Schematics designed
Trade Review
“While the book may be too challenging for many general readers, it may turn out to be a useful resource for training postgraduate students in the field of self-assembly.” (Chemistry & Industry, 1 June 2012)
Table of Contents
PREFACE xvii ABBREVIATIONS xix
PART I BUILDING UNITS 1
1 Self-Assembly Systems 3
1.1. Self-Assembly / 4
1.2. Identification of Building Units / 6
1.2.1. What Is a Self-Assembly Building Unit? / 6
1.2.2. Segmental Analysis / 7
1.2.2.1. Three Fundamental Segments / 7
1.2.2.2. Two Additional Segments / 11
1.3. Implication of Building Unit Structures for Self-Assemblies / 15
1.4. General Assembly Diagram / 17
1.5. Collection of Building Units / 23
1.5.1. Basic Building Units / 23
1.5.2. Directionally Assembling Building Units / 26
1.5.3. Asymmetrically Packing Building Units / 28
1.5.4. Functional Building Units / 28
1.6. Concluding Remarks / 30
References / 31
2 Nanotechnology Systems 33
2.1. Nanoassembly / 35
2.2. Identification of Building Units / 37
2.2.1. What Is a Nanoassembly Building Unit? / 37
2.2.2. Fabrication Building Units / 38
2.2.3. Reactive Building Units / 40
2.3. Nanoelements / 41
2.4. Implication of Building Unit Structures for Nanoassemblies / 42
2.5. General Assembly Diagram / 45
2.6. Self-Assembly, Nanoassembly, and Nanofabrication / 51
2.7. Collection of Building Units / 54
2.7.1. Ligand-Protected Nanoparticles / 54
2.7.2. Functional Surfaces / 56
2.7.3. Reactive Precursors / 57
2.7.4. Substrates / 57
2.7.5. Reducing Agents / 58
2.8. Concluding Remarks / 58
References / 60
PART II DESIGN 61
3 Identification of Self-Assembly Capability 63
3.1. Assembly Issue / 63
3.2. General Overview / 64
3.3. Assembly Principles / 65
3.3.1. Molecular Self-Assembly / 65
3.3.1.1. Ionic Surfactants / 69
3.3.1.2. Nonionic Surfactants / 70
3.3.2. Colloidal Self-Assembly / 71
3.3.2.1. Colloids with Different Origins / 74
3.3.2.2. Colloids with Different Sizes / 75
3.3.3. Directionally Assembling Systems / 77
3.3.4. Self-Assembly at Surfaces / 81
3.3.4.1. Hydrophobic Surfaces / 82
3.3.4.2. Hydrophilic Surfaces / 87
3.4. Collection of Primary Self-Assembled Aggregates / 89
3.5. Summary / 89
References / 91
4 Identification of Multi-Step Self-Assemblies 93
4.1. Assembly Issue / 93
4.2. General Overview / 94
4.3. Assembly Principles / 96
4.3.1. Molecular Self-Assembly of Surfactants / 97
4.3.2. Colloidal Self-Assembly / 102
4.4. Collection of Higher-Order Self-Assembled Aggregates / 105
4.5. Collection of Self-Assembled Aggregates within Biological Systems / 107
4.6. Summary / 108
References / 110
5 Control of the Structures of Self-Assembled Aggregates 111
5.1. Assembly Issue / 111
5.2. General Overview / 112
5.2.1. Primary Self-Assembled Aggregates / 112
5.2.2. Higher-Order Self-Assembled Aggregates / 113
5.3. Assembly Principles / 115
5.3.1. Primary Self-Assembled Aggregates / 115
5.3.1.1. Molecular Systems I / 117
5.3.1.2. Molecular Systems II / 121
5.3.1.3. Colloidal Systems / 125
5.3.2. Higher-Order Self-Assembled Aggregates / 130
5.3.2.1. Molecular Systems / 132
5.3.2.2. Colloidal Systems / 134
5.4. Collection of the Structures of Self-Assembled Aggregates / 136
5.4.1. Primary Self-Assembled Aggregates / 136
5.4.2. Higher-Order Self-Assembled Aggregates / 137
5.5. Summary / 139
References / 140
6 Hierarchy and Chirality of Self-Assembled Aggregates 141
6.1. Assembly Issue / 141
6.2. General Overview / 142
6.3. Assembly Principles / 143
6.3.1. Molecular Systems / 145
6.3.2. Surface Systems / 148
6.4. Collection of Hierarchy within Self-Assembled Aggregates / 156
6.5. Collection of Chirality Expressed by Self-Assembled Aggregates / 157
6.6. Summary / 159
References / 160
7 Assembly with Multiple Building Units 161
