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Book SynopsisUltimately, this is a remarkable book, a practical testimonial, and a comprehensive bibliography rolled into one. It is a single, bright sword cut across the various murky green IT topics. And if my mistakes and lessons learned through the green IT journey are any indication, this book will be used every day by folks interested in greening IT.
Simon Y. Liu, Ph.D. & Ed.D., Editor-in-Chief,IT ProfessionalMagazine, IEEE Computer Society, Director, U.S. National Agricultural Library
This book presents a holistic perspective on Green IT by discussing its various facets and showing how to strategically embrace it
Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practicesexamines various ways of making computing and information systems greener environmentally sustainable -, as well as several means of using Information Technology (IT) as a tool and an enabler to improve the environmental sustainability. The book focuses on both greening of IT and greenin
Trade Review
"This book will be an excellent resource for IT Professionals, academics, students, researchers, project leaders/managers, IT business executives, CIOs, CTOs and anyone interested in Green IT and harnessing it to enhance our environment.” (Computer Science of India (CSI) enewsletter), 1 February 2013)
Table of ContentsAbout the Editors xix
About the Authors xxi
Foreword xxix
Preface xxxi
Acknowledgements xxxv
1 Green IT: An Overview 1
San Murugesan and G.R. Gangadharan
Key Points 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Development 2
1.2.1 The Inconvenient Truth 3
1.2.2 Sustainable Development 4
1.2.3 Why Should You Go Green? 4
1.3 Environmental Impacts of IT 4
1.4 Green IT 5
1.4.1 OCED Green IT Framework 6
1.4.2 Green IT 1.0 and 2.0 7
1.5 Holistic Approach to Greening IT 7
1.5.1 Greening Computer’s Entire Life Cycle 8
1.5.2 The Three Rs of Green IT 9
1.6 Greening IT 10
1.6.1 Green PCs, Notebooks and Servers 10
1.6.2 Green Data Centres 10
1.6.3 Green Cloud Computing 12
1.6.4 Green Data Storage 12
1.6.5 Green Software 13
1.6.6 Green Networking and Communications 13
1.7 Applying IT for Enhancing Environmental Sustainability 14
1.8 Green IT Standards and Eco-Labelling of IT 15
1.9 Enterprise Green IT Strategy 15
1.9.1 Green Washing 17
1.10 Green IT: Burden or Opportunity? 17
1.11 Conclusion 18
Review Questions 19
Discussion Questions 19
References 19
Further Reading and Useful Web Sites 20
2 Green Devices and Hardware 23
Ashok Pon Kumar and Sateesh S. Kannegala
Key Points 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Life Cycle of a Device or Hardware 24
2.2.1 Design 25
2.2.2 Manufacturing 26
2.2.3 Packaging and Transportation 28
2.2.4 Use 29
2.3 Reuse, Recycle and Dispose 34
2.4 Conclusions 36
Review Questions 37
Discussion Questions 37
References 37
3 Green Software 39
Bob Steigerwald and Abhishek Agrawal
Key Points 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.1.1 Processor Power States 40
3.2 Energy-Saving Software Techniques 41
3.2.1 Computational Efficiency 42
3.2.2 Data Efficiency 45
3.2.3 Context Awareness 49
3.2.4 Idle Efficiency 52
3.3 Evaluating and Measuring Software Impact to Platform Power 55
3.3.1 Fluke NetDAQ® (Networked Data Acquisition Unit) 55
3.3.2 Software Tools 57
3.4 Summary 59
Acknowledgements 60
Review Questions 61
Discussion Questions 61
References 61
Further Reading 62
4 Sustainable Software Development 63
Felipe Albertao
Key Points 63
