Description
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to the Fourth Edition xiii
List of Contributors xvii
1 Introduction 1
Nicholas Mays and Catherine Pope
1.1 What Is Qualitative Research? 1
1.2 The Uses of Qualitative Research 4
1.3 Methods Used in Qualitative Research 6
1.4 The Place of Qualitative Methods in Health Care Research 7
1.5 Outline of the Structure of the Book 9
References 10
Further Reading 13
2 The Role of Theory in Qualitative Research 15
Catherine Pope and Nicholas Mays
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Differences in Ontology and Epistemology 16
2.3 Implications of Ontology and Epistemology 18
2.4 Choose Your Philosophical Umbrella – Positivism or Interpretivism? 19
2.5 Theoretical Perspectives 21
2.6 Methodology 24
References 25
Further Reading 26
3 Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research 27
Dawn Goodwin, Nicholas Mays, and Catherine Pope
3.1 Introduction 27
3.2 Ethical Principles 28
3.2.1 Informed Consent 30
3.2.2 Confidentiality 31
3.2.3 Anonymity 34
3.3 Situational Ethics 35
3.4 Relational Ethics 38
3.5 Conclusion 39
References 40
Further Reading 41
4 Interviews 43
Lisa Hinton and Sara Ryan
4.1 Introduction 43
4.2 What Makes a Good Qualitative Interview? 46
4.3 Role of the Interviewer 47
4.4 The Practicalities of Qualitative Interviews 48
4.4.1 How Many Interviews Is Enough? 48
4.4.2 Sampling 49
4.4.3 Recruitment 50
4.4.4 Fundamentals – Quiet Space, Recording, and Transcription 51
4.4.5 Designing a Topic Guide 51
4.4.6 Data Saturation 52
4.5 Reflexivity 52
4.6 Conclusion 53
References 54
Further Reading 55
5 Focus Groups 57
Jonathan Q. Tritter and Bodil J. Landstad
5.1 Introduction 57
5.2 What Is a Focus Group? 58
5.3 Doing Focus Group Research 58
5.3.1 Recruitment and Sampling 59
5.3.2 Initiating the Focus Group 61
5.3.3 Follow‐on or Second Focus Groups 62
5.4 Analysis 62
5.5 Ethical Issues 63
5.6 Conclusion 64
References 64
Further Reading 66
6 Observational Methods 67
Catherine Pope and Davina Allen
6.1 Introduction 67
6.2 Observational Methods and Ethnography 68
6.3 Rationales for Observational Studies in Health Care Research 69
6.4 Practical Issues to Consider When Using Observational Methods 72
6.4.1 Ethical Issues 72
6.4.2 Access to the Field 72
6.4.3 Research Roles 73
6.4.4 Recording Observational Data 74
6.5 The Relationship Between Theory and Observational Research 76
6.6 Analysis 76
6.7 Quality in Observational Studies 77
References 78
Further Reading 81
7 Documentary Analysis 83
Martin Gorsky and Alex Mold
7.1 Introduction 83
7.2 Uses of Documentary Methods 84
7.3 Sources and Location 86
7.4 Selection, Recording, and Storing 89
7.5 Approaches to Analysis 90
7.6 Conclusion 93
References 94
Further Reading 96
8 Digital Data and Online Qualitative Research 97
John Powell and Michelle H. van Velthoven
8.1 Introduction 97
8.2 Types of Digital and Virtual Data 98
8.3 Who Goes Online? The Have‐Nets and the Have‐Nots 99
8.4 Using Existing Online Data for Qualitative Health Research 100
8.5 Eliciting Qualitative Data Using Online Methods 103
8.6 Big Data and Digital Qualitative Research 104
8.7 Ethics of Using Digital Data and Conducting Online Research 105
8.8 Conclusions 108
References 108
Further Reading 109
9 Analysis 111
Catherine Pope, Sue Ziebland, and Nicholas Mays
9.1 The Nature and Scale of Qualitative Data 111
9.2 Data Preparation 112
9.3 The Relationship Between Data and Analysis 113
9.4 Counting and Qualitative Data 114
9.5 Initial Steps in Analysis 116
9.6 Thematic Analysis 119
9.7 Grounded Theory 120
9.8 IPA 122
9.9 The ‘Framework’ Approach 123
9.10 Software Packages Designed to Handle Qualitative Data 124
9.11 Developing Explanations – The Role of the Researcher 126
9.12 Working in a Team 128
