Description
Book SynopsisI. Theory.- 1 The Concept of Defense.- 2 The Concept of Defense Mechanism Development.- 3 Denial.- 4 Projection.- 5 Identification.- II. Research: A Review of the Literature.- 6 Approaches to Measuring Defenses: The Defense Mechanism Inventory.- 7 Other Approaches to Measuring Defenses: Derived Questionnaires, Self-Report Inventories, and Self-Other Ratings.- 8 Other Approaches to Measuring Defenses: Story Completion and Clinical Interviews.- 9 Other Approaches to Measuring Defenses: Projective Tests and Perceptual Defense Paradigms.- 10 Summary of Research: Defense Mechanisms and Their Relationship to Other Psychological Variables.- 11 Experimental Studies of Defense.- III. A New Approach to Measuring Defenses.- 12 The Defense Mechanism Manual.- 13 Psychometric Features.- 14 Research Findings.- References.- Notes.- Appendix: Manual for Scoring Defenses.- Author Index.
Table of ContentsI. Theory.- 1 The Concept of Defense.- Defense mechanisms, defense behavior, and consciousness.- History of the concept of defense.- The motives for defense: Anxiety, guilt, and loss.- Controversial issues.- Defenses as part of normal development.- Successful versus unsuccessful defenses.- Concluding remarks.- 2 The Concept of Defense Mechanism Development.- The conception of defense mechanism development.- A developmental continuum of defenses.- The development of individual defenses.- Origins of defense mechanisms.- Precursors and prototypes.- Case study.- The developmental course of defense mechanisms.- Research findings: Developmental changes in defense use.- Defense mechanisms and age.- Defense mechanisms and ego development.- Defense mechanisms and cognitive development.- Defense mechanisms and psychosocial development.- Developmental changes in the understanding of defense mechanisms.- Summary of developmental research studies.- Concluding remarks.- 3 Denial.- Components of denial.- Denial as seen in folktales.- Perceptual denial.- The imposition of a personal fantasy.- Denial and pathology.- The development of two forms of denial.- Perceptual denial.- Denial through fantasy.- Another folktale.- Clinical examples.- The use of denial in projective stories.- Concluding remarks.- 4 Projection.- Components of projection.- Projection as seen in folktales.- The generalization of psychological attributes.- Attribution of responsibility.- Projection proper.- The development of projection.- Another folktale.- Clinical example.- The use of projection in projective stories.- Concluding remarks.- 5 Identification.- Components of identification.- Identification as seen in folktales.- The development of identification.- The development of primary identifications.- The development of secondary identifications.- Examples of identification in world literature.- Henry IV.- Don Quijote.- Clinical example.- The use of identification in projective stories.- Concluding remarks.- II. Research: A Review of the Literature.- 6 Approaches to Measuring Defenses: The Defense Mechanism Inventory.- Description of the DMI.- Reliability.- Validity.- Content validity.- Concurrent validity.- The relationship between DMI scales and cognitive measures.- Field dependence-independence.- Memory constriction.- The relationship between DMI scales and clinical measures.- Questionnaire pathology.- Clinically diagnosed pathology.- The relationship between DMI scales and subject variables.- Sex.- Sexual orientation.- Age, education, birth order, and ethnic group.- Reactions to experimental intervention.- Predicting the response to intervention.- Measuring intervention effectiveness.- Conclusion.- 7 Other Approaches to Measuring Defenses: Derived Questionnaires, Self-Report Inventories, and Self-Other Ratings.- Defense measures derived from existing personality inventories.- Byrne’s R-S scale.- Haan’s MMPI-based defense scales.- Joffee and Naditch’s CPI-based scales.- Other MMPI-based scales.- Self-report measures.- The Life-Style Index.- The Defense Style Questionnaire.- Self-report measures for children.- Other measures.- Comment.- Self-other ratings.- Heilbrun’s work.- Additional self-other studies.- Concluding remarks.- 8 Other Approaches to Measuring Defenses: Story Completion and Clinical Interviews.- Story completion measures of defense.- The Defense Preference Inquiry.- Other story completion measures.- Studies of defense understanding.- Measures of defense derived from clinical interviews.- Hackett and Cassem: Denial.- Further studies with clinical patients.- The Ego Profile Scale.- Haan’s studies.- Vaillant’s work.- The Defense Mechanism Rating Scales.- Concluding remarks.- 9 Other Approaches to Measuring Defenses: Projective Tests and Perceptual Defense Paradigms.- Measures of defense in projective tests.- The Children’s Apperception Test (CAT).- The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).- The Rorschach.- Measures of defense in perceptual defense paradigms.- The Defense Mechanism Test.- The Meta-Contrast Technique.- Conclusion.- 10 Summary of Research: Defense Mechanisms and Their Relationship to Other Psychological Variables.- Defense mechanisms and personality characteristics.- Defense mechanisms and psychopathology.- Defense mechanisms and physical pathology.- Defense mechanisms and gender or gender orientation.- Defense mechanisms and family background.- Defense mechanisms and relationship with mother.- Defense mechanisms and relationship with father.- Defense mechanisms and cognitive functioning.- Defense mechanisms and occupations/nationality.- Conclusion.- 11 Experimental Studies of Defense.- Intervention to arouse a specific emotion.- Intervention to provide a threat to self-esteem.- Intervention to introduce an unpleasant physical stimulus.- Intervention to provide instructions or modeling.- Concluding remarks.- III. A New Approach to Measuring Defenses.- 12 The Defense Mechanism Manual.- Assessment of Denial with the DMM.- Scoring categories for Denial.- Using the scoring categories for Denial.- Assessment of Projection with the DMM.- Scoring categories for Projection.- Using the scoring categories for Projection.- Assessment of Identification with the DMM.- Scoring categories for Identification.- Using the scoring categories for Identification.- Concluding remarks.- 13 Psychometric Features.- Reliability.- Issues.- Reliability based on the subject’s responses.- Split-half method.- Reliability based on the consistency of observer’s ratings of subjects’ responses.- Validity.- Criterion-related validity.- Construct validity.- Summary.- 14 Research Findings.- DMM research studies with children and adolescents.- DMM studies with college students.- DMM studies with psychiatric patients.- Summary.- References.- Notes.- Appendix: Manual for Scoring Defenses.- Author Index.
