Coverage of over 60 additional
Table of Contents
Preface vii Acknowledgements x
Contract abbreviations xi
PART I 1
1 Introduction 3
1.1 Structure of the book 3
1.2 Types of claims 3
1.3 The basis of claims 8
1.4 Architect's and contract administrator's powers and liability to contractor 11
1.5 Quantity surveyor’s powers 16
2 Time 20
2.1 Time of the essence 20
2.2 Time at large 22
2.3 Extension of time clauses in contracts 26
2.4 Concurrency 32
2.5 Acceleration 40
2.6 Sectional completion 47
2.7 The SCL extension of time Protocol 51
3 Liquidated damages 57
3.1 The meaning and purpose of liquidated damages 57
3.2 Liquidated damages or penalty 58
3.3 Liquidated damages as limitation of liability 65
3.4 Sums greater than a genuine pre-estimate 66
3.5 Liquidated damages as an exhaustive remedy 67
3.6 Injunction 72
3.7 Liquidated damages in relation to loss 74
3.8 Where there is no breach of contract 75
3.9 Calculation of liquidated damages 77
3.10 Where there is partial possession 78
3.11 Maximum recovery if sum is a penalty 80
3.12 Maximum recovery if liquidated damages do not apply 82
3.13 Defences to liquidated damages in building contracts 84
3.14 Bonus clauses 93
4 Basis for common law claims 95
4.1 General 95
4.2 Implied terms 97
4.3 Variation of contract 103
4.4 Omission of work to give it to others 104
4.5 Extra work 107
4.6 Possession of site 109
4.7 Site conditions 113
5 Direct loss and/or expense 117
5.1 Defi nition 117
5.2 Direct v indirect 118
5.3 Exclusion of consequential loss 120
6 Points of principle 123
6.1 Measure of damages 123
6.2 Burden of proof 124
6.3 Res ipsa loquitur 125
6.4 Mitigation of loss 125
6.5 Betterment 127
6.6 Notices 128
6.7 Categories of claim 135
7 Potential heads of claim 140
7.1 Foreshortened programme 140
7.2 The ‘knock-on’ effect 143
7.3 The more common heads of loss 147
7.4 Cost of a claim 180
8 Causation 182
8.1 Theory 182
8.2 Use of networks 184
8.3 Float 189
9 Global claims 192
9.1 Basic principles of global claims 192
9.2 Unacceptable global claims 194
9.3 The current position 196
10 Preparation and substantiation of claims 201
10.1 Preparing a claim 201
10.2 Types of evidence required to support a claim 206
10.3 ‘Scott schedules’ 213
PART II 217
11 Extension of time under JCT standard form contracts 219
11.1 Standard Building Contract (SBC) 219
11.2 Intermediate Building Contract (IC and ICD) 248
11.3 Minor Works Building Contract (MW and MWD) 251
11.4 Design and Build Contract (DB) 254
11.5 Prime Cost Building Contract (PCC) 256
11.6 Management Building Contract (MC) 257
11.7 Construction Management Trade Contract (CM/TC) 259
11.8 Major Project Construction Contract (MP) 260
11.9 Measured Term Contract (MTC) 262
11.10 Constructing Excellence Contract (CE) 264
12 Liquidated damages under JCT standard form contracts 268
12.1 Standard Building Contract (SBC) 268
12.2 Intermediate Building Contract (IC and ICD) 273
12.3 Minor Works Building Contract (MW and MWD) 273
12.4 Design and Build Contract (DB) 274
12.5 Prime Cost Building Contract (PCC) 275
12.6 Management Building Contract (MC) 275
12.7 Construction Management Trade Contract (CM/TC) 275
12.8 Major Project Construction Contract (MP) 276
12.9 Measured Term Contract (MTC) 276
12.10 Constructing Excellence Contract (CE) 277
13 Loss and/or expense under JCT standard form contracts 278
13.1 Standard Building Contract (SBC) 278
13.2 Intermediate Building Contract (IC and ICD) 305
13.3 Minor Works Building Contract (MW and MWD) 309
13.4 Design and Build Contract (DB) 311
13.5 Prime Cost Building Contract (PCC) 315
13.6 Management Building Contract (MC) 316
13.7 Construction Management Trade Contract (CM/TC) 316
13.8 Major Project Construction Contract (MP) 316
13.9 Measured Term Contract (MTC) 318
13.10 Constructing Excellence Contract (CE) 318
14 Variations 319
14.1 Introduction 319
14.2 The baseline 320
14.3 Bills of quantities 321
14.4 Functions of the architect and the quantity surveyor 324
14.5 JCT Standard Building Contract (SBC) 325
14.6 JCT Intermediate Building Contract (IC and ICD) 345
14.7 JCT Minor Works Building Contract (MW and MWD) 350
14.8 JCT Design and Build Contract (DB) 352
14.9 JCT Prime Cost Building Contract (PCC) 360
14.10 JCT Management Building Contract (MC) 361
14.11 JCT Construction Management Trade Contract (CM/TC) 361
14.12 JCT Major Project Construction Contract (MP) 362
14.13 JCT Measured Term Contract (MTC) 364
14.14 JCT Constructing Excellence Contract (CE) 366
PART III 367
15 Claims Under The General Conditions of Government Contracts for Building and Civil Engineering Works (GC/Works/1(1998)) 369
15.1 Introduction 369
15.2 Extension of time and liquidated damages 369
15.3 Prolongation and disruption 377
15.4 Valuation of instructions 381
16 Claims under the ACA Form of Building Agreement (ACA 3) 385
16.1 Introduction 385
16.2 Extension of time and liquidated damages 386
16.3 Prolongation and disruption 395
16.4 Valuation of instructions 402
17 Claims under the ACA Standard Form of Contract for Project Partnering (PPC2000) 407
17.1 Introduction 407
17.2 Extension of time and damages 408
17.3 Loss and/or expense 413
17.4 Changes 415
18 Claims under NEC 3 Engineering and Construction Contract (NEC 3) 418
18.1 Introduction 418
18.2 Compensation events 420
18.3 Delay damages 444
19 Sub-contract claims 446
19.1 Introduction 446
19.2 JCT Standard Building Sub-Contract Conditions (SBCSub/C) 446
19.3 JCT Standard Building Sub-Contract with Sub-Contractor’s Design Conditions (SBCSub/D/C) 457
19.4 JCT Intermediate Named Sub-Contract Conditions (ICSubNAM/SC) 458
19.5 JCT Intermediate Sub-Contract Conditions (ICSub/C) 459
19.6 JCT Intermediate Sub-Contract with Sub-Contractor's Design Conditions (ICSub/D/C) 460
19.7 JCT Design and Build Sub-Contract Conditions (DBSub/C) 460
19.8 JCT Management Works Contract Conditions (MCWC/C) 462
19.9 ACA Form of Sub-Contract (ACA/SC) 465
APPENDIX 473
Example of contractor's claim for reimbursement of direct loss and/or expense under SBC with quantities clauses 4.23–4.26 – architect's and quantity surveyor's assessment with commentary 475
Table of cases 498
Table of standard form contract clauses 512
Index 523
