Description
Book SynopsisTrade Review“The illustrations and graphics are exceptional, and the photographs are well and appropriately labeled for the subject at hand. In my opinion, this book will be a valuable addition to the library of anyone with an interest in the function and care of horses.” JAVMA | JUN 15, 2021 | VOL 258 | NO. 12
Table of ContentsList of Contributors xv
Preface to the Seventh Edition xix
Preface to the Sixth Edition xxi
Preface to the Fifth Edition xxiii
Preface to the Fourth Edition xxv
Acknowledgments xxvii
Common Terminologies and Abbreviations xxix
About the Companion Website xxxi
1 Functional Anatomy of the Equine Musculoskeletal System 1
Anna Dee Fails
Anatomic Nomenclature and Usage 1
Thoracic Limb 1
Hindlimb 34
Axial Components 60
Acknowledgment 64
2 Examination for Lameness 67
History, Visual Exam, and Conformation 67
Gary M. Baxter and Ted S. Stashak
Introduction 67
Adaptive Strategies of Lame Horses 67
Classification of Lameness 68
Signalment and Use 71
History (Anamnesis) 71
Visual Examination at Rest 71
Conformation 72
Conformation Components and Traits 74
Acknowledgment 91
Palpation and Manipulation 93
Gary M. Baxter and Ted S. Stashak
Foot 93
Pastern 96
Fetlock 97
Metacarpus/Metatarsus (MC/MT) 97
Suspensory Ligament 99
Flexor Tendons 100
Carpus 100
Forearm (Antebrachium) and Elbow 101
Shoulder and Scapula 102
Tarsus (Hock) 105
Tibia 107
Stifle 109
Femur 112
Hip 112
Pelvis 113
Back 113
Neck 115
Flexion Tests/Manipulation 115
Distal Limb/Phalangeal/Fetlock Flexion 115
Carpal Flexion 117
Elbow Flexion 117
Shoulder/Upper Forelimb Flexion 117
Tarsal/Hock Flexion 117
Stifle Flexion 119
Full‐Limb Forelimb and Hindlimb Flexion 119
Navicular Wedge Test 119
Direct or Local Pressure plus Movement 120
Subjective Assessment of Lameness 123
Kevin G. Keegan
Evaluation of the Horse for Lameness at the Walk 124
Evaluation of the Horse at the Trot 126
Evaluation of Vertical Movement of the Head for Forelimb Lameness 126
Withers Movement 129
Evaluation of Vertical Movement of the Pelvis for Hindlimb Lameness (the Vertical Pelvic Movement [VPM] Method) 129
Evaluation of Pelvic Rotation for Hindlimb Lameness (The Pelvic Rotation Method [PRM]) 131
Bilateral Lameness 132
Observing Movement of the Limbs 134
Joint Angle Measurements Associated with Lameness 134
Stride Timing and Length Variables Associated with Lameness 134
Hoof Trajectory Associated with Lameness 135
Lameness Evaluation During Ipsilateral Gaits 135
Evaluation of Lameness at the Lunge 136
Evaluation of Lameness Under Saddle 136
Subjective Scoring Methods 137
Objective Assessment of Lameness 139
Kevin G. Keegan
Measurement of Ground Reaction Forces (Kinetics) 139
Measurement of Movement (Kinematics) 140
Perineural and Intrasynovial Anesthesia 157
Gary M. Baxter
Types of Local Anesthetics 157
Skin Preparation and Restraint 157
Perineural Anesthesia 157
Intrasynovial Anesthesia 167
Acknowledgment 187
3 Diagnostic Imaging 189
Radiography 189
Myra Barrett and Elizabeth Acutt
Equipment 189
Digital Radiography Systems 191
Radiation Safety 194
Contrast Examinations 195
Principles of Radiographic Interpretation 198
Limitations of Radiography 210
Normal Radiographic Anatomy 211
Acknowledgments 299
Ultrasound 301
W. Rich Redding
Introduction 301
Ultrasound to Evaluate Tendons and Ligaments 302
