Description
Book SynopsisThis text presents the technological and physiological properties of pectin in an educational approach that encompasses all of the essential information a researcher needs to fully understand their function and use in foods. Utilizing basic information on pectin as well as recent technological advances, this book is designed to be the primary resource for individuals seeking out an up to date reference work covering all the necessary informational and functional aspects of pectin.
Pectin: technological and physiological properties is the first book to fully focus on the introductory concepts on pectin. Individual chapters cover localization and function, the structural aspects of pectin, pectinases, isolation and characterization and recovery from agricultural wastes. Important current advances such as emulsions, films, digestion, metabolism and bioactive properties are also focused on.
With its combination of vital basic information and technological advances, this book presents full and up to date coverage on this pectin and its many forms and uses in foods.
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
Chapter 1 Biosynthesis, Localisation, and Function of Pectins in Plants 8
1.1 Pectin biosynthesis. 8
1.2 Localisation of pectins in plants. 11
1.3 Pectin functions in plants. 13
Chapter 2 Pectin Structure. 25
2.1 Introduction.. 25
2.2 Galacturonans. 28
2.2.1 Homogalacturonans. 28
2.2.2 Galacturonans substituted with more or less complex side-chains. 31
2.3 Rhamnogalacturonan I 35
2.3.1 Rhamnogalacturonan I backbone. 35
2.3.2 Rhamnogalacturonan I side-chains. 37
2.3.3 Side-chain intra- and inter-molecular distribution.. 39
2.4 Connection between pectin domains. 40
2.5 Conclusions. 42
Chapter 3 Pectin Degrading Enzymes. 50
3.1 Introduction.. 50
3.2 Homogalacturonan-degrading enzymes. 51
3.2.1 Polygalacturonases (PG). 52
3.2.2 Pectin and pectate lyases. 55
3.2.3 Pectin methylesterases (PMEs). 57
3.2.4 Pectin acetylesterases (PAE). 59
3.3 Rhamnogalacturonan-degrading enzymes. 61
3.3.1 Rhamnogalacturonan-hydrolases. 61
3.3.2 Rhamnogalacturonan-lyases. 62
3.3.3 Rhamnogalacturonan-acetylesterase. 64
3.4 Side-chain degrading enzymes. 64
3.4.1 Arabinanases and α-arabinofuranosidases. 64
3.4.2 Galactanases and β-galactosidases. 66
3.4.3 Feruloylesterases. 68
3.5 Synergistic action of pectin degrading enzymes. 69
3.6 Conclusion.. 70
Chapter 4 Isolation and Characterisation of Pectin.. 80
4.1 Introduction.. 80
4.2 Extraction of pectin.. 82
4.2.1 Conventional extraction methods. 83
4.2.2 Enzymatic extraction.. 84
4.2.3 Microwave-assisted extraction.. 84
4.2.4 Ultrasonic extraction.. 85
4.2.5 Sub-critical water extraction/accelerated solvent extraction.. 85
4.3 Characterisation of pectin.. 86
4.3.1 Phenol-sulfuric acid/total carbohydrate assay. 86
4.3.2 Galacturonic acid content and degree of methyl esterification (DM). 87
4.3.3 Sugar composition.. 89
4.3.4 Molar mass and molar mass distribution.. 91
4.3.5 Intrinsic viscosity. 94
4.3.6 Rheology. 96
4.4. Conclusions. 98
Chapter 5 Emulsification Properties of Pectin.. 107
5.1. Introduction.. 107
5.2. Role of structural elements on the interfacial activity. 109
5.2.1 The role of protein.. 109
5.2.2 The role of acetyl and methyl groups. 111
5.2.3 The role of molecular weight and side chains. 112
5.3. Phenomenology of pectin adsorption at the oil-water interface. 115
5.4. Conclusions. 121
Chapter 6 Edible Films and Coatings with Pectin.. 125
6.1. Introduction.. 125
6.2. Edible films and coatings from pectins: elaboration and physical properties. 130
6.3. Pectin-based films and coatings in food preservation.. 139
6.4. Conclusions. 150
Chapter 7 Pectin Gelation and its Assembly into Functional Materials 159
7.1 Introduction.. 159
7.1.1 A soft matter exemplar. 159
7.1.2 Evolved pectin networks. 160
7.1.3 Current human exploitation.. 161
7.1.4 Unlocking the potential 161
7.2 Making pectin gels. 162
7.2.1 Different types of junction zones. 162
7.2.2 Different assembly procedures. 167
7.2.3 Practical top-tips for making gels. 171
7.3 Measuring gel properties. 174
7.4 Modelling mechanical properties. 179
7.5 Conclusions. 182
Chapter 8 Digestion and Metabolism of Pectin.. 192
8.1. Introduction.. 192
8.1.1 Pectin as a source of soluble fibre and influence on digestion.. 192
8.1.2 Sources of pectin.. 193
8.1.3 Processed vs. whole food sources. 195
8.2. Digestion.. 196
8.2.1 Introduction to digestion.. 196
8.2.2 Oral, gastric and small intestinal conditions. 198
8.3 Metabolism.. 205
8.4 Conclusions. 206
Chapter 9 Pectin Bioactivity. 213
9.1. Introduction.. 213
9.2 Bioactivity of pectins and hydrolysates/derivatives. 214
9.2.1 Anticancer activity. 214
9.2.2 Immunomodulatory activity. 217
9.2.3 Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. 218
9.2.4 Gastroprotection and other bioactivities. 220
9.3. Structure-function relationship. 223
9.3.1 Rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) pectin.. 223
9.3.2 Homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) pectins. 225
9.3.3 Partially hydrolysed pectins, pectic oligosaccharides, and pectin derivatives. 228
9.4 Application of bioactive pectins. 232
9.5 Conclusions. 235
Chapter 10 Pectin as Drug-Release Vehicle. 243
10.1. Introduction.. 243
10.2 Different drug delivery systems by various administration routes. 244
10.2.1. Oral drug delivery system (ODDs). 245
10.2.2. Other administration routes. 254
10.3. Conclusions. 263
