Description
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface v
Chapter 1 Themes and Issues in Adult Development and Aging 1
The Biopsychosocial Perspective 3
Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging 4
Principle 1: Changes are Continuous Over the Life Span 4
Principle 2: Only the Survivors Grow Old 5
Principle 3: Individuality Matters 6
Principle 4: ‘‘Normal’’ Aging is Different From Disease 7
The Meaning of Age 8
Using Age to Define ‘‘Adult’’ 9
Divisions by Age of the Over-65 Population 10
Functional Age 10
Personal Versus Social Aging 12
Key Social Factors in Adult Development and Aging 14
Sex and Gender 14
Race 14
Ethnicity 14
Socioeconomic Status 15
Religion 16
The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle-Aged and Older Populations in the United States and the World 16
United States 17
Aging Around the World 18
Summary 20
Chapter 2 Models of Development: Nature and Nurture in Adulthood 21
Models of Individual–Environment Interactions 23
Reciprocity in Development 25
Sociocultural Models of Development 26
Ecological Perspective 26
The Life Course Perspective 27
Ageism as a Social Factor in the Aging Process 29
Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 31
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory 31
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory 34
Identity Process Theory 35
The Selective Compensation with Optimization Model 38
Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood 39
Genes and DNA 39
Programmed Aging Theories 41
Random Error Theories 43
Summary 46
Chapter 3 The Study of Adult Development and Aging: Research Methods 48
Variables in Developmental Research 49
Descriptive (Single-Factor) Research Designs 49
Age, Cohort, and Time of Measurement 50
Longitudinal Designs 50
Cross-Sectional Designs 54
Sequential Research Designs 56
The Most Efficient Design 56
Correlational Designs 57
Simple Correlational Designs 59
Multivariate Correlational Designs 59
Types of Research Methods 61
Laboratory Studies 61
Qualitative Studies 61
Archival Research 61
Surveys 62
Epidemiological Studies 62
Case Reports 62
Focus Groups 63
Daily Diaries 63
Observational Methods 63
Meta-Analysis 63
Measurement Issues in Adult Development and Aging 64
Ethical Issues in Research 65
Summary 66
Chapter 4 Physical Changes 68
Appearance 69
Skin 69
Hair 71
Body Build 72
Mobility 74
Muscles 74
Bones 75
Joints 76
Vital Bodily Functions 77
Cardiovascular System 77
Respiratory System 79
Urinary System 79
Digestive System 81
Bodily Control Systems 81
Endocrine System 81
Immune System 85
Nervous System 86
Central Nervous System 86
Sleep 88
Temperature Control 89
Sensation and Perception 89
Vision 89
Hearing 91
Balance 93
Smell and Taste 94
Somatosensory System 94
Summary 95
Chapter 5 Health and Prevention 97
Key Concepts in Health and Prevention 98
Diseases of the Cardiovascular System 98
Cardiac and Cerebrovascular Conditions 99
Incidence 100
Behavioral Risk Factors 100
Prevention of Heart Disease and Stroke 102
Cancer 102
Risk Factors and Prevention 103
Treatments 105
Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System 106
Osteoarthritis 106
Osteoporosis 107
Diabetes 108
Characteristics of Diabetes 108
Incidence and Risk Factors 108
Prevention and Treatment 109
Respiratory Diseases 109
Neurocognitive Disorders 110
Alzheimer’s Disease 110
Other Forms of Neurocognitive Disorder 115
Summary 117
Chapter 6 Basic Cognitive Functions: Information Processing, Attention, and Memory 118
Processing Speed and Attention 119
Reaction Time 119
Attention 120
Video Games and Attention 122
Driving and Aging 124
Memory 126
Working Memory 126
Effects of Aging on Long-Term Memory in Adulthood 127
Psychosocial Influences on Memory 130
Memory and Health-Related Behaviors 131
Memory Training Studies 133
Summary 134
Chapter 7 Higher-Order Cognitive Functions 136
Executive Functioning and Its Measurement 138
Intelligence Tests 138
Neuropsychological Assessment 139
Aging and Executive Functioning 141
Language 142
Cognitive Aspects of Language 142
Social Aspects of Language 143
Bilingualism and Aging 145
