Table of Contents
Preface xiii
1 Contact Angle Determination of Talc Powders from Heat of Immersion 1
Ismail Yildirim and Roe-Hoan Yoon
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Theoretical Background 3
1.3 Experimental 5
1.3.1 Materials 5
1.3.2 Experimental Apparatus and Procedures 6
1.4 Results and Discussion 7
1.5 Summary 15
References 15
2 Surface Wetting at Macro and Nanoscale 17
Meenakshi Annamalai, Saurav Prakash, Siddhartha Ghosh, Abhijeet Patra and T. Venkatesan
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Intrinsic Wetting Properties of REOs 20
2.3 Nanoscale Approach to Measuring Wettability 25
2.4 On the Nature of Wettability of van der Waals Heterostructures 28
2.5 Summary 33
References 34
3 Wettability of Wood Surfaces with Waterborne Acrylic Lacquer Stains Modulated by DBD Plasma Treatment in Air at Atmospheric Pressure 41
Jure igon, Marko Petrič and Sebastian Dahle
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Materials and Methods 43
3.2.1 Materials 43
3.2.2 Plasma Treatment 43
3.2.3 Contact Angle (CA) Measurements and Surface Free Energy (SFE) Determination 44
3.2.4 Spreading Area Determination 45
3.2.5 Application of Coatings on Sample Surfaces 45
3.2.6 Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy 46
3.2.7 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy 46
3.2.8 Pull-Off Adhesion Strength of the Coatings 46
3.2.9 Cross-Cut Test 46
3.3 Results and Discussion 47
3.3.1 Contact Angles and Surface Free Energy 47
3.3.2 Spreading of Colored Water Droplets on Untreated and Plasma Treated Wood Surfaces 47
3.3.3 Surface Roughness 50
3.3.4 Contact Angles of Primer and Topcoat 50
3.3.5 Adhesion Strength Determined by the Pull-Off Test Method 52
3.3.6 The Results of the Cross-Cut Tests 53
3.4 Summary and Conclusions 53
Acknowledgements 54
References 54
4 Wettability of Ultrafiltration Membranes 57
Konrad Terpiłowski, Małgorzata Bielska, Krystyna Prochaska and Emil Chibowski
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Apparent Surface Free Energy Determination 58
4.2.1 Contact Angle Hysteresis Approach 59
4.2.2 Neumann Equation-of-State Approach 59
4.2.3 Equilibrium Contact Angle Approach 59
4.2.4 van Oss, Chaudhury and Good Approach 60
4.3 Experimental 60
4.3.1 Materials 60
4.3.2 Methods 61
4.4 Results and Discussion 61
4.4.1 Surface Topography 61
4.4.2 Contact Angle Measurements 65
4.5 Conclusions 70
References 71
5 Determination of the Surface Free Energy of Solid Surfaces: Can the Best Model be Found 73
Frank M. Etzler
5.1 Introduction 74
5.1.1 Zisman Critical Surface Tension 74
5.1.2 Neumann’s Method 75
5.1.3 van Oss, Chaudhury and Good Approach 77
5.1.4 Chen and Chang Model 80
5.2 The Present Study 82
5.2.1 Statistical Methods 82
5.2.2 Dalal’s Data 85
5.3 Data Analysis 86
5.3.1 Fittting of PVC Data 86
5.3.2 Fitting of PMMA Data 88
5.3.3 Assessing Which Model is Best 92
5.4 Summary and Conclusions 95
References 96
6 Surface Free Energy Characterization of Talc Particles 99
Ismail Yildirim and Roe-Hoan Yoon
6.1 Introduction 99
6.2 Theoretical Background 100
6.2.1 vOCG Equation 100
6.2.2 Contact Angle Measurements 102
6.3 Experimental 104
6.3.1 Talc Samples 104
6.3.2 Liquids 104
6.3.3 Capillary Rise Method 104
6.3.4 Thin Layer Wicking Method 105
6.3.5 Heat of Immersion Method 105
6.4 Results and Discussion 106
6.4.1 Heat of Immersion 106
6.4.2 Contact Angles 107
6.4.3 Talc Surface Free Energy and Its Components 110
6.5 Summary and Conclusions 112
References 113