7.1. Assembly Issue / 161
7.2. General Overview / 163
7.3. Assembly Principles / 164
7.3.1. Analysis of Building Units / 164
7.3.2. Assembly of Nanoassembled Systems / 168
7.3.2.1. Homogeneous Assemblies / 168
7.3.2.2. Sequential Assemblies / 172
7.3.2.3. Hierarchical Assemblies / 177
7.3.3. General Assembly Trends / 180
7.3.3.1. Homogeneous Assemblies / 180
7.3.3.2. Heterogeneous Assemblies I / 182
7.3.3.3. Surface Assemblies / 183
7.3.3.4. Heterogeneous Assemblies II / 184
7.4. Collection of Nanoassembled Systems I / 185
7.5. Collection of Nanoporous Solids / 186
7.5.1. Synthetic Zeolites / 187
7.5.2. Metal-Organic Frameworks / 189
7.6. Summary / 189
References / 189
8 Directed and Forced Assemblies 191
8.1. Assembly Issue / 191
8.2. General Overview / 192
8.3. Assembly Principles / 196
8.3.1. Analysis of Building Units / 196
8.3.2. Assembly under External Forces / 199
8.3.2.1. Forced Assemblies / 199
8.3.2.2. Directed/Forced Assemblies / 204
8.3.2.3. Directed Assemblies / 208
8.3.3. General Assembly Trends under External Forces / 213
8.3.3.1. Forced Assemblies / 214
8.3.3.2. Directed/Forced Assemblies / 215
8.3.3.3. Directed Assemblies / 216
8.3.3.4. Window of Critical External Forces / 218
8.4. Techniques for Directed and Forced Assemblies / 219
8.5. Surface-Induced Directed and Forced Assemblies / 220
8.6. Collection of Nanoassembled Systems II / 220
8.7. Summary / 222
References / 222
PART III APPLICATIONS 225
9 External Signal–Responsive Nanomaterials 227
9.1. Nanoissue / 227
9.2. General Overview / 228
9.3. Assembly Principles / 231
9.3.1. External Signal–Responsive Molecular Assemblies / 231
9.3.1.1. Light-Responsive Assemblies / 232
9.3.1.2. Catalytic Reaction–Responsive Assemblies / 235
9.3.1.3. Electrochemical-Responsive Assemblies / 237
9.3.1.4. Solution pH–Responsive Assemblies / 239
9.3.2. External Signal–Responsive Colloidal Assemblies / 242
9.3.2.1. Thermo-Responsive Assemblies / 244
9.3.2.2. Solution pH–Responsive Assemblies / 245
9.3.2.3. Magnetic Field–Responsive Assemblies / 247
9.4. Collection of External Signal–Responsive Assembly Systems / 250
9.5. From Assembly Systems to Nanomaterials / 250
9.6. Collection of External Signal–Responsive Nanomaterials / 253
9.7. Summary / 254
References / 255
10 Nanomaterials with Intrinsic Functionalities 257
10.1. Nanoissue / 257
10.2. General Overview / 258
10.3. Assembly Principles / 261
10.3.1. Molecular Assembled Systems / 263
10.3.2. Colloidal Assembled Systems / 267
10.4. From Assembled Systems to Nanomaterials / 270
10.5. Collection of Nanomaterials with Intrinsic Functionalities / 270
10.6. Summary / 272
References / 272
11 Nanostructures: Designed to Perform 275
11.1. Nanoissue / 275
11.2. General Overview / 276
11.3. Assembly Principles / 277
11.3.1. Analysis of Building Units / 277
11.3.2. Nanostructure Assemblies / 281
11.3.3. Nanopore-Based Nanostructures / 283
11.3.4. Nanoparticle-Based Nanostructures / 287
11.3.5. Nanofilm-Based Nanostructures / 292
11.3.6. General Trends / 297
11.4. Collection of Common Nanostructure Names / 298
11.5. Collection of Nanostructures and Their Applications / 298
11.6. Summary / 301
References / 303
12 Nanoproperties: Controlled to Express 305
12.1. Nanoissue / 305
12.2. General Overview / 306
12.3. Assembly Principles / 307
12.3.1. Analysis of Building Units / 307
12.3.2. Different Types of Nanoproperties / 313
12.3.3. Assemblies to Obtain Nanoproperties / 316
12.3.4. Individual Types of Nanoproperties / 318
12.3.5. Collective Types of Nanoproperties / 321
12.3.6. Cooperative Types of Nanoproperties / 324
12.3.7. General Trends / 327
12.4. Collection of Nanoproperties and Their Applications / 328
12.5. Summary / 329
References / 331
13 Nanofabricated Systems: Combined to Function 333