Patient Preparation and Scan Protocol 303
Ultrasonographic Assessment of Tendon/Ligament Pathology 316
Limitations of Ultrasonography 321
Ultrasound to Evaluate Joint Injury 323
Indications for Ultrasonography of Joints 324
Equipment and Technique 324
Ultrasonographic Appearance of Periarticular Structures 326
Ultrasonic Appearance of the Joint 327
Conclusions 331
Other Indications for Ultrasonography of the Musculoskeletal System 332
New Directions in the Use of Ultrasound 335
Nuclear Medicine/Scintigraphy 342
Kurt Selberg, Elizabeth Acutt, and Alejandro Valdés‐Martínez
Principles of Nuclear Medicine 342
Radiation Safety and Protection 343
Imaging Equipment 343
Method for a Scintigraphic Exam of the Musculoskeletal System 344
Indications for Nuclear Scintigraphy of the Musculoskeletal System in Horses 347
Normal Bone Scan 348
Scintigraphic Signs of Disease 356
Abnormal Conditions for Specific Anatomical Regions 361
Limitations of Nuclear Medicine 373
Computed Tomography 376
Mathieu Spriet
Introduction 376
Equipment and Principles of CT 376
Clinical Use of CT in Equine Orthopedic Imaging 378
Contrast‐Enhanced CT 380
Positron Emission Tomography 383
Conclusion 383
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 387
Michael Schramme and Emilie Segard‐Weisse
Introduction 387
General Principles and Physics of MRI 387
Equipment, High‐ and Low‐Field Magnets, and RF Coils 387
Sequences and Protocols for Equine MRI 389
Artifacts of MRI 390
Interpretation of Musculoskeletal MR Images 393
Contrast MRI Techniques 396
How to Read an Equine MRI Study 397
Indications, Case Selection, Advantages, and Disadvantages of MRI 397
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Foot and Pastern 397
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Fetlock Region 409
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Metacarpal and Metatarsal Regions 416
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Carpal Region 420
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Tarsal Region 421
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Stifle Region 424
Thermography 431
Tracy A. Turner
Thermographic Instrumentation 431
Principles of Use 431
Specific Applications for Lameness Diagnostics 433
4 Lameness of the Distal Limb 439
Navicular Region/Palmar Foot 439
Randy B. Eggleston and Gary M. Baxter
Navicular Syndrome/Disease 439
Fractures of the Navicular (Distal Sesamoid) Bone 454
Soft Tissue Injuries in the Foot (DDFT and Podotrochlear Apparatus) 456
Acknowledgments 459
Coffin Joint and Distal Phalanx 463
Gary M. Baxter
Osteoarthritis (OA) of the Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) Joint 463
Fractures of the Distal Phalanx (P3, Coffin Bone) 465
Subchondral Cystic Lesions of the Distal Phalanx (P3) 471
Collateral Ligament Injuries of the Distal Phalanx 472
Ossification of the Collateral Cartilages of the Distal Phalanx (Sidebone) 474
Miscellaneous Conditions of the Foot 477
Gary M. Baxter
Sole Bruises, Corns, and Subsolar Abscesses 477
Septic Pedal Osteitis 479
Penetrating Injuries of the Foot 481
Keratoma 483
Avulsion Injuries of the Hoof 485
Acknowledgments 489
Laminitis 490
James Belknap, Andy Parks, and Katy Dern
Overview 490
Relevant Anatomy 490
Pathogenesis: Pathophysiologic Considerations 491
