Description
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsTo the Teacher........................................................................................................................x Acknowledgments................................................................................................................ xi Chapter Overview................................................................................................................xiii CHAPTER 1 Expository Essays...................................................................... 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................2 Analyzing the Model .....................................................................................................2 Noticing Vocabulary: Negative Prefixes ................................................................5 Organization .................................................................................................................6 A Clear Thesis Statement ............................................................................................6 Topic Sentences............................................................................................................7 A Strong Conclusion.....................................................................................................8 Grammar ........................................................................................................................9 Using Articles.................................................................................................................9 The Writing Process ................................................................................................12 Applying Vocabulary: Using Negative Prefixes ...................................................18 Writing Assignment: A Personal Essay about the Writing Experience ...........18 Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................20 Expansion ....................................................................................................................20 Timed Writing: An Opening Paragraph for a Personal Essay..............................20 Complete the Personal Essay...................................................................................20 CHAPTER 2 Classification Essays............................................................. 21 Introduction .................................................................................................................22 Analyzing the Model....................................................................................................22 Noticing Vocabulary: Collocations .......................................................................25 Organization ...............................................................................................................26 Introductory Paragraph..............................................................................................26 Body Paragraphs ........................................................................................................27 Concluding Paragraph ...............................................................................................28 Establishing Unity and Coherence ....................................................................28 Unity..............................................................................................................................28 Coherence....................................................................................................................28 Grammar ......................................................................................................................31 Using Quantifiers.........................................................................................................31 Preparation for Writing ...........................................................................................33 Planning, Observing, and Note Taking ....................................................................33 Conducting Surveys and Administering Questionnaires ......................................34 Applying Vocabulary: Using Collocations ...........................................................37 Writing Assignment: A Classification Essay from Survey Data ........................37 Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................39 Expansion ....................................................................................................................39 Timed Writing: Two Paragraphs Based on Survey Data ......................................39 Observing Other People.............................................................................................40 CHAPTER 3 Process Essays.......................................................................... 41 Introduction .................................................................................................................42 Analyzing the Model ...................................................................................................42 Noticing Vocabulary: Irregular Plurals from Latin and Greek ...........................45 Organization ...............................................................................................................46 Introductory Paragraph..............................................................................................46 Body Paragraphs ........................................................................................................47 Concluding Paragraph ...............................................................................................47 Outlining .......................................................................................................................48 Sentence Structure ..................................................................................................49 Run-on and Comma-Spliced Sentences.................................................................49 Choppy and Stringy Sentences................................................................................51 Preparation for Writing ...........................................................................................55 Making Transitions between Steps in a Process....................................................56 Writing a Summary and an Abstract .................................................................58 Procedure for Summarizing an Article.....................................................................58 Applying Vocabulary: Using Irregular Plurals from Latin and Greek ................60 Writing Assignment: A Process Essay about an Experiment ...........................61 Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................63 Expansion ....................................................................................................................63 Timed Writing: A Paragraph Summary of the Writing Model...............................63 Write a Scientific Process Essay...............................................................................63 CHAPTER 4 Cause / Effect Essays ...........................................................64 Introduction .................................................................................................................65 Analyzing the Models .................................................................................................65 Noticing Vocabulary: Phrasal Verbs .....................................................................70 Organization ...............................................................................................................71 Chain Organization .....................................................................................................72 Block Organization .....................................................................................................73 Distinguishing between Cause and Effect ..............................................................75 Sentence Structure ..................................................................................................77 Using Parallelism.........................................................................................................77 Preparation for Writing ...........................................................................................79 Conducting Research.................................................................................................79 Quoting Material from Outside Sources .........................................................80 Punctuating Quotations .............................................................................................80 Applying Vocabulary: Using Phrasal Verbs .........................................................82 Writing Assignment: A Cause / Effect Essay about a Historical Event ...........83 Self-Assessment .......................................................................................................85 Expansion ....................................................................................................................85 Timed Writing: A Paragraph Summary of a Writing Model..................................85 Examining Alternatives...............................................................................................85 CHAPTER 5 Extended Definition Essays............................................... 