. The Hopeton Earthworks ProjectGeophysical Survey and Trench ExcavationsEmbankment Wall Features GeoarchaeologyRadiocarbon ResultsNon-embankment wall featuresNear The Earthworks: Triangle, Red Wing, Overly, and Cryder sitesWhat have we learned about the Hopeton Earthworks?IV. Studies of Ohio Hopewell Ceremonial Landscapes Southeastern Ohio Newark Earthworks Marietta Scioto River Valley Seip High Bank Earthwork Anderson Earthwork Mound City Hopewell Mound Group Shriver CircleSouthwest Ohio – Brush Creek, The Great Miami and Little Miami River drainagesFort Hill, Highland CountyFort AncientFoster’s CrossingPollock WorksMiami FortTurner Group of EarthworksStubbs EarthworkV: What do we know about Hopewell ceremonial landscapes?Constructed Landscapes, Site Preparation and PlanningMaterial Selection and the Placement of material: art or engineering?Landscape Features - Unique and DiverseTime and Landscape Construction How Were Ceremonial Landscapes Used? Ritual Refuse Pits at the Riverside Site, Hopewell Mound Group The Moorehead Circle Craft Houses and Other Wooden Structures A Great Post Circle and Many Buildings Beyond the Enclosure at Mound City Some additional thoughtsVI. Some Final Thoughts: What We Still Need to Learn Landscapes and Time The Meaning Behind Landscape Forms Beyond Southern Ohio Future studies and final thoughtsVII. References

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Book SynopsisThis exciting new addition to the American Landscapes series provides an in-depth account of how flintknappers obtained and used stone based on archaeological, geological, landscape, and anthropological data. Featuring case studies from three key regions in North America, this book gives readers a comprehensive view of quarrying activities ranging from extracting the raw material to creating finished stone tools. Quarry landscapes were some of the first large-scale land modification efforts among early peoples in the New World. The chronological time periods covered by quarrying activities show that most intensive use took place during parts of the Archaic and Woodland periods or between roughly 40001000 years ago when denser populations existed, but use began as early as the Paleoindian Period, about 13,0009000 years ago, and ended in the Historic or Protohistoric periods, when colonists and Native Americans mined chert for gunflints and sharpening stones or abrasives. From the procu

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Book SynopsisThis beautifully illustrated volume examines American Indian rock art across an expansive region of eastern North America during the Mississippian Period (post AD 900). Unlike portable cultural material, rock art provides in situ evidence of ritual activity that links ideology and place. The focus is on the widespread use of cosmograms depicted in Mississippian rock art imagery. This approach anchors broad distributional patterns of motifs and themes within a powerful framework for cultural interpretation, yielding new insights on ancient concepts of landscape, ceremonialism, and religion. It also provides a unified, comprehensive perspective on Mississippian symbolism. A selection of landscape cosmograms from various parts of North America and Europe taken from the ethnographic records are examined and an overview of American Indian cosmographic landscapes provided to illustrate their centrality to indigenous religious traditions across North America. Authors discuss what a cosmogram-based approach can teach us about people, places, and past environments and what it may reveal that more conventional approaches overlook. Geographical variations across the landscape, regional similarities, and derived meaning found in these data are described. The authors also consider the difficult subject of how to develop a more detailed chronology for eastern rock art.Trade ReviewOrganised into seven thought-provoking chapters, each accompanied by high-quality images, this book will be an important contribution into understanding regional rock-art trends in a continent that has a complex, dynamic and distinct range in its rock-art assemblages. * Current World Archaeology *I commend the editors for their daring vision and timely contribution to American rock art scholarship. * Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society *...this is a thought-provoking and informative book on the fascinating subject of rock art in the southeastern United States. * Time & Mind: the Journal of Archaeology, Consciousness and Culture. *...challenge[s] archaeologists to think beyond customarily considered relationships among people, portable objects, and architecture and to consider rock art as one of many contexts through which native peoples of eastern North America expressed their understandings of animate landscapes. * American Antiquity *Table of ContentsList of Illustration and Tables Preface Materiality and Cultural Landscapes in Native America George Sabo and Jan Simek Missouri: West Mississippi River Valley 2. The Big Five Petroglyph Sites: Their Place on the Landscape and Relation to Their Creators James R. Duncan and Carol Diaz-Granados 3. Landscape, Cosmology, and the Old Woman: A Strong Feminine Presence James R. Duncan and Carol Diaz-Granados Arkansas: Ozark Escarpment West of the Mississippi River 4. Petroglyphs, Portals, and People: Along the Eastern Ozark Escarpment, Arkansas George Sabo III, Jerry E. Hilliard, Jami J. Lockhart, and Leslie C. Walker Illinois: East Mississippi River Valley 5. Transformed Spaces: A Landscape Approach to the Rock Art of Illinois Mark J. Wagner, Kayeleigh Sharp, and Jonathan Remo Appalachian Plateau 6. Prehistoric Rock Art, Social Boundaries, and Cultural Landscapes on the Cumberland Plateau of Southeast North America Jan F. Simek, Alan Cressler, and B. Bart Henson Appalachian Mountains 7. Betwixt And Between: The Occurrence of Petroglyphs Between Townhouses of the Living and Townhouses of Spirit Beings in Northern Georgia and Western North Carolina Johannes Loubser, Scott Ashcraft, James Wettstaed References Index