13.1. Nanoissue / 333
13.2. General Overview / 334
13.3. Fabrication Principles / 335
13.3.1. Analysis of Building Units / 336
13.3.2. Nanofabrication / 340
13.3.3. Bottom-Up Approach / 342
13.3.4. Top-Down Approach / 345
13.3.5. Bottom-Up/Top-Down Hybrid Approach / 347
13.3.6. General Trends / 350
13.4. Collection of Top-Down Techniques / 352
13.5. Collection of Top-Down Bulk Materials and Functionalizing Agents / 352
13.6. Collection of Nanofabricated Systems and Their Applications / 353
13.7. Summary / 353
References / 356
14 Nanomechanical Movements: Combined to Operate 359
14.1. Nanoissue / 359
14.2. General Overview / 360
14.3. Fabrication Principles / 361
14.3.1. Element Motions / 361
14.3.2. Working Mechanisms / 362
14.3.3. Analysis of Building Units / 364
14.3.4. Periodic Push Motions / 372
14.3.5. Periodic Pull Motions / 374
14.3.6. Push–Pull Motion Cycles / 375
14.3.7. Periodic Push Motions under Guide Motion / 378
14.3.8. Periodic Pull Motions under Guide Motion / 380
14.3.9. Push–Pull Motion Cycles under Guide Motion / 383
14.3.10. General Trends / 385
14.4. Collection of Nanomechanical Movements / 386
14.5. Summary / 390
References / 390
PART IV CHARACTERIZATION 393
15 Assembly Forces and Measurements 395
15.1. Intermolecular and Colloidal Forces / 395
15.2. Collection of Intermolecular and Colloidal Forces / 396
15.3. Measurements of Intermolecular and Colloidal Forces / 396
15.3.1. Atomic Force Microscopy / 396
15.3.2. Surface Forces Apparatus / 398
15.4. Collection of Measurement Techniques / 399
15.5. Implications of Building Unit Structures for Characterization / 399
References / 402
16 Assembly Processes and Critical Behaviors 405
16.1. Critical Behaviors as the Characterization Guide of Assembly Processes / 405
16.2. Characterization Principles / 407
16.2.1. Self-Assembly Capability / 407
16.2.1.1. Molecular Systems / 407
16.2.1.2. Colloidal Systems / 409
16.2.2. Multi-Step Self-Assemblies / 410
16.2.2.1. Molecular Systems / 410
16.2.2.2. Colloidal Systems / 412
16.3. Collection of Physical Properties to Measure / 413
16.4. Collection of Critical Assembly Parameters / 414
References / 414
17 Assembled Systems and Structural Properties 417
17.1. Structural Properties for the Characterization of Assembled Systems / 417
17.2. Characterization Principles / 419
17.2.1. Structures of Primary Assembled Systems / 419
17.2.1.1. Molecular Systems / 419
17.2.1.2. Colloidal Systems / 421
17.2.2. Structures of Higher-Order Assembled Systems / 422
17.2.3. Hierarchy and Chirality / 422
17.2.4. Effect of External Forces / 425
17.2.5. Functional Assembled Systems / 426
17.3. Collection of Structural Properties to Measure / 427
References / 427
18 Modeling and Simulations 429
18.1. Assembly Systems Are Big and Multi-Scaled / 429
18.2. Classic Models / 430
18.2.1. Thermodynamic Models / 430
18.2.2. Colloidal Model / 430
18.2.3. Geometrical Model / 431
18.2.4. Elastic Model / 431
18.2.5. Isotherms / 431
18.3. Simulations / 431
18.3.1. Electronic Simulations / 432
18.3.1.1. Density Functional Theory / 432
18.3.1.2. Mean-Field Theory / 433
18.3.2. Atomistic Simulations / 433
18.3.2.1. Molecular Dynamics and Monte Carlo Methods / 433
18.3.3. Coarse-Grained Simulations / 433
18.3.3.1. Dissipative Particle Dynamics / 434
18.3.3.2. Patchy Particle Model / 434
18.3.3.3. Brownian Dynamics / 435
18.3.3.4. BRAHMS / 435
18.3.3.5. MARTINI / 436
18.3.4. Continuum Simulations / 436
18.3.5. Multi-Scale Simulations / 436
18.4. Concluding Remarks / 437
References / 437
EPILOGUE
Informatics for Self-Assembly and Nanotechnology Systems 441
E.1. Background / 441
E.2. Definition and Principle / 443
E.3. Structure / 444
E.4. Development and Benefits / 445
E.5. Challenges / 446
References / 446
INDEX 449
