Description
Book SynopsisBrain–computer interfaces (BCI) are devices which measure brain activity and translate it into messages or commands, thereby opening up many possibilities for investigation and application. This book provides keys for understanding and designing these multi-disciplinary interfaces, which require many fields of expertise such as neuroscience, statistics, informatics and psychology.
This second volume, Technology and Applications, is focused on the field of BCI from the perspective of its end users, such as those with disabilities to practitioners. Covering clinical applications and the field of video games, the book then goes on to explore user needs which drive the design and development of BCI. The software used for their design, primarily OpenViBE, is explained step by step, before a discussion on the use of BCI from ethical, philosophical and social perspectives.
The basic notions developed in this reference book are intended to be accessible to all readers interested in BCI, whatever their background. More advanced material is also offered, for readers who want to expand their knowledge in disciplinary fields underlying BCI.
Table of ContentsForeword xv
José DEL R. MILLÁN
Introduction xvii
Maureen CLERC, Laurent BOUGRAIN and Fabien LOTTE
Part 1. Fields of Application 1
Chapter 1. Brain–Computer Interfaces in Disorders of Consciousness 3
Jérémie MATTOUT, Jacques LUAUTÉ, Julien JUNG and Dominique MORLET
1.1. Introduction 3
1.2. Altered states of consciousness: etiologies and clinical features 4
1.3. Functional assessment of patients with altered states of consciousness (passive paradigms) 6
1.4. Advanced approaches to assessing consciousness (active paradigms) 12
1.5. Toward the real-time use of functional markers 15
1.6. Conclusion and future outlook 19
1.7. Bibliography 21
Chapter 2. Medical Applications: Neuroprostheses and Neurorehabilitation 29
Laurent BOUGRAIN
2.1. Motor deficiencies 30
2.2. Compensating for motor deficiency 32
2.3. Conclusions 39
2.4. Bibliography 39
Chapter 3. Medical Applications of BCIs for Patient Communication 43
François CABESTAING and Louis MAYAUD
3.1. Introduction 43
3.2. Reactive interfaces for communication 49
3.3. Active interfaces for communication 53
3.4. Conclusions 59
3.5. Bibliography 60
Chapter 4. BrainTV: Revealing the Neural Bases of Human Cognition in Real Time 65
Jean-Philippe LACHAUX
4.1. Introduction and motivation 65
4.2. Toward first person data accounting 66
4.3. Bringing subjective and objective data into the same space: conscious experience of the subject 69
4.4. Technical aspects: the contribution of brain–computer interfaces 70
4.5. The BrainTV system and its applications 75
4.6. BrainTV limitations 81
4.7. Extension to other types of recordings 82
4.8. Conclusions 82
4.9. Bibliography 83
Chapter 5. BCIs and Video Games: State of the Art with the OpenViBE2 Project 85
Anatole LÉCUYER
5.1. Introduction 85
5.2. Video game prototypes controlled by BCI 88
5.3. Industrial prototypes: the potential for very different kinds of games 93
5.4. Discussion 96
5.5. Conclusion 98
5.6. Bibliography 98
Part 2. Practical Aspects of BCI Implementation 101
Chapter 6. Analysis of Patient Need for Brain–Computer Interfaces 103
Louis MAYAUD, Salvador CABANILLES and Eric AZABOU
6.1. Introduction 103
6.2. Types of users 108
6.3. Interpretation of needs in BCI usage contexts 113
6.4. Conclusions 117
6.5. Bibliography 119
Chapter 7. Sensors: Theory and Innovation 123
Jean-Michel BADIER, Thomas LONJARET and Pierre LELEUX
7.1. EEG electrodes 125
7.2. Invasive recording 128
7.3. Latest generation sensors 130
7.4. Magnetoencephalography 137
7.5. Conclusions 139
7.6. Bibliography 140
Chapter 8. Technical Requirements for High-quality EEG Acquisition 143
Emmanuel MABY
8.1. Electrodes 144
8.2. Montages . 145
8.3. Amplifiers 147
8.4. Analog filters 152
8.5. Analog-to-digital conversion 152
8.6. Event synchronization with the EEG 155
8.7. Conclusions 159
8.8. Bibliography 160
Chapter 9. Practical Guide to Performing an EEG Experiment 163
Emmanuel MABY
9.1. Study planning 163
9.2. Equipment 166
9.3. Experiment procedure 170
9.4. Bibliography 177
Part 3 . Step by Step Guide to BCI Design with OpenViBE 179
Chapter 10. OpenViBE and Other BCI Software Platforms 181
Jussi LINDGREN and Anatole LECUYER
10.1. Introduction 181
10.2. Using BCI for control 183
10.3. BCI processing stages 184
10.4. Exploring BCI 187
10.5. Comparison of platforms 189
10.6. Choosing a platform 195
10.7. Conclusion 196
10.8. Bibliography 197
Chapter 11. Illustration of Electrophysiological Phenomena with OpenViBE 199
Fabien LOTTE and Alison CELLARD
11.1. Visualization of raw EEG signals and artifacts 200
11.2. Visualization of alpha oscillations 201
11.3. Visualization of the beta rebound 203
11.4. Visualization of the SSVEP 206
11.5. Conclusions 208
11.6. Bibliography 209
Chapter 12. Classification of Brain Signals with OpenViBE 211
Laurent BOUGRAIN and Guillaume SERRIÈRE
12.1. Introduction 211
12.2. Classification 212
12.3. Evaluation 216
12.4. Conclusions 224
12.5. Bibliography 224
Chapter 13. OpenViBE Illustration of a P300 Virtual Keyboard 227
Nathanaël FOY, Théodore PAPADOPOULO and Maureen CLERC
13.1. Target/non-target classification 228
13.2. Illustration of a P300 virtual keyboard 235
13.3. Bibliography 240
Chapter 14. Recreational Applications of OpenViBE: Brain Invaders and Use-the-Force 241
Anton ANDREEV, Alexandre BARACHANT, Fabien LOTTE and Marco CONGEDO
14.1. Brain Invaders 241
14.2. Implementation 248
14.3. Use-The-Force! 251
14.4. Conclusions 256
14.5. Bibliography 257
Part 4. Societal Challenges and Perspectives 259
Chapter 15. Ethical Reflections on Brain–Computer Interfaces 261
Florent BOCQUELET, Gaëlle PIRET, Nicolas AUMONIER and Blaise YVERT
15.1. Introduction 262
15.2. The animal 264
15.3. Human beings 267
15.4. The human species 274
15.5. Conclusions 279
15.6. Bibliography 281
Chapter 16. Acceptance of Brain–machine Hybrids: How is Their Brain Perceived In Vivo? 289
Bernard ANDRIEU
16.1. Ethical problem 289
16.2. The method 291
16.3. Ethics of experimentation: Matthew Nagle, the first patient 293
16.4. Body language in performance 296
16.5. Ethics of autonomous (re)socialization 297
16.6. Conclusions . 303
16.7. Bibliography 304
16.8. Appendix (verbatim video retranscriptions) 304
Chapter 17. Conclusion and Perspectives 311
Maureen CLERC, Laurent BOUGRAIN and Fabien LOTTE
17.1. Introduction 311
17.2. Reinforcing the scientific basis of BCIs 314
17.3. Using BCI in practice 316
17.4. Opening up BCI technologies to new applications and fields 318
17.5. Concern about ethical issues 321
17.6. Conclusions 321
17.7. Bibliography 322
List of Authors 325
Index 329
Contents of Volume 1 333