Pathogenesis: Structural Considerations of the Equine Digit 492
The Clinical Presentation: The Horse at Risk of Laminitis 494
Clinical Signs: The Acute Onset of Laminitis 496
Hoof Wall Resections 509
Coronary Band Grooving and Resection 509
The Pastern 512
Ashlee E. Watts and Gary M. Baxter
Osteoarthritis (OA) of the PIP Joint (High Ringbone) 512
Osteochondrosis (OC) of the PIP Joint 517
Luxation/Subluxation of the Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP) Joint 518
Fractures of the Middle (Second) Phalanx (P2) 522
Fractures of the Proximal (First) Phalanx (P1) 525
Desmitis of the Distal Sesamoidean Ligaments (DSLs) 532
Desmitis of Digital Annular Ligaments 535
SDFT and DDFT Abnormalities 536
The Fetlock 541
Matt Brokken and Alicia Bertone
Osteochondral Fractures and Fragmentation of the Proximal Phalanx 541
Fractures of the Proximal Sesamoid Bones 543
Sesamoiditis 548
Axial Osteitis/Osteomyelitis of the Proximal Sesamoid Bones 549
Osteoarthritis of the Metacarpophalangeal/ Metatarsophalangeal Joint 550
Palmar/Plantar Osteochondral Disease 552
Fetlock Subchondral Cystic Lesions (SCLs) 553
Traumatic Rupture of the Suspensory Apparatus 554
Luxation of the Metacarpophalangeal/ Metatarsophalangeal Joint (Fetlock Luxation) 556
Constriction of or by the Fetlock Palmar/Plantar Annular Ligament 558
Acknowledgments 560
The Metacarpus and Metatarsus 563
Kyla F. Ortved and Alicia L. Bertone
Bucked Shin Complex and Stress Fractures of the Dorsal Third Metacarpus 563
Fractures of the Condyles of the Third Metacarpal/ Metatarsal Bones (Condylar Fractures, Longitudinal Articular Fractures) 567
Fractures of the Third Metacarpal/Metatarsal (Cannon) Bone 571
Metacarpal/Metatarsal Exostosis (Splints) 572
Fractures of the Small Metacarpal and Metatarsal (Splint) Bones 576
Enostosis‐Like Lesions 580
Suspensory Ligament Desmitis 580
Superficial Digital Flexor (SDF) Tendinitis (Bowed Tendon) 585
Deep Digital Flexor Tendinitis 590
Desmitis of the Accessory Ligament of the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon (Distal Check Ligament) 591
5 Lameness of the Proximal Limb 597
The Carpus 597
Chris Kawcak
Developmental Abnormalities of the Carpus 598
Miscellaneous Carpal Swellings 604
Dorsal Carpal Swelling 605
Intra‐articular Fractures 607
Accessory Carpal Bone Fracture 612
Carpal Luxations 613
Soft Tissue Damage to the Carpus 614
Osteoarthritis 615
Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis 616
Osteochondrosis of the Carpus 617
Osteochondroma of the Distal Radius 617
Desmitis of the Accessory Ligament (Radial or Superior Check Ligament) of the Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon 619
The Antebrachium, Elbow, and Humerus 623
Jeremy Hubert
Fractures of the Radius 623
The Elbow 627
Fractures of the Humerus 633
Neoplastic Lesions of the Humerus 637
Paralysis of the Radial Nerve 637
Acknowledgment 638
The Shoulder and Scapula 641
Jeremy Hubert
Inflammation of the Intertubercular Bursa (Bicipital Bursitis) 641
Inflammation of the Infraspinatus Bursa 643
Osteochondrosis (OC) of the Scapulohumeral (SH) Joint or Shoulder 644
Osteoarthritis (OA) of the Scapulohumeral Joint 646
Luxation of the Scapulohumeral (Shoulder) Joint 648
Suprascapular Nerve Injury (Sweeny) 650
Fractures of the Scapula 652
Fractures of the Supraglenoid Tubercle (Tuberosity) 653
