End-to-end system context in which the payload operates. Digital communications theory and satellite communications protocols
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 2
1.1 End-to-End Satellite Communications System 2
1.2 What the Book Is About 3
1.3 Channel and Channel Sharing 3
1.4 Payload 4
1.5 Ground Transmitter and Ground Receiver 7
1.6 System 8
1.7 Conventions 8
1.8 Book Sources 9
1.9 Summary of Rest of Book 10
References 12
PART I. PAYLOAD 2
2 Payload’s On-Orbit Environment 2
2.1 What Determines Environment 2
2.2 On-Orbit Environment and Mitigation by Spacecraft Bus 8
2.3 General Effects of Mitigated Environment on Payload 19
References 24
3 Antenna Basics and Single-Beam Antenna 2
3.1 Introduction 2
3.2 Examples of Single-Beam Antenna 2
3.3 General Antenna Concepts 3
3.4 Reflector-Antenna Basics 9
3.5 Steerable Single-Beam Antennas 15
3.6 Reflector Technology for Single-Beam Antennas 16
3.7 Horn for Single-Beam Antennas 17
3.8 Other Antenna Components 20
3.9 Antenna Pointing Error 24
3.10 Antenna Autotrack 26
3.11 Reflector-Antenna Inefficiencies 28
3.12 Testing 32
References 35
4 Payload-Integration Elements 2
4.1 Introduction 2
4.2 Coaxial Cable vs. Waveguide 2
4.3 Coaxial Cable 2
4.4 Waveguide 7
4.5 Other Integration Elements 13
4.6 Redundancy Configurations 17
4.7 Impedance Mismatch and Scattering Parameters 21
References 26
5 Microwave Filter 2
5.1 Introduction 2
5.2 Basics of Analog Filters 2
5.3 Basics of Specifically Microwave Filters 7
5.4 Technology for Bandpass Filters 13
5.5 Filter Units 17
5.6 Bandpass Filter Specification 23
References 24
6 Low-Noise Amplifier and Frequency Converter 2
6.1 Introduction 2
6.2 LNAs and Frequency Converters in Payload 2
6.3 Nonlinearity of LNA and Frequency Converter 4
6.4 Noise Figure 8
6.5 Low-Noise Amplifier 8
6.6 Frequency Converter 11
6.7 Receiver 23
6.A Appendix. Formula for Integrating Phase Noise Spectrum 24
References 24
7 Preamplifier and High-Power Amplifier 2
7.1 Introduction 2
7.2 HPA Concepts and Terms 2
7.3 Traveling-Wave Tube Amplifier vs. Solid-State Power Amplifier 7
7.4 Traveling-Wave Tube Subsystem 9
7.5 Solid-State Power Amplifier 26
References 34
8 Payload’s Analog Communications Parameters 2
8.1 Introduction 2
8.2 Gain Variation with Frequency 4
8.3 Phase Variation with Frequency 7
8.4 Channel Bandwidth 9
8.5 Phase Noise 10
8.6 Frequency Stability 10
8.7 Spurious Signals from Frequency Converter 10
8.8 HPA Nonlinearity 11
8.9 Near-Carrier Spurious Signals from HPA Subsystem 12
8.10 Stability of Gain and Power-Out 13
8.11 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power 14
8.12 Figure of Merit G/Ts 15
8.13 Saturation Flux Density 17
8.14 Self-Interference 17
8.15 Passive Intermodulation Products 19
8.A Appendices 20
References 21
9 More Analyses for Payload Development 2
9.1 Introduction 2
9.2 How to Deal with Noise Figure 2
9.3 How to Make and Maintain Payload Performance Budgets 4
9.4 HPA Topics 16
9.5 What Nonlinearity Does to Modulated Signal 20
9.6 Simulating Payload Performance as a Function of Gaussian Random Variables 24
References 24
10 Processing Payload and Flexible Payload 2
10.1 Introduction 2
10.2 Processing Operations 7
10.3 Non-Regenerative Processing Payloads 13
10.4 Regenerative Payloads 16
10.5 Communications Parameters of Digital Processing Payload 20
References 20
11 Multi-Beam Antenna and Phased Array 2
11.1 Introduction 2
11.2 MBA Introduction 3
11.3 Reflector for MBA or Contoured Beam and Configuration of Feeds 6