9.13 Conclusion 131
References 131
Further Reading 133
10 Conversation Analysis 135
Geraldine M. Leydon and Rebecca K. Barnes
10.1 Introduction 135
10.2 What Is CA? 135
10.3 What Kinds of Questions Can CA Be Used to Answer? 137
10.4 Collecting Naturalistic Data 137
10.5 Transcription 139
10.6 Analysis 141
10.7 Sharing CA to Inform Health Care Practice 144
10.8 Conclusion 145
10.9 Further Considerations for CA Research 146
References 146
Further Reading 150
11 Synthesising Qualitative Research 151
Nicholas Mays and Catherine Pope
11.1 Introduction 151
11.2 Should We Synthesise Qualitative Research at all? 152
11.3 The Purposes of Synthesis 153
11.4 Generic Issues in Qualitative Synthesis 154
11.4.1 Refining the Research Question and Search Strategy 154
11.4.2 Data Extraction 155
11.4.3 Quality Appraisal of Studies 156
11.4.4 Analysis and Interpretation 156
11.5 Methods for Synthesising Qualitative Research 157
11.5.1 Narrative Synthesis 157
11.5.2 Framework Synthesis 158
11.5.3 Qualitative Cross‐Case Analysis 158
11.5.4 Meta‐ethnography 159
11.6 Synthesis of Qualitative and Quantitative Evidence 160
11.6.1 Integrating at the Review Level 161
11.6.2 Integrating Using a Common Structure, Framework, or Model 161
11.6.3 Integrating Through ‘Transformation’ of Data 162
11.6.4 Using an Integrative Method 164
11.7 Conclusion 165
References 166
Further Reading 168
12 Mixed Methods Research 169
Alicia O’Cathain
12.1 Introduction 169
12.2 Dealing with the ‘Paradigm Wars’ 170
12.3 Getting to Grips with Mixed Methodology 170
12.4 Mixed Methods Study Designs 171
12.4.1 Evaluation 171
12.4.2 Survey and Interviews 173
12.4.3 Development of Questionnaires and Measures 173
12.5 Integration of Qualitative and Quantitative Data and Findings 174
12.6 Thinking About Quality 175
12.7 Team Working 176
12.8 Publishing 176
12.9 Conclusions 177
References 177
Further Reading 180
13 Case Studies 181
Alec Fraser and Nicholas Mays
13.1 Introduction 181
13.2 Types of Case Study Research 182
13.3 Practical Considerations for Using Case Study Approaches in Health Care Settings 184
13.3.1 Defining Cases 184
13.3.2 Sampling 185
13.3.3 Data Collection Methods 187
13.3.4 Analysis 188
13.4 Conclusions 189
References 189
Further Reading 191
14 Participatory Research in Health Care 193
Kath Maguire and Nicky Britten
14.1 Introduction 193
14.2 Co‐production 196
14.3 Participatory Action Research 199
14.4 Service User‐Controlled Research 201
14.5 Citizen Science 204
14.6 Conclusion 206
References 207
Further Reading 210
15 Quality in Qualitative Research 211
Nicholas Mays and Catherine Pope
15.1 Introduction 211
15.2 Can We Use the Same Quality Criteria to Judge Qualitative and Quantitative Research? 213
15.2.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Research are Separate and Different: The Anti‐Realist Position 214
15.2.2 It Is Possible to Assess Qualitative and Quantitative Research Using Similar Criteria: The Subtle Realist Position 216
15.3 Assuring and Assessing the Validity of Qualitative Research 216
15.3.1 Triangulation 217
15.3.2 Respondent Validation 218
15.3.3 Clear Exposition of Methods of Data Collection and Analysis 218
15.3.4 Reflexivity 219
15.3.5 Attention to Negative Cases 220
15.3.6 Fair Dealing 220
15.4 Relevance 221
15.5 The Appropriate Role for Quality Guidelines in Qualitative Research 222
15.5.1 Spencer and Colleagues’ Framework for Assessing the Quality of Qualitative Research Evidence 223
15.5.1.1 Guiding Principles 223
15.5.1.2 Appraisal Questions 224
15.5.1.3 Quality Indicators 224
15.5.1.4 The Framework 224
15.5.2 Additional Quality Assessment Criteria 224
15.5.2.1 Data Collection 224
15.5.2.2 Analysis 230
15.6 Conclusion 230
References 231
Further Reading 233
Index 235