7 Determination of the Surface Free Energy of Skin and the Factors Affecting it by the Contact Angle Method 115
Davide Rossi and Antonio Bettero
7.1 Introduction 116
7.2 Experimental 118
7.2.1 Method for Preparation of Ex Vivo Skin 120
7.2.2 Preparation of Liposomal Dispersion by the Bettero/Gazzaniga Method 120
7.2.3 Preparation of Test Liquids for the Surface Free Energy Analysis of In Vivo and Ex Vivo Skin 120
7.2.4 Determination of SFE of In Vivo and Ex Vivo Skin using the SFECA Method 121
7.2.5 Evaluation of the Epidermic Hydration State by Corneometric Approach 123
7.2.6 Determination of the Epidermic Hydration State by the SFECA Method 123
7.2.7 Correlation Analyses and Mathematical Means 125
7.3 Results and Discussion 125
7.3.1 Determination of the SFE of Ex Vivo Skin by the SFECA Method 126
7.3.1.1 Comparison between Surface Free Energy and Corneometric Data for the In Vivo Skin Hydration State Evaluation 129
7.3.1.2 Determination of the Hydration State of In Vivo Skin 130
7.3.2 Characterization of SFE, DC and PC of In Vivo Skin by the SFECA Method 132
7.3.3 Determination of SFESKIN and Applicability of TVS Skin Test by the SFECA Method 135
7.4 Summary and Conclusions 139
Acknowledgments 141
References 141
8 Determination of Surface Tension Components of Aqueous Solutions Using Fomblin HC/25® Perfluoropolyether Liquid Film as a Solid Substrate 145
D. Rossi, S. Rossi and N. Realdon
8.1 Introduction 146
8.2 Materials Used 151
8.3 Fomblin HC-25® Perfluoropolyether Liquid Film Preparation (Solid-Like Methodology) 153
8.4 Determination of Surface Free Energy (SFE) 153
8.4.1 Determination of Surface Free Energy (SFE) of PermaFoam 154
8.4.2 Determination of Surface Tension (ST) of MilliQ Water 155
8.4.3 Determination of Surface Tension (ST) of Aqueous Solutions in DW 158
8.4.3.1 Sodium Chloride Solutions 160
8.4.3.2 Glycerol Solutions 162
8.4.3.3 Sucrose Solutions 163
8.4.3.4 Ternary Sugar Solutions 167
8.5 Analysis of Correlations 170
8.6 Summary and Conclusions 171
8.7 Acknowledgements 174
List of Abbreviations 174
References 175
9 Enhancing the Wettability of Polybenzimidazole (PBI) to Improve Fuel Cell Performance 179
Katerine Vega, Matthew Cocca, Han Le, Marc Toro, Anthony Garcia, Andrew Fleischer, Alla Bailey, Joel Shertok, Michael Mehan, Surendra K. Gupta and Gerald A. Takacs
9.1 Introduction 180
9.2 Experimental 181
9.2.1 Materials 181
9.2.2 Production of O Atoms 181
9.2.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 181
9.2.4 Contact Angle Goniometry 182
9.2.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 182
9.2.6 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) 182
9.3 Results and Discussion 183
9.3.1 XPS Analysis 183
9.3.1.1 XPS Quantitative Analyses and Contact Angle Measurements 183
9.3.1.2 XPS Chemical State Analysis 184
9.3.2 Surface Topography of PBI Treated with O Atoms 185
9.3.3 TGA Analysis of PBI Samples Treated with O Atoms and Doped with H3PO4 186
9.4 Discussion 188
9.5 Conclusions 189
Acknowledgments 189
References 190
10 Evaluation of Sebum Resistance for Long-Wear Face Make-Up Products Using Contact Angle Measurements 193
Hy Si Bui, Mariko Hasebe and Jody Ebanks
10.1 Introduction 193
10.1.1 Long-Wear Foundation 193
10.1.2 Wetting and Spreading 195
10.2 Experiments 196
10.2.1 Foundation Samples and Bio Skin Plate 196
10.2.2 Rheology of Foundation Samples 196
10.2.3 Surface Roughness 197
10.2.4 Contact Angle Measurements 197
10.3 Results and Discussion 198