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Current Practices 64
4.3 Sustainable Software 65
4.4 Software Sustainability Attributes 66
4.5 Software Sustainability Metrics 68
4.5.1 Modifiability and Reusability 68
4.5.2 Portability 70
4.5.3 Supportability 71
4.5.4 Performance 71
4.5.5 Dependability 71
4.5.6 Usability 71
4.5.7 Accessibility 72
4.5.8 Predictability 72
4.5.9 Efficiency 73
4.5.10 Project’s Carbon Footprint 73
4.6 Sustainable Software Methodology 73
4.6.1 Collecting Metrics 73
4.6.2 Code Metrics Tools 74
4.6.3 Simplified Usability Study 75
4.6.4 Platform Analysis 76
4.6.5 Existing Project Statistics 77
4.7 Defining Actions 77
4.8 Case Study 78
4.8.1 Modifiability and Reusability 78
4.8.2 Portability 78
4.8.3 Supportability 79
4.8.4 Performance 79
4.8.5 Dependability 79
4.8.6 Usability 79
4.8.7 Accessibility 79
4.8.8 Predictability 81
4.8.9 Efficiency 81
4.8.10 Project’s Footprint 81
4.8.11 Results and Actions 81
4.9 Conclusions 82
Review Questions 82
Discussion Questions 82
References 83
5 Green Data Centres 85
Charles G. Sheridan, Keith A. Ellis, Enrique G. Castro-Leon and Christopher P. Fowler
Key Points 85
5.1 Data Centres and Associated Energy Challenges 85
5.2 Data Centre IT Infrastructure 87
5.2.1 Servers 87
5.2.2 Networking 89
5.2.3 Storage 89
5.2.4 IT Platform Innovation 90
5.3 Data Centre Facility Infrastructure: Implications for Energy Efficiency 92
5.3.1 Power System 92
5.3.2 Cooling 95
5.3.3 Facilities Infrastructure Management 97
5.4 IT Infrastructure Management 98
5.4.1 Server Power 98
5.4.2 Consolidation 101
5.4.3 Virtualization 104
5.5 Green Data Centre Metrics 106
5.5.1 PUE and DCiE 106
5.5.2 Power versus Energy Consumption 107
5.6 Data Centre Management Strategies: A Case Study 108
5.6.1 Challenges 108
5.6.2 Tested Solution 108
5.6.3 Impact 108
5.6.4 A Thorough Evaluation 109
5.7 Conclusions 110
Review Questions 111
Discussion Questions 111
References 111
Further Reading and Useful Web Sites 112
6 Green Data Storage 113
Pin Zhou and Nagapramod Mandagere
Key Points 113
6.1 Introduction 113
6.2 Storage Media Power Characteristics 115
6.2.1 Hard Disks 115
6.2.2 Magnetic Tapes 117
6.2.3 Solid-State Drives (SSDs) 117
6.3 Energy Management Techniques for Hard Disks 118
6.3.1 State Transitioning 118
6.3.2 Caching 118
6.3.3 Dynamic RPM 119
6.4 System-Level Energy Management 119
6.4.1 RAID with Power Awareness 120
6.4.2 Power-Aware Data Layout 120
6.4.3 Hierarchical Storage Management 121
6.4.4 Storage Virtualization 122
6.4.5 Cloud Storage 123
6.5 Summary and Research Areas 124
Review Questions 124
Discussion Questions 124
References 124
7 Green Networks and Communications 127
Cathryn Peoples, Gerard Parr, Sally McClean and Philip Morrow
Key Points 127
7.1 Introduction 127
7.1.1 Green Network Communications and Management: Background 128
7.1.2 The Challenge of Next-Generation Networks 129
7.1.3 Benefits of Energy-Efficient Networks 130
7.1.4 Objectives of Green Networking 131
7.1.5 Core Components in Green-Networking Technology 132
7.2 Objectives of Green Network Protocols 132
7.2.1 Energy-Optimizing Protocol Design 133
7.2.2 Bit Costs Associated with Network Communication Protocols 135
7.2.3 Objectives of Green Network Protocols 138
7.3 Green Network Protocols and Standards 140
7.3.1 Strategies to Reduce Carbon Emissions 140
7.3.2 Contributions from the EMAN Working Group 140
7.3.3 Contributions from Standardization Bodies 142
7.3.4 Context Detail to Drive Energy Efficiency 142
7.4 Conclusions 145
Acknowledgements 145
