Description
Book SynopsisSince the early 1990's, the SONET/SDH standard has been very successful in high speed optical communications. It paved the way to ultra high bandwidth data transport. This work tells how, earlier, the primary objective of SONET was synchronous traffic with an expected high quality of service whereas asynchronous traffic was of secondary concern.
Trade Review"The book is useful for communication professionals who are interested in improving their knowledge in this exciting field as well as students and will be a good addition to university as well as professional libraries." (
E-STREAMS, July 2004)
Table of ContentsPreface xi
Introduction 1
1 Synchronous Hierarchical Networks 5
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Switching Hierarchy 8
1.3 Digital Subscriber Lines 9
1.3.1 2B1Q 11
1.3.2 DMT 11
1.3.3 CAP 12
References 13
2 Synchronous Optical Networks SONET/SDH 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 SONET Frames 18
2.3 Virtual Tributaries 23
2.4 STS-N Frames 27
2.4.1 Concatenation and Super Rates 27
2.4.2 Scrambling 28
2.4.3 Mapping by Layer 29
2.5 Maintenance 30
2.6 Summary 31
References 32
3 Asynchronous Data/Packet Networks 33
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Data Traffic Concepts 34
3.2.1 Natural Information Rate 34
3.2.2 Packet Networks 36
3.2.3 Timing Aspects 37
3.3 Review of Data Networks 38
3.3.1 Ethernet 38
3.3.2 FDDI 39
3.3.3 Switched Multi-megabit Data Services 41
3.3.4 Frame Relay 41
3.3.5 Internet Protocol 41
3.3.6 IP Telephony or Voice over IP 44
3.3.5 FAX over IP 45
3.4 Point-to-Point Protocol 46
3.5 8B/10B Block Coding Overview 48
3.5.1 Example, 3B/4B Block Coding 48
3.6 Fiber Channel 50
3.7 ESCON 54
3.8 FICON 55
3.9 Gigabit Ethernet 56
3.10 Resilient Packet Ring 60
3.11 Laps 61
3.12 Ethernet over LAPS over Legacy SONET/SDH 64
3.13 IP over LAPS over SONET/SDH 65
3.14 MPLS, MPλS and GMPLS 65
3.15 XDLC 71
3.16 ATM 71
3.16 ATM over SONET/SDH 78
References 79
4 The Generic Framing Procedure 83
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Frame Multiplexing 84
4.3 Client Payload Multiplexing 84
4.4 GFP Frame Structure 85
4.5 Error Control 86
4.5.1 Header Error Control 86
4.6 Delineation 87
4.7 Scrambling 89
4.7.1 Frame Structure Payload 89
4.8 Idle GFP Frames and Multiplexing 91
4.9 GFP Modes 91
4.9.1 The Frame-Mapped GFP (GFP-F) 91
4.9.2 GFP-F Encapsulation—Examples 92
4.9.3 The Transparent-Mapped GFP (GFP-T) 94
4.9.4 GFP-F Encapsulation—Examples 95
4.9.5 GFP-F and GFP-T Comparison 95
References 97
5 Next Generation SONET/SDH 99
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 The Next Generation SONET/SDH 101
5.3 Contiguous Concatenation 103
5.4 Virtual Concatenation 104
5.5 LCAS 106
5.6 Concatenation Efficiency 107
5.7 Data over Next Generation SONET/SDH 109
References 112
6 Next Generation Optical Networks 115
6.1 Introduction 115
6.2 Next Generation Optical Rings 117
6.3 Shared Rings 119
6.4 Protection 119
6.5 Network Management 121
6.6 Bandwidth Management 124
6.7 Wavelength Management 125
6.8 Service Restoration 128
References 130
7 Other New Optical Networks 131
7.1 The Optical Transport Network 131
7.1.1 FEC in OTN 132
7.1.2 OPU-k 133
7.1.3 ODU-k 133
7.1.4 OTU-k 135
7.1.5 The Optical Channel 136
7.1.6 Optical Channel Carrier and Optical Channel Group 138
7.1.7 Nonassociated Overhead 139
7.1.8 Mapping in OTN 141
7.1.9 Mapping GFP Frames in OPU-k 141
7.2 Next Generation SONET/SDH and OTN 141
7.3 OTN Summary 142
References 143
8 NG-S over DWDM, OTN over DWDM, and Experimental Networks 145
8.1 Introduction 145
8.2 OTN over DWDM 147
8.3 Experimental Networks 148
8.3.1 Ethernet Passive Optical Networks 148
8.3.2 CDWM E-PON 150
8.3.2 The Wavelength-Bus 151
8.3.3 High-Performance Parallel Interface 154
8.3.4 Other Parallel Optical Buses 154
8.4 Conclusion 155
References 157
Appendix A 161
Appendix B 165
Appendix C 167
Acronynms 169
Index 189