10.3.1 Rheology of Foundation Samples 198
10.3.2 Surface Roughness 200
10.3.3 Surface Free Energy of Bio Skin Substrate and Foundation Films 203
10.4 Contact Angles of Foundations with Water 207
10.5 Contact Angles of Foundations with Sebum 209
10.6 Effect of Sebum on Color Transfer and Film Integrity 214
10.7 Summary and Prospects 215
Acknowledgements 217
References 217
11 Contact Angle Hysteresis of Pressure Sensitive Adhesives due to Adhesion Tension Relaxation 223
Naoto Shiomura, Takashi Sekine and Dehua Yang
11.1 Introduction 223
11.2 Theoretical Background 224
11.3 Experimental 228
11.3.1 Preparation of Samples and Experimental Conditions 228
11.3.2 Static Contact Angle Measurement 228
11.3.3 Surface Free Energy (SFE) Analysis 228
11.3.4 Dynamic Contact Angle as a Function of Time 229
11.3.5 Dynamic Contact Angle Hysteresis with the Wilhelmy Plate Method 229
11.3.6 Adhesion Tension Relaxation (ATR) 229
11.3.7 Peel Force Measurement 230
11.4 Results and Discussion 230
11.4.1 Static Contact Angles and SFE Analysis 230
11.4.2 Dynamic Contact Angle as a Function of Time 232
11.4.3 Dynamic Contact Angle Hysteresis 232
11.4.4 Adhesion Tension Relaxation (ATR) 233
11.4.5 Peel Force 235
11.5 Conclusion 236
References 237
12 The Potential of Surface Nano-Engineering and Superhydrophobic Surfaces in Drag Reduction 239
Ali Shahsavari, Amir Nejat and Seyed Farshid Chini
Nomenclature 240
Greek Letters 240
Subscripts 241
Superscript 241
12.1 Introduction 241
12.2 Parameters Affecting the Slip Length 246
12.3 Slip Length Measurement on Superhydrophobic Surfaces 249
12.4 Drag Reduction of Superhydrophobic Surfaces 250
12.4.1 Wettability Parameters 250
12.4.2 Reynolds Number and Shear Rate 251
12.4.2.1 Turbulent Structure 251
12.5 Effect of Superhydrophobicity on External Flow 252
12.5.1 Flat Plate 253
12.5.2 Bluff Body 253
12.5.3 Superhydrophobic Streamline Body 254
12.5.4 Partial Superhydrophobicity of NACA 0012 Hydrofoil 255
12.6 Conclusion 258
References 258
13 Laser Surface Engineering of Polymeric Materials for Enhanced Mesenchymal Stem Cell Adhesion and Growth 267
D.G. Waugh, D. Cosgrove, I. Hussain and J. Lawrence
13.1 Introduction 268
13.2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) 269
13.3 Poly(ether ether ketone) 273
13.4 Laser Surface Engineering 274
13.4.1 Laser-Induced Surface Patterning 275
13.4.2 Pulsed Laser Deposition of Polymeric Biomaterials 276
13.4.3 Laser-Induced Surface Chemistry Modification 277
13.5 CO2 Laser Surface Engineering of Poly(ether ether ketone) 277
13.5.1 Material Selection and Laser Surface Engineering 278
13.5.2 Surface Roughness, Topography and Wettability Characteristics Analysis 280
13.5.3 Surface Chemical Properties 281
13.5.4 In Vitro Cell Experimentation 282
13.6 Effects of CO2 Laser Surface Engineering on Surface Parameters of Poly(ether ether ketone) 283
13.7 Effects of CO2 Laser Surface Engineering on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Response to Poly(ether ether ketone) 285
13.8 Poly(ether ether ketone) and other Polymers as Bio-Composite Materials 286
13.9 Summary 290
References 290
14 Sisal-Green Resin Interfaces in Green Composites 299
A. N. Netravali
14.1 Introduction 299
14.2 Sustainable ‘Green’ Composites 301
14.3 Sisal Fiber Composites 302
14.4 Fiber/Resin Interface 303
14.4.1 Sisal/Green Resin Interface Strength 305
14.5 Modification of Cellulosic Fibers for Enhancing Fiber/Resin Interfacial Bonding 307
14.6 Summary 311
References 312
Index 319