Acknowledgment 655
The Tarsus 657
W. Rich Redding
Introduction 657
Diagnosis of Tarsal Lameness 657
Articular Diseases of the Tarsus 662
Cunean Tenectomy 672
Fractures and Luxations of the Tarsus 680
Soft Tissue Injuries of the Tarsus 687
Periarticular Tarsal Cellulitis 697
Tibia and Crus 701
W. Rich Redding
Introduction 701
Diagnostic Analgesia of the Crus 701
Imaging the Tibia/Crus 701
Clinical Conditions 701
Enostosis‐Like Lesions 702
Fractures of the Tibia 703
Incomplete Fractures 704
Proximal Physeal Fractures 705
Diaphyseal Fractures 706
Tibial Tuberosity Fractures 706
Gastrocnemius Disruption in Foals and Adults 707
The Stifle: Femoropatellar Region 709
Gary M. Baxter and Ken E. Sullins
Introduction 709
Femoropatellar Joint 711
Upward Fixation of the Patella (UFP) 717
Desmitis of the Patellar Ligaments 719
Patellar Luxation/Subluxation 721
Synovial Osteochondroma in the Hindlimb 722
The Stifle: Femorotibial Joint Region 725
Chris Kawcak
Subchondral Cystic Lesions (SCLs) of the Stifle 726
Fractures 729
Femoral Condyle Lesions 731
Collateral Ligament Injury 734
Cruciate Ligament Disease 734
Meniscal Injuries 735
Synovitis/Capsulitis/OA 737
Femur and Coxofemoral Region 740
Nicolas S. Ernst and Troy N. Trumble
The Femur 740
Diaphyseal and Metaphyseal Femoral Fractures 740
Fractures of the Third Trochanter 744
Fibrotic and Ossifying Myopathy 744
Femoral Nerve Paralysis (Crural Paralysis) 748
Calcinosis Circumscripta 749
Trochanteric Bursitis (Trochanteric Lameness, Whirlbone Lameness) 750
Ruptured Quadriceps Muscle 750
The Coxofemoral Joint 750
Osteochondrosis or Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD)/ HIP Dysplasia of the Coxofemoral Joint 752
Infectious Arthritis/Physitis of the Coxofemoral Joint 752
Partial Tear/Rupture of the Ligament of the Head of the Femur (Round Ligament) 753
Coxofemoral Subluxation and Luxation (Dislocation of the Hip Joint) 754
Osteoarthritis (OA) of the Coxofemoral Joint 757
Capital Physeal Fractures of the Femoral Head 758
Intra‐articular Acetabular Fractures 758
Acknowledgment 759
6 Lameness Associated with the Axial Skeleton 763
The Axial Skeleton 763
Rob Van Wessum
Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Vertebral Column 763
Primary vs. Secondary Back Pain 767
The Pelvis 770
Rob Van Wessum
Fractures of the Pelvis 770
Specific Types of Pelvic Fractures 771
Thrombosis of the Caudal Aorta or the Iliac Arteries 775
Sacroiliac Region 777
Rob Van Wessum
Etiology 778
Clinical Signs 778
Diagnosis 779
Treatment 782
Prognosis 783
Thoracolumbar Spine/Back 784
Rob Van Wessum
Overriding/Impingement of Dorsal Spinous Processes 784
Supraspinous Ligament Injuries 785
Fractures of the Spinous Processes 786
Vertebral Fractures 787
Facet Joint Arthritis and Vertebral Facet Joint Syndrome 788
Discospondylitis 792
Spondylosis 793
Scoliosis, Kyphosis, and Lordosis 794
The Neck and Poll 796
Rob Van Wessum
Nuchal Ligament 796
Cervical Facet Joints 797
Radiculopathy 798
Discospondylitis 798
Cervical Fractures 798
7 Principles of Musculoskeletal Disease 801
Joint Injuries and Disease and Osteoarthritis 801
C. Wayne McIlwraith
Anatomy and Physiology of Joints 801
Pathobiology of Joints and Their Reaction to Insult and Injury 808
Primary Disease of Subchondral Bone 816
Bone Injuries and Disease 820
Chris Kawcak and Gary M. Baