Description
Book SynopsisCYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS Provides a unique general theory of cyber-physical systems, focusing on how physical, data, and decision processes are articulated as a complex whole
Cyber-physical systems (CPS) operate in complex environments systems with integrated physical and computational capabilities. With the ability to interact with humans through variety of modalities, cyber-physical systems are applied across areas such as Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled devices, smart grids, autonomous automotive systems, medical monitoring, and distributed robotics. Existing engineering methods are capable of solving technical problems, yet the deployment of CPS in a net-enabled society requires a general theory of cyber-physical systems that goes beyond specific study cases and their associated technological development.
Cyber-physical Systems: Theory, Methodology, and Applications is a unique theoretical-methodological guide to assessing systems where complex informa
Table of Contents
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Cyber-Physical Systems in 2020 1
1.2 Need for a General Theory 3
1.3 Historical Highlights: Control Theory, Information Theory, and Cybernetics 6
1.4 Philosophical Background 9
1.5 Book Structure 14
1.6 Summary 15
Exercises 15
References 16
Part I 19
2 System 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Systems Engineering 22
2.3 Demarcation of Specific Systems 24
2.4 Classification of Systems 28
2.4.1 Natural and Human-Made Systems 29
2.4.2 Material and Conceptual Systems 29
2.4.3 Static and Dynamic Systems 30
2.4.4 Closed and Open Systems 31
2.5 Maxwell’s Demon as a System 31
2.5.1 System Demarcation 33
2.5.2 Classification 33
2.5.3 Discussions 34
2.6 Summary 35
Exercises 36
References 37
3 Uncertainty 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Games and Uncertainty 40
3.3 Uncertainty and Probability Theory 45
3.4 Random Variables: Dependence and Stochastic Processes 56
3.5 Summary 63
Exercises 63
References 64
4 Information 67
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Data and Information 68
4.3 Information and Its Different Forms 75
4.3.1 Mathematical Information and Communication 76
4.3.2 Semantic Information 77
4.3.3 Biological Information 78
4.3.4 Physical Information 79
4.4 Physical and Symbolic Realities 79
4.5 Summary 82
Exercises 82
References 84
5 Network 87
5.1 Introduction 87
5.2 Network Types 92
5.2.1 Peer-to-Peer Networks 93
5.2.2 One-to-Many, Many-to-One, and Star Networks 93
5.2.3 Complete and Erdös–Rényi Networks 94
5.2.4 Line, Ring, and Regular Networks 94
5.2.5 Watts–Strogatz, Barabási–Albert and Other Networks 95
5.3 Processes on Networks and Applications 96
5.3.1 Communication Systems 97
5.3.2 Transportation in Cities 98
5.3.3 Virus Propagation and Epidemiology 99
5.4 Limitations 101
5.4.1 From (Big) Data to Mathematical Abstractions 101
5.4.2 From Mathematical Abstractions to Models of Physical Processes 103
5.4.3 Universality and Cross-Domain Issues 103
5.5 Summary 105
Exercises 105
References 106
6 Decisions and Actions 109
6.1 Introduction 109
6.2 Forms of Decision-Making 110
6.3 Optimization 113
6.4 Game Theory 117
6.5 Rule-Based Decisions 123
6.6 Limitations 124
6.7 Summary 126
Exercises 126
References 129
Part II 131
7 The Three Layers of Cyber-Physical Systems 133
7.1 Introduction 133
7.2 Physical Layer, Measuring, and Sensing Processes 137
7.3 Data Layer and Informing Processes 139
7.4 Decision Layer and Acting Processes 144
7.5 Self-developing Reflexive–Active System and Cyber-Physical Systems 145
7.6 Layer-Based Protocols and Cyber-Physical Systems Design 147
7.7 Summary 152
Exercises 152
References 153
8 Dynamics of Cyber-Physical Systems 155
8.1 Introduction 155
8.2 Dynamics of Cyber-Physical Systems 159
8.2.1 Elementary Cellular Automaton 159
8.2.2 Example of a Cyber-Physical System 163
8.2.3 Observable Attributes and Performance Metrics 164
8.2.4 Optimization 167
8.3 Failures and Layer-Based Attacks 170
8.4 Summary 174
Exercises 174
References 174
Part III 177
9 Enabling Information and Communication Technologies 179
9.1 Introduction 179
9.2 Data Networks and Wireless Communications 180
9.2.1 Network Layers and Their Protocols 181
9.2.2 Network: Edge and Core 185
9.2.3 IoT, Machine-Type Communications, and 5G 187
9.3 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 189
9.3.1 Machine Learning: Data, Model, and Loss Function 191
9.3.2 Formalizing and Solving a ML Problem 191
9.3.3 ml Methods 193
9.4 Decentralized Computing and Distributed Ledger Technology 194
9.4.1 Federated Learning and Decentralized Machine Learning 194
9.4.2 Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology 196
9.5 Future Technologies: A Look at the Unknown Future 198
9.5.1 Quantum Internet 198
9.5.2 Internet of Bio-Nano Things 199
9.5.3 After Moore’s Law 200
9.6 Summary 202
Exercises 202
References 204
10 Applications 207
10.1 Introduction 207
10.2 Cyber-Physical Industrial System 209
10.2.1 Tennessee Eastman Process 209
10.2.2 Tennessee Eastman Process as a Cyber-Physical System 211
10.2.3 Example of Fault Detection in the TEP 214
10.3 Cyber-Physical Energy System 215
10.3.1 Electricity Power Grid as a System 216
10.3.2 Frequency Regulation by Smart Fridges 218
10.3.3 Challenges in Demand-Side Management in Cyber-Physical Energy Systems 222
10.4 Other Examples 223
10.4.1 Cyber-Physical Public Health Surveillance System 223
10.4.2 Mobile Application for Real-Time Traffic Routes 224
10.5 Summary 226
Exercises 227
References 230
11 Beyond Technology 233
11.1 Introduction 233
11.2 Governance Models 235
11.2.1 Markets 235
11.2.2 Central Planning 238
11.2.3 Commons 240
11.2.4 Final Remarks About Governance Models 245
11.3 Social Implications of the Cyber Reality 245
11.3.1 Data Ownership 245
11.3.2 Global Platforms 246
11.3.3 Fake News 247
11.3.4 Hybrid Warfare 248
11.4 The Cybersyn Project 251
11.5 Summary 253
Exercises 253
References 254
12 Closing Words 259
12.1 Strong Theory Leads to Informed Practices 260
12.2 Open Challenges in CPSs 261
12.3 CPSs and the Fourth Industrial Revolution 262
12.4 Building the Future 263
Exercises 263
Index 265