11.4 Horn and Feed Assembly for GEO 11
11.5 Location of Radiating Elements in Offset-Fed Reflector MBA 16
11.6 Single-Feed-Per-Beam MBA 19
11.7 Phased Array Introduction 20
11.8 Radiating Element of Phased Array 23
11.9 Beam-Forming Network 27
11.10 Applications of Phased Array 30
11.11 Beam-Hopping 32
11.12 Amplification of Phased Array 33
11.13 Phased Array Pointing Error 39
11.14 Mutual Coupling in Radiating-Element Cluster 40
11.15 Testing MBA 41
References 42
PART II. END-TO-END SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM 2
12 Digital Communications Theory 2
12.1 Introduction 2
12.2 Signal Representation 2
12.3 Filtering in General 7
12.4 White Gaussian Noise 8
12.5 End-to-End Communications System 9
12.6 Bit Manipulation 10
12.7 Modulation Introduction 14
12.8 Memoryless Modulation 14
12.9 Maximum-Likelihood Estimation 22
12.10 Demodulation for Memoryless Modulation 23
12.11 Modulation with Memory 32
12.12 Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Estimation 34
12.13 Demodulation for Modulation with Memory 34
12.14 Bit Recovery 35
12.15 Inter-Symbol Interference 36
12.16 SNR, Es/N0, and Eb/N0 39
12.A Appendix. Sketch of Proof That Pulse Transform and Signal Spectrum Are Related for Memoryless Modulation 41
References 42
13 Satellite Communications Standards 2
13.1 Introduction 2
13.2 Background 2
13.3 Application Examples of First-Generation Standards 6
13.4 Second-Generation DVB Communications Standards 8
13.5 Satmode Communications Standard 15
References 16
14 Communications Link 2
14.1 Introduction 2
14.2 Primary Information Sources 2
14.3 Link Availability 3
14.4 Signal Power on Link 4
14.5 Noise Level on Link 18
14.6 Interference on Link 19
14.7 End-to-End C/(N0 + I0) 29
14.8 Link Budget 30
14.9 Implementation Loss Item in Link Budget 32
References 32
15 Probabilistic Treatment of Downlink Margin for Multi-Beam Payload 2
15.1 Introduction 2
15.2 Multi-Beam-Downlink Payload Specifications 2
15.3 Analysis Method 3
15.4 Analysis Assumptions 4
15.5 Repeater-Caused Variation of C and C/Iself and Nominal Value 5
15.6 Combining Antenna-Caused Variation and Nominal Value into Repeater-Caused Variation 11
15.7 Combining Atmosphere-Caused Variation into Payload-Caused Variation 14
15.8 Optimizing Multi-Beam-Downlink Payload Specified on Link Availability 15
15.A Appendix. Iteration Details for Optimizing Multi-Beam Payload Specified on Link Availability 16
16 Model of End-to-End Communications System 2
16.1 Introduction 2
16.2 Considerations for Both Software Simulation and Hardware Emulation 2
16.3 Additional Considerations for Simulation 6
16.4 Additional Considerations for Emulation 15
References 18
PART III. SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS 2
17 Fixed and Broadcast Satellite Services 2
17.1 Introduction 2
17.2 Satellite Television 2
17.3 Regulations in General 4
17.4 Fixed Satellite Service 4
17.5 Broadcast Satellite Service 13
References 17
18 High-Throughput Satellites 2
18.1 Introduction 2
18.2 Frequency and Bandwidth 4
18.3 Residential Internet HTS 6
18.4 Commercial Communications HTS 13
References 15
19 Non-Geostationary Satellite Systems 2
19.1 Introduction 2
19.2 Iridium 3
19.3 Globalstar 9
19.5 O3b 14
19.6 OneWeb 21
19.7 Starlink 26
19.8 Telesat LEO 32
References 33
20 Mobile Satellite Systems 2
20.1 Introduction 2
20.2 Thuraya 5
20.3 Inmarsat-4 and Alphasat 12
20.4 TerreStar/EchoStar XXI 27
20.5 SkyTerra 35
20.6 Inmarsat-5 (Global Xpress) F1-F4 44
References 53