Everyday Problem-Solving 145
Characteristics of Problem-Solving 146
Problem-Solving in Adulthood 146
Adult Learners 149
Intelligence 151
Theoretical Perspectives on Adult Intelligence 151
Research on Adult Intelligence 152
Training Studies 155
The Psychology of Wisdom 156
Summary 157
Chapter 8 Personality 159
Psychodynamic Perspective 161
Ego Psychology 161
Vaillant’s Theory of Defense Mechanisms 165
Adult Attachment Theory 167
Trait Approaches 168
Research on Aging and the Five-Factor Model 168
Health and Personality Traits 170
Social Cognitive Approaches 171
Cognitive Perspective 172
Possible Selves Theory 172
Coping and Control 173
Identity Process Theory 174
Midlife Crisis Theories and Findings 175
Theory of the Midlife Crisis 175
Critiques and Research on the Midlife Crisis 176
Summary 178
Chapter 9 Relationships 180
Marriage and Intimate Relationships 181
Marriage 181
Cohabitation 182
Same-Sex Couples 184
Divorce and Remarriage 184
Widowhood 186
Psychological Perspectives on Long-Term Relationships 186
Families 189
Parenthood 189
The Empty Nest 191
Parent–Adult Child Relationships 193
Siblings 196
Grandparents 196
Friendships 198
Theoretical Perspectives 198
Patterns of Friendships 198
Summary 199
Chapter 10 Work, Retirement, and Leisure Patterns 201
Work Patterns in Adulthood 203
Vocational Development 205
Holland’s Vocational Development Theory 206
Super’s Life-Span Life-Stage Theory 207
Occupation as Calling 209
Variations in Vocational Development 209
Vocational Satisfaction 210
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors 210
Positive and Negative Moods 211
Person–Environment Correspondence 213
Work Stress 213
Relationships Between Work and Family Roles 214
Age and Vocational Satisfaction 215
Age and Vocational Performance 216
Retirement 217
Definitions of Retirement 217
Facts About Retirement 218
The Effects of Retirement on the Individual 220
Leisure Pursuits in Later Adulthood 222
Summary 223
Chapter 11 Mental Health Issues and Treatment 225
Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 226
Major Depressive Disorder 227
Bipolar Disorder 228
Anxiety Disorders 228
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 229
Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders 229
Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders 230
Substance-Related Disorders 231
Personality Disorders 232
Elder Abuse 235
Suicide 236
Treatment Issues in Mental Health Care 237
Assessment 237
Treatment 238
Serious Mental Illness 241
Summary 241
Chapter 12 Long-Term Care 243
Institutional Facilities for Long-Term Care 244
Nursing Homes 245
Residential Care Facilities 246
Community-Based Facilities and Services 247
Home Health Services 248
Day Treatment Services 249
Community Housing Alternatives 249
The Financing of Long-Term Care 249
Medicare 250
Medicaid 252
Legislative Landmarks in the Long-Term Care of Older Adults 254
1987 Nursing Home Reform Act (NHRA) 254
1998 Nursing Home Initiative 255
2002 National Nursing Home Quality Initiative 255
2008 (to Present) CMS Five-Star Quality Ratings 255
The Quality of Long-Term Care 256
Psychological Issues in Long-Term Care 258
Suggestions for Improving Long-Term Care 259
Summary 261
Chapter 13 Death and Dying 263
What Do We Know About Death? 264
Medical Aspects of Death 264
Death by the Numbers 265
Sociocultural Perspectives on Death and Dying 270
Psychological Perspectives on Death and Dying 271
Issues in End-of-Life Care 272
Advance Directives 272
Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia 274
Hospice Care 274
Improving Health Care and Mental Health Services to Dying Patients 275
Bereavement 275
Summary 278
Chapter 14 Successful Aging 279
What is Successful Aging? 281
An Overview of Successful Aging 281
Successful Cognitive Aging 282
Factors That Promote Successful Aging 283
Creativity and Aging 287
What is Creativity? 287
Creative Older Adults 288
Characteristics of Last Works 289
Biopsychosocial Perspectives on Creativity and Aging 291
Successful Aging: Final Perspectives 293
Summary 293
Glossary G-1
References R-1
Author Index I-1
Subject Index I-16
