Description
Book Synopsis* Adopts a theoretical approach underpinned by practical examples gleaned from the author s extensive experience in the field of wireless technology. * Uses a new methodology comprising statistical analysis to evaluate the performance of voice and data networks.
Table of ContentsList of Figures xix List of Tables xxxv
About the Author xli
Preface xliii
Acknowledgements xlv
List of Abbreviations xlvii
Introduction 1
1 The Business Plan 5
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Market Plan 5
1.3 The Engineering Plan 7
1.4 The Financial Plan 8
1.5 Business Case Questionnaire 11
1.6 Implementing the Business Plan 12
2 Data Transmission 15
2.1 History of the Internet 15
2.2 Network Modeling 16
2.3 Internet Network Architecture 19
2.4 The Physical Layer 20
2.5 The Data Link Layer 22
2.6 Network Layer 24
2.7 Transport Protocols 28
2.8 Routing Protocols 29
2.9 Application Protocols 31
2.10 The World Wide Web (WWW) 35
3 Market Modeling 37
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Data Traffic Characterization 38
3.3 Service Plan (SP) and Service Level Agreement (SLA) 41
3.4 User Service Classes 43
3.5 Applications 44
3.6 Over-Subscription Ratio (OSR) 50
3.7 Services Summary 51
3.8 RF Environment 51
3.9 Terminals 52
3.10 Antenna Height 58
3.11 Geographic User Distribution 58
3.12 Network Traffic Modeling 63
3.13 KPI (Key Performance Indicator) Establishment 72
3.14 Wireless Infrastructure 74
4 Signal Processing Fundamentals 77
4.1 Digitizing Analog Signals 77
4.2 Digital Data Representation in the Frequency Domain (Spectrum) 80
4.3 Orthogonal Signals 84
4.4 Combining Shifted Copies of a Sine Wave 86
4.5 Carrier Modulation 87
5 RF Channel Analysis 95
5.1 The Signal 95
5.2 The RF Channel 101
5.3 RF Signal Propagation 102
5.4 RF Channel in the Frequency Domain 107
5.5 RF Channel in Time Domain 115
5.6 RF Channel in the Power Domain 120
5.7 Standardized Channel Models 123
5.8 RF Environment 126
5.9 Fading 128
6 RF Channel Performance Prediction 139
6.1 Advanced RF Propagation Models 139
6.2 RF Measurements and Propagation Model Calibration 163
6.3 RF Interference Issues 172
6.4 Interference Mitigation Techniques 180
6.5 RF Spectrum Usage and Resource Planning 181
6.6 Availability 187
7 OFDM 193
7.1 Multiplexing 193
7.2 Other PAPR Reduction Methods 201
7.3 De-Multiplexing 201
7.4 Cyclic Prefix 202
7.5 OFDMA 203
7.6 Duplexing 204
7.7 Synchronization 207
7.8 RF Channel Information Detection 208
7.9 Error Correction Techniques 211
7.10 Resource Allocation and Scheduling 215
7.11 Establishing Wireless Data Communications 216
8 OFDM Implementation 221
8.1 Transmit Side 221
8.2 Receive Side 228
9 Wireless Communications Network (WCN) 235
9.1 Introduction 235
9.2 Wireless Access Network 235
9.3 Core Network 237
10 Antenna and Advanced Antenna Systems 245
10.1 Introduction 245
10.2 Antenna Basics 246
10.3 Antenna Radiation 247
10.4 Antenna Types 249
10.5 Antenna Characteristics 254
10.6 Multiple Antennas Arrangements 262
10.7 Receive Diversity 267
10.8 Transmit Diversity 271
10.9 Transmit and Receive Diversity (TRD) 275
10.10 Spatial Multiplexing (Matrix B) 276
10.11 Diversity Performance 278
10.12 Antenna Array System (AAS), Advanced Antenna System (AAS) or Adaptive Antenna Steering (AAS) or Beamforming 282
11 Radio Performance 287
11.1 Introduction 287
11.2 Input RF Noise 288
11.3 Receive Circuit Noise 288
11.4 Signal to Noise Ratio 288
11.5 Radio Sensitivity Calculations 295
11.6 Radio Configuration 307
12 Wireless LAN 311
12.1 Standardization 311
12.2 Architecture 315