Review Questions 145
Discussion Questions 146
References 146
Further Reading and Useful Web Sites 148
8 Enterprise Green IT Strategy 149
Bhuvan Unhelkar
Key Points 149
8.1 Introduction 149
8.2 Approaching Green IT Strategies 151
8.3 Business Drivers of Green IT Strategy 153
8.3.1 Cost Reduction 153
8.3.2 Demands from Legal and Regulatory Requirements 154
8.3.3 Sociocultural and Political Pressure 155
8.3.4 Enlightened Self-Interest 155
8.3.5 Collaborative Business Ecosystem 155
8.3.6 New Market Opportunities 156
8.4 Business Dimensions for Green IT Transformation 156
8.4.1 Economy 157
8.4.2 Technology 157
8.4.3 Process 158
8.4.4 People 158
8.5 Organizational Considerations in a Green IT Strategy 160
8.6 Steps in Developing a Green IT Strategy 161
8.7 Metrics and Measurements in Green Strategies 163
8.8 Conclusions 164
Review Questions 164
Discussion Questions 164
References 164
9 Sustainable Information Systems and Green Metrics 167
Edward Curry and Brian Donnellan
Key Points 167
9.1 Introduction 167
9.2 Multilevel Sustainable Information 168
9.3 Sustainability Hierarchy Models 170
9.3.1 Sustainability Frameworks 170
9.3.2 Sustainability Principles 172
9.3.3 Tools for Sustainability 172
9.4 Product Level Information 173
9.4.1 Life-Cycle Assessment 173
9.4.2 The Four Stages of LCA 173
9.4.3 CRT Monitors versus LCD Monitors: Life Cycle Assessment 174
9.5 Individual Level Information 174
9.6 Functional Level Information 176
9.6.1 Data Centre Energy Efficiency 176
9.6.2 Data Centre Power Metrics 176
9.6.3 Emerging Data Centre Metrics 177
9.7 Organizational Level Information 178
9.7.1 Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions 178
9.8 Regional/City Level Information 181
9.8.1 Developing a City Sustainability Plan: A Case Study 181
9.9 Measuring the Maturity of Sustainable ICT 182
9.9.1 A Capability Maturity Framework for SICT 182
9.9.2 Defining the Scope and Goal 185
9.9.3 Capability Maturity Levels 185
9.9.4 SICT Capability Building Blocks 186
9.9.5 Assessing and Managing SICT Progress 188
9.10 Conclusions 189
Appendix: Sustainability Tools and Standards 190
Acknowledgements 195
Review Questions 195
Discussion Questions 196
References 196
Further Reading and Useful Web Sites 197
Tools and Carbon Calculators 198
10 Enterprise Green IT Readiness 199
Alemayehu Molla and Vanessa Cooper
Key Points 199
10.1 Introduction 199
10.2 Background: Readiness and Capability 201
10.3 Development of the G-Readiness Framework 202
10.3.1 Green IT Attitude 203
10.3.2 Green IT Policy 204
10.3.3 Green IT Governance 204
10.3.4 Green IT Practice 205
10.3.5 Green IT Technology 205
10.4 Measuring an Organization’s G-Readiness 206
10.4.1 G-Readiness Consultancy Services 206
10.4.2 Calculating the G-Readiness Index via a Survey Instrument 207
10.5 Conclusions 207
Review Questions 208
Discussion Questions 209
References 209
11 Sustainable IT Services: Creating a Framework for Service Innovation 211
Robert R. Harmon and Haluk Demirkan
Key Points 211
11.1 Introduction 211
11.2 Factors Driving the Development of Sustainable IT 213
11.2.1 The Sustainability Dimensions of IT 213
11.2.2 Corporate Sustainability, Social Responsibility and IT 216
11.3 Sustainable IT Services (SITS) 219
11.3.1 Developing a Service-Dominant Logic 219
11.3.2 Business Value, Customer Value and Societal Value 220
11.3.3 SITS as Service Science 222
11.4 SITS Strategic Framework 224
11.4.1 The SITS Value Curve 224
11.4.2 Integrating Sustainable IT and Business Strategy 227