86 Introduction .................................................................................................................87 Analyzing the Model ...................................................................................................87 Noticing Vocabulary: Synonyms, 1 ......................................................................90 Grammar ......................................................................................................................91 Noun Clauses ..............................................................................................................91 Adjective Clauses .......................................................................................................92 Organization ...............................................................................................................96 Three Ways to Define a Term ....................................................................................97 Expanding on a Definition........................................................................................100 Preparation for Writing .........................................................................................101 Paraphrasing Material from Sources......................................................................101 Applying Vocabulary: Using Synonyms, 1..........................................................105 Writing Assignment: An Extended Definition Essay about a Concept ..........106 Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................108 Expansion ..................................................................................................................108 Timed Writing: Paraphrase a Paragraph from the Writing Model.....................108 Writing a Definition....................................................................................................108 CHAPTER 6 Problem / Solution Essays ...............................................109 Introduction ...............................................................................................................110 Analyzing the Model .................................................................................................110 Noticing Vocabulary: Adverbial Intensifiers .......................................................113 Organization .............................................................................................................114 Introductory Paragraph............................................................................................114 Body Paragraphs ......................................................................................................115 Concluding Paragraph .............................................................................................116 Grammar ....................................................................................................................116 Forming Adverbial Phrases .....................................................................................116 Eliminating Dangling Modifiers ...............................................................................119 Preparation for Writing .........................................................................................120 Researching a Topic in Multiple Sources ..............................................................120 Synthesizing Material from Sources ......................................................................122 Applying Vocabulary: Using Adverbial Intensifiers ...........................................125 Writing Assignment: A Problem / Solution Essay about Education ................125 Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................127 Expansion ..................................................................................................................127 Timed Writing: A Summary of a Writing Model....................................................127 Complete the Essay..................................................................................................127 CHAPTER 7 Summary / Response Essays.........................................128 Introduction ...............................................................................................................129 Analyzing the Model .................................................................................................129 Noticing Vocabulary: Words Related to Cultural Change .................................131 Organization .............................................................................................................132 The Summary.............................................................................................................133 The Response ...........................................................................................................133 Grammar ....................................................................................................................135 Using Passive and Active Voice Appropriately.....................................................135 Preparation for Writing .........................................................................................138 Writing the Opening Summary................................................................................138 Writing the Response ...............................................................................................139 Applying Vocabulary: Using Words Related to Cultural Change.....................142 Writing Assignment: A Summary / Response Essay on Culture .....................143 Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................144 Expansion ..................................................................................................................145 Timed Writing: Summarize and Respond to a Passage on Culture .................145 Research and Respond ...........................................................................................145 CHAPTER 8 Argumentative Essays ........................................................ 146 Introduction ...............................................................................................................147 Analyzing the Models ...............................................................................................147 Noticing Vocabulary: Synonyms, 2 ......................................................................150 Grammar ....................................................................................................................151 Modal Verbs...............................................................................................................151 Phrasal Modals..........................................................................................................153 Subjunctive Mode.....................................................................................................154 Organization .............................................................................................................155 Block Organization....................................................................................................156 Point-by-Point Organization....................................................................................157 The Introductory Paragraph(s).................................................................................158 Body Paragraphs ......................................................................................................159 Concluding Paragraph .............................................................................................160 Planning Your Argument ......................................................................................161 Knowing Your Audience...........................................................................................161 Responding to Counterarguments .........................................................................162 Preparation for Writing .........................................................................................163 Finding Support for Your Argument .......................................................................163 Research the Counterarguments............................................................................164 Applying Vocabulary: Using Synonyms, 2..........................................................165 Writing Assignment: An Argumentative Essay on a Controversial Topic ......165 Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................167 Expansion ..................................................................................................................168 Timed Writing: A Short Argumentative Essay......................................................168 Taking the Opposite Position ..................................................................................168 CHAPTER 9 Research Papers..................................................................... 169 Introduction ...............................................................................................................170 Analyzing the Model .................................................................................................170 Noticing Vocabulary: Antonyms ..........................................................................173 Organization .............................................................................................................173 Point-by-Point Organization....................................................................................174 Source-by-Source Organization .............................................................................174 Grammar ....................................................................................................................177 Sequence of Tenses .................................................................................................177 Preparation for Writing .........................................................................................179 Narrowing Your Focus..............................................................................................179 Developing an Effective Thesis Statement............................................................182 Documenting Research............................................................................................183 Applying Vocabulary: Using Antonyms ..............................................................185 Writing Assignment: A Research Paper of Five or More Pages .....................186 Self-Assessment .....................................................................................................187 Expansion ..................................................................................................................188 Timed Writing: A Two-Paragraph Response to an Article..................................188 Evaluating Sources ...................................................................................................188 APPENDICES Appendix A Writing Guides ....................................................................................189 Appendix B Connecting Words and Transition Signals .....................................195 Appendix C Article Usage ......................................................................................203 Appendix D Common Phrasal Verbs ....................................................................206 Appendix E Commonly Confused Words .............................................................208 Appendix F Commonly Misspelled Words ...........................................................211 Appendix G Documenting Sources with MLA and APA Formats .....................212 Appendix H Correction Symbols ...........................................................................221 Appendix I Peer Review and Writer’s Self-Check Worksheets .........................224 Index....................................................................................................................................243 Credits.................................................................................................................................248