12.3 The IEEE Std 802.11-2007 316
12.4 Enhancements for Higher Throughputs, Amendment 5: 802.11n-2009 328
12.5 Work in Progress 333
12.6 Throughput 334
13 WiMAX 341
13.1 Standardization 341
13.2 Network Architecture 344
13.3 Physical Layer (PHY) 353
13.4 Multiple Access OFDMA 369
13.5 WiMAX Network Layers 370
13.6 WiMAX Operation Phases 384
13.7 WiMAX Interference Reduction Techniques 386
13.8 WiMAX Resource Planning 401
14 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System – Long Term Evolution (UMTS-LTE) 409
14.1 Introduction 409
14.2 Standardization 412
14.3 Frequency Bands 415
14.4 Architecture 417
14.5 Wireless Message Flow and Protocol Stack 424
14.6 Wireline Message Flow and Protocol Stacks 433
14.7 Identifiers 434
14.8 HARQ Procedure 435
14.9 Scrambling Sequences 439
14.10 Physical Layer (PHY) 439
14.11 PHY Structure 444
14.12 PHY TDD 457
14.13 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS) 457
14.14 Call Placement Scenario 461
14.15 PHY Characteristics and Performance 463
14.16 Multiple Antennas in LTE 466
14.17 Resource Planning in LTE 472
14.18 Self-Organizing Network (SON) 473
14.19 RAT (Radio Access Technology) Internetworking 475
14.20 LTE Radio Propagation Channel Considerations 475
14.21 Handover Procedures in LTE 481
14.22 Measurements 482
14.23 LTE Practical System Capacity 483
14.24 Synchronization 486
14.25 Beyond 4G 486
15 Broadband Standards Comparison 489
15.1 Introduction 489
15.2 Performance Tables 489
16 Wireless Network Design 513
16.1 Introduction 513
16.2 Wireless Market Modeling 513
16.3 Wireless Network Strategy 515
16.4 Wireless Network Design 516
16.5 Wireless Network Optimization 517
16.6 Wireless Network Performance Assessment 517
17 Wireless Market Modeling 519
17.1 Findings Phase 519
17.2 Area of Interest (AoI) Modeling 519
17.3 Terrain Databases (GIS Geographic Information System) 519
17.4 Demographic Databases 530
17.5 Service Modeling 533
17.6 Environment Modeling 536
17.7 User Terminal Modeling 537
17.8 Service Class Modeling 538
17.9 User Distribution Modeling 542
17.10 Traffic Distribution Modeling 551
18 Wireless Network Strategy 553
18.1 Define Spectrum Usage Strategy 553
18.2 Deployment Strategy 555
18.3 Core Equipment 555
18.4 Base Station Equipment 555
18.5 Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) 563
18.6 Link Budget 565
18.7 Backhaul Equipment 565
18.8 Land Line Access Points of Presence (PoP) 570
18.9 List of Available Site Locations 570
19 Wireless Network Design 573
19.1 Field Measurement Campaign 573
19.2 Measurement Processing 575
19.3 Propagation Models and Parameters 579
19.4 Site Location 582
19.5 Run Initial Site Predictions 586
19.6 Static Traffic Simulation 593
19.7 Adjust Design for Area and Traffic Coverage 595
19.8 Configure Backhaul Links and Perform Backhaul Predictions 595
19.9 Perform Signal Level Predictions with Extended Radius 597
20 Wireless Network Optimization 599
20.1 Cell Enhancement or Footprint Optimization 599
20.2 Resource Optimization 603
21 Wireless Network Performance Assessment 615
21.1 Perform Dynamic Traffic Simulation 615
21.2 Performance 620
21.3 Perform Network Performance Predictions 625
21.4 Backhaul Links Performance 655
21.5 Analyze Performance Results, Analyze Impact on CAPEX, OPEX and ROI 661
22 Basic Mathematical Concepts Used in Wireless Networks 663
22.1 Circle Relationships 663
22.2 Numbers and Vectors 665
22.3 Functions Decomposition 668
22.4 Sinusoids 670
22.5 Fourier Analysis 674
22.6 Statistical Probability Distributions 676
Appendix: List of Equations 689
Further Reading 697
Index 701