11.5 Sustainable IT Roadmap 229
11.5.1 Time Horizon 229
11.5.2 Market Segments 229
11.5.3 Products, Services and Technologies 229
11.5.4 Compliance, Regulations, Standards and Reporting 231
11.5.5 SITS Standards and Reporting 232
11.5.6 Organizational Changes 232
11.5.7 Value Goals 232
11.6 SITS Leadership and Best Practices 233
11.6.1 IBM 233
11.6.2 Cisco Systems, Inc. 233
11.6.3 Siemens AG 235
11.6.4 HP 235
11.6.5 Intel Corporation 235
11.6.6 Microsoft Corporation 235
11.6.7 Oracle 236
11.6.8 Google 236
11.6.9 Apple 236
11.6.10 Samsung 236
11.6.11 Pachube 236
11.6.12 SeeClickFix 237
11.7 Conclusions 237
11.8 Summary 237
Review Questions 238
Discussion Questions 238
References 238
Useful Web Sites 242
12 Green Enterprises and the Role of IT 243
Joseph Sarkis
Key Points 243
12.1 Introduction 243
12.2 Organizational and Enterprise Greening 244
12.2.1 The Green Enterprise: A Value Chain Perspective 245
12.3 Information Systems in Greening Enterprises 248
12.3.1 Environmental Management Information Systems 250
12.3.2 Software and Databases 250
12.3.3 ERP EMISs 250
12.3.4 ERP Challenges and Deficiencies with Respect to EMIS 254
12.3.5 Integrating Environmental and LCA Information with ERP 254
12.3.6 Electronic Environmental and Sustainability Reporting 255
12.4 Greening the Enterprise: IT Usage and Hardware 255
12.4.1 Environmental Information Technology Standards 256
12.4.2 Green Management of Data Centres 256
12.5 Inter-organizational Enterprise Activities and Green Issues 256
12.5.1 Electronic Commerce and Greening the Extended Enterprise 257
12.5.2 Demanufacturing and Reverse Logistics 258
12.5.3 Eco-Industrial Parks and Information Systems 259
12.6 Enablers and Making the Case for IT and the Green Enterprise 261
12.7 Conclusions 262
Review Questions 262
Discussion Questions 262
References 263
13 Environmentally Aware Business Process Improvement in the Enterprise Context 265
Konstantin Hoesch-Klohe and Aditya Ghose
Key Points 265
13.1 Introduction 265
13.2 Identifying the Environmental Impact of an Activity or Process 266
13.2.1 Educated Guess by an Expert 266
13.2.2 Derivation from a Resource Model 267
13.2.3 Carbon-Dioxide Accumulation 267
13.2.4 Activity-Based Costing 267
13.3 A Decision Support Tool for Environmentally Aware Business Process Improvement 268
13.3.1 Some Preliminaries 268
13.3.2 The Business Process Improvement System 269
13.4 Process Improvement in the Enterprise Context 270
13.4.1 The Enterprise Ecosystem 271
13.4.2 Enterprise Ecosystem Equilibrium 272
13.5 Impact and Change Propagation Analysis 272
13.5.1 Identifying the Consequences of a Business Process Change 272
13.5.2 Re-Establishing a State of Equilibrium 273
13.6 Trade-Off Analysis 275
13.6.1 Cost to Bring about the Change 275
13.6.2 Environmental Operating Costs 276
13.7 An Example 276
13.7.1 As-Is Scenario 276
13.7.2 Improvement Scenarios 277
13.7.3 Assessing Scenarios 278
13.8 Conclusions 280
Review Questions 280
Discussion Questions 280
References 280
14 Managing Green IT 283
Linda R. Wilbanks
Key Points 283
14.1 Introduction 283
14.2 Strategizing Green Initiatives 284
14.2.1 Strategic Thinking 284
14.2.2 Strategic Planning 285
14.2.3 Strategic Implementation 286
14.2.4 Enterprise Architecture Planning 286
14.3 Implementation of Green IT 288
14.3.1 Return on Investment 289
14.3.2 Metrics 290
14.3.3 The Goal–Question–Metric (GQM) Paradigm 291
14.4 Information Assurance 292
14.4.1 Risk Management 292
14.5 Communication and Social Media 294
14.6 Case Study 295
