Description
Book SynopsisAn introduction to technical details related to the Physical Layer of the LTE standard with MATLAB(R) The LTE (Long Term Evolution) and LTE-Advanced are among the latest mobile communications standards, designed to realize the dream of a truly global, fast, all-IP-based, secure broadband mobile access technology.
Table of ContentsPreface xiii
List of Abbreviations xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Quick Overview of Wireless Standards 1
1.2 Historical Profile of Data Rates 4
1.3 IMT-Advanced Requirements 4
1.4 3GPP and LTE Standardization 5
1.5 LTE Requirements 5
1.6 Theoretical Strategies 6
1.7 LTE-Enabling Technologies 7
1.8 LTE Physical Layer (PHY) Modeling 9
1.9 LTE (Releases 8 and 9) 11
1.10 LTE-Advanced (Release 10) 11
1.11 MATLAB® and Wireless System Design 11
1.12 Organization of This Book 11
References 12
2 Overview of the LTE Physical Layer 13
2.1 Air Interface 13
2.2 Frequency Bands 14
2.3 Unicast and Multicast Services 14
2.4 Allocation of Bandwidth 16
2.5 Time Framing 17
2.6 Time–Frequency Representation 17
2.7 OFDM Multicarrier Transmission 20
2.8 Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiplexing 23
2.9 Resource Grid Content 24
2.10 Physical Channels 25
2.11 Physical Signals 31
2.12 Downlink Frame Structures 34
2.13 Uplink Frame Structures 35
2.14 MIMO 35
2.15 MIMO Modes 40
2.16 PHY Processing 41
2.17 Downlink Processing 41
2.18 Uplink Processing 43
2.19 Chapter Summary 45
References 46
3 MATLAB® for Communications System Design 47
3.1 System Development Workflow 47
3.2 Challenges and Capabilities 48
3.3 Focus 49
3.4 Approach 49
3.5 PHY Models in MATLAB 49
3.6 MATLAB 49
3.7 MATLAB Toolboxes 50
3.8 Simulink 51
3.9 Modeling and Simulation 52
3.10 Prototyping and Implementation 53
3.11 Introduction to System Objects 54
3.12 MATLAB Channel Coding Examples 60
3.13 Chapter Summary 68
References 69
4 Modulation and Coding 71
4.1 Modulation Schemes of LTE 72
4.2 Bit-Level Scrambling 79
4.3 Channel Coding 85
4.4 Turbo Coding 85
4.5 Early-Termination Mechanism 93
4.6 Rate Matching 99
4.7 Codeblock Segmentation 105
4.8 LTE Transport-Channel Processing 107
4.9 Chapter Summary 112
References 113
5 OFDM 115
5.1 Channel Modeling 115
Examples 117
5.2 Scope 121
5.3 Workflow 121
5.4 OFDM and Multipath Fading 122
5.5 OFDM and Channel-Response Estimation 123
5.6 Frequency-Domain Equalization 124
5.7 LTE Resource Grid 124
5.8 Configuring the Resource Grid 125
5.9 Generating Reference Signals 130
5.10 Resource Element Mapping 132
5.11 OFDM Signal Generation 136
5.12 Channel Modeling 137
5.13 OFDM Receiver 140
5.14 Resource Element Demapping 141
5.15 Channel Estimation 143
5.16 Equalizer Gain Computation 145
5.17 Visualizing the Channel 146
5.18 Downlink Transmission Mode 1 147
5.19 Chapter Summary 164
References 165
6 MIMO 167
6.1 Definition of MIMO 167
6.2 Motivation for MIMO 168
6.3 Types of MIMO 168
6.4 Scope of MIMO Coverage 170
6.5 MIMO Channels 170
Implementation 171
6.6 Common MIMO Features 178
6.7 Specific MIMO Features 197
6.8 Chapter Summary 260
References 262
7 Link Adaptation 263
7.1 System Model 264
7.2 Link Adaptation in LTE 265
7.3 MATLAB® Examples 266
7.4 Link Adaptations between Subframes 275
7.5 Adaptive Modulation 277
7.6 Adaptive Modulation and Coding Rate 283
7.7 Adaptive Precoding 287
7.8 Adaptive MIMO 291
7.9 Downlink Control Information 294
7.10 Chapter Summary 302
References 303
8 System-Level Specification 305
8.1 System Model 306
8.2 System Model in MATLAB 315
8.3 Quantitative Assessments 316
8.4 Throughput Analysis 325
8.5 System Model in Simulink 326
8.6 Qualitative Assessment 349
8.7 Chapter Summary 351
References 352
9 Simulation 353
9.1 Speeding Up Simulations in MATLAB 353
9.2 Workflow 354
9.3 Case Study: LTE PDCCH Processing 355
9.4 Baseline Algorithm 356
9.5 MATLAB Code Profiling 358
9.6 MATLAB Code Optimizations 360
9.7 Using Acceleration Features 383
9.8 Using a Simulink Model 387
9.9 GPU Processing 399
9.10 Case Study: Turbo Coders on GPU 406
9.11 Chapter Summary 419
10 Prototyping as C/C++ Code 421
10.1 Use Cases 422
10.2 Motivations 422
10.3 Requirements 422
10.4 MATLAB Code Considerations 423
10.5 How to Generate Code 423
10.6 Structure of the Generated C Code 429
10.7 Supported MATLAB Subset 432
10.8 Complex Numbers and Native C Types 436
10.9 Support for System Toolboxes 438
10.10 Support for Fixed-Point Data 444
10.11 Support for Variable-Sized Data 447
10.12 Integration with Existing C/C++ Code 458
10.13 Chapter Summary 471
References 471
11 Summary 473
11.1 Modeling 473
11.2 Simulation 476
11.3 Directions for Future Work 477
11.4 Concluding Remarks 480
Index 483
