Description
Book SynopsisRadio frequencies have become a basic resource for the development of the information society. In fact, radio waves are a mandatory vehicle in order to carry the message to customers and a truly worldwide communication needs their properties. Given the market demands for more and more frequencies, means have to be found to share this limited resource most effectively and to continuously improve its efficiency. Radio spectrum management is thus a major objective for our modern world.
This book describes the current tools for spectrum management with their fundamental technical and legal basis. It outlines the global evolution of radio services in their different application domains and introduces the actors who contribute to the collective management of the spectrum. It also discusses the main questions these actors have to deal with and answer in order to design for the future.
Table of ContentsAcknowledgement and Credits xi
Introduction xiii
Part 1. The Basis of Spectrum Management 1
Chapter 1. A Bit of History, Physics and Mathematics 3
1.1. Waves 4
1.2. Propagation 10
1.3. Directivity 11
1.4. Link evaluation 18
Chapter 2. Telecommunications 25
2.1. Modulation and bandwidth 26
2.2. Bandwidth and noise 30
2.3. C/N (or C/I) and S/Nm 34
2.4. Multiplex, multiple access 39
2.5. A balance between carrier power, noise and interferences 45
Chapter 3. Geography and Radio Communications: Radio Network Engineering 51
3.1. Regions and countries 52
3.2. Radio implementation in the field 55
3.3. Propagation on the Earth 59
3.4. Space, orbits, satellite systems 62
3.5. Terrestrial network coverage 66
3.6. Coverage strategies 69
3.7. Radio site protection 70
Chapter 4. Spectrum Sharing, Bases and Actors 71
4.1. Radio frequencies: common goods 71
4.2. Regulatory services for spectrum sharing by the ITU (allocation frequency tables) 74
4.3. The role of states in sharing the spectrum 76
4.4. How to plan new applications and compatible services 79
4.5. Regulation, harmonization, planning 80
4.6. Is the spectrum resource scarce? 82
4.7. Spectrum sharing: a summary 83
Chapter 5. Some Regulated Services 85
5.1. The fixed service 86
5.2. Mobile services 89
5.3. Broadcasting 95
5.4. Satellite services 100
5.5. Geo and non-geo systems 104
56. Some other regulatory services 106
Chapter 6. Recent Evolutions of Radio Services 111
6.1. A family snapshot 113
6.2. Enthusiastic telecommunications 115
6.3. Hesitant broadcasters 120
6.4. The promises of radiolocation 125
6.5. Limits of the spectrum planning efficiency 126
Chapter 7. Regulatory Instruments for Spectrum Sharing 129
7.1. Frequency allocation tables 131
7.2. Plans 137
7.3. Coordination 141
7.4. Technical limits 145
Chapter 8. Frequency Assignment: A Contract 147
8.1. Contracting parties 148
8.2. Common bands and assignments 149
8.3. Exclusive bands: preferential sub-bands 151
8.4. Assignment procedures 153
8.5. External requirements: site constraints 155
8.6. Satellite systems 158
Chapter 9. Spectrum Monitoring 161
9.1. Spectrum monitoring technical tools 162
9.1.1. HF band monitoring 162
9.1.2. Metric and decimetric band monitoring 163
9.1.3. Microwave monitoring 167
9.1.4. Satellite monitoring 168
9.1.5. Mobile monitoring stations 169
9.1.6. Airborne monitoring means 170
9.2. Radio station inspections: major events 170
9.3. Claim for interference: legal prosecutions 172
9.4. “Radio landscape” description 173
9.5. Terminals 175
Part 2. Managers and their Practices 177
Chapter 10. New Technical Perspectives and Impact on Spectrum Management 179
10.1. Spread spectrum technologies 181
10.2. OFDM and MIMO 181
10.3. Ultra wideband 183
10.4. Dynamic spectrum access technologies 186
10.5. Software-defined radio 187
10.6. Cognitive radio 189
10.7. Intersystem control 192
10.8. Mesh networks 193
Chapter 11. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 199
11.1. The ITU today 199
11.2. Radio Regulations 203
11.2.1. The vocabulary of radio communications 204
11.2.2. Table of frequency allocations 205
11.2.3. Procedures 205
11.2.4. Interferences 207
11.2.5. Administrative provisions and provisions relating to services and networks 208
11.2.6. Safety: maritime and aeronautical services 209
11.3. Assemblies and conferences 211
11.4. Themes of recent interest 212
11.5. Short-term prospects for action 215
Chapter 12. Regional Bodies 217
12.1. The European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) 218
12.2. European Union 221
12.3. Other regional structures 224
Chapter 13. National Spectrum Regulators and Institutional Debates 227
13.1. The USA 228
13.2. The UK 230
13.3. France 233
13.4. Germany 236
13.5. Italy 236
13.6. Asia-Pacific 236
13.7. Is there an ideal structure for spectrum regulation? 239
13.8. Is a European regulator for the spectrum needed? 242
Chapter 14. Major Current European and International Issues to Improve Spectrum Efficiency 245
14.1. Convergence 245
14.1.1. Mobile – broadcasting convergence 246
14.1.2. Fixed – mobile convergence 247
14.1.3. Wireless access platforms for electronic communication services (WAPECS) 248
14.1.4. Spectrum management issues imposed by convergence of radio services 250
14.2. Collective use 250
14.2.1. Types of spectrum collective uses 251
14.2.2. Protection against interference 253
14.2.3. Collective spectrum in Europe: the present situation 254
14.2.4. Challenges 256
14.2.5. Impact of an extension of unlicensed bands on spectrum planning 257
14.2.6. An example of introducing collective use in radar frequency bands 258
Chapter 15. Regimes of Radio Spectrum Management: A Synthetic View 261
15.1. Definitions: four dimensions of spectrum management 263
15.1.1. Frequency allocation to services: spectrum harmonization or neutrality? 264
15.1.2. Technology: standardization or neutrality? 264
15.1.3. Usage rights definition 265
15.1.4. Assignment modes of spectrum usage rights 266
15.2. Choosing a spectrum management regime 267
15.3. Deciding on spectrum management regimes: a four-step process 269
15.4. Navigating the nine spectrum management regimes: migrations and transitions 277
Chapter 16. The Future of the Spectrum: A Road Towards More Flexibility 279
Glossary 287
References 297
Index 299