14.7 Summary 296
Review Questions 296
Discussion Questions 296
References 296
15 Regulating Green IT: Laws, Standards and Protocols 297
Tom Butler
Key Points 297
15.1 Introduction 297
15.2 The Regulatory Environment and IT Manufacturers 299
15.2.1 RoHS 300
15.2.2 REACh 301
15.2.3 WEEE 302
15.2.4 Legislating for GHG Emissions and Energy Use of IT Equipment 303
15.3 Nonregulatory Government Initiatives 303
15.4 Industry Associations and Standards Bodies 305
15.5 Green Building Standards 306
15.6 Green Data Centres 306
15.7 Social Movements and Greenpeace 308
15.8 Conclusions 311
Review Questions 312
Discussion Questions 313
References 313
Further Reading 314
16 Green Cloud Computing and Environmental Sustainability 315
Saurabh Kumar Garg and Rajkumar Buyya
Key Points 315
16.1 Introduction 315
16.2 What is Cloud Computing? 318
16.2.1 Cloud Computing Characteristics 318
16.2.2 Components of Cloud Computing 319
16.2.3 Cloud Computing Deployment Models 321
16.3 Cloud Computing and Energy Usage Model: A Typical Example 322
16.3.1 User and Cloud Software Applications 323
16.3.2 Cloud Software Stack for the SaaS, PaaS and IaaS Levels 323
16.3.3 Network Devices 324
16.3.4 Data Centres 325
16.4 Features of Clouds Enabling Green Computing 325
16.5 Towards Energy Efficiency of Cloud Computing 327
16.5.1 Applications 327
16.5.2 Cloud Software Stack: Virtualization and Provisioning 327
16.5.3 Data Centre Level: Cooling, Hardware, Network and Storage 329
16.5.4 Monitoring and Metering 330
16.5.5 Network Infrastructure 331
16.6 Green Cloud Architecture 332
16.7 Case Study: IaaS Provider 334
16.8 Conclusions and Future Directions 336
Acknowledgements 337
Review Questions 337
Discussion Questions 337
References 337
17 Harnessing Semantic Web Technologies for the Environmental Sustainability of Production Systems 341
Chris Davis, Igor Nikolic and Gerard Dijkema
Key Points 341
17.1 Introduction 341
17.2 Information Management for Environmental Sustainability 344
17.2.1 Invisible Coordination 344
17.2.2 Sustainability and Networks 344
17.2.3 Need for Information Management Techniques 345
17.3 Ecosystem of Software Tools 346
17.3.1 MediaWiki 346
17.3.2 Semantic MediaWiki 348
17.3.3 SparqlExtension 350
17.3.4 Semantic Web 351
17.4 Examples of Managing Data 353
17.4.1 Pages for Commodities 353
17.4.2 Pages for Processes 354
17.4.3 Pages for Overviews and Information Management 356
17.4.4 Reuse of Data across Multiple Levels and Points of View 358
17.5 Challenges and Guiding Principles 358
17.5.1 Challenges 358
17.5.2 Guiding Principles 359
17.6 Conclusions 360
Review Questions 361
Discussion Questions 361
References 361
Further Reading and Useful Web Sites 363
18 Green IT: An Outlook 365
San Murugesan and G.R. Gangadharan
Key Points 365
18.1 Introduction 365
18.2 Awareness to Implementation 366
18.2.1 Green IT Trends 366
18.2.2 Green Engineering 367
18.3 Greening by IT 368
18.3.1 Using RFID for Environmental Sustainability 368
18.3.2 Smart Grids 369
18.3.3 Smart Buildings and Homes 371
18.3.4 Green Supply Chain and Logistics 371
18.3.5 Enterprise-Wide Environmental Sustainability 372
18.4 Green IT: A Megatrend? 373
18.4.1 Outsourcing and Environmental Attributes 374
18.4.2 Green Audit 375
18.5 A Seven-Step Approach to Creating Green IT Strategy 375
18.5.1 Balancing the Costs and Benefits of Going Green 376
18.6 Research and Development Directions 376
18.7 Prospects 377
Review Questions 378
Discussion Questions 378
References 378
Glossary 381
Index 389