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Book SynopsisWINNER OF BEST ARCHAEOLOGICAL BOOK AT THE 2018 BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL AWARDS.In November 2013 two mass burials were discovered unexpectedly on a construction site in the city of Durham in north-east England. Over the next 2 years, a complex jigsaw of evidence was pieced together by a team of archaeologists to establish the identity of the human remains. Today we know them to be some of the Scottish prisoners who died in the autumn of 1650 in Durham cathedral and castle following the battle of Dunbar on the south-east coast of Scotland. Fought between the English and the Scots, this was one of the key engagements of the War of the Three Kingdoms. Using the latest techniques of skeleton science, this book gives back to the men a voice through an understanding of their childhood and later lives. Archaeological and historical evidence also allows us to reconstruct with vivid accuracy how and why these men vanished off the historical radar. Of the prisoners who survived their ordeal after Dunbar, new evidence has emerged about their involvement in local industries and in one of the great infrastructural projects of the day, the draining of the Fens. Others were sent far away, transported to the colonies as indentured servants to begin a new life at the edge of the known world. Following the trail of their biographies takes us across the Atlantic where the Dunbar men supported each other throughout their lives on the frontiers of New England. Here they worked in ironworks and sawmills, farmed and fished and adapted to the vast forested landscapes which they named ‘Scotland’ and ‘Unity’, after the vessel they had sailed in. None returned to the country of their birth. Lost Lives, New Voices is a collaboration between academic researchers and professional archaeologists working on the Scottish Soldiers Research Project.Trade ReviewThis book will be of interest to both specialist and non-specialist readers.[…]It is well written, clearly structured and very accessible. It is impossible not to be moved by the evocative dedication to the living descendents of the surviving men who were transported to the colonies. * Archaeological Journal *Rich with first-hand accounts of extraordinary events and individuals this is a real rarity among archaeological reports: a page-turner. * British Archaeology *[Lost Lives, New Voices] contains highly valuable and new information that historians of early modern Britain and Ireland will find useful. It is packed with illustrations and is written in an accessible manner. Attractively produced, it should appeal to a cross-section of professionals who work in the history and heritage sectors […] This book is a fresh and valuable contribution to the literature on the English Republic: it provides a rare glimpse into the lives of ordinary men whose fortunes were changed utterly on the 3 September 1650. * Northern History *Table of Contents1. Discovery and themes 2. The archaeology 3. The Human Bone Analysis 4. Skeleton Science 5. Historial Context 6. The Survivors' Tales 7. Themes and Descendants

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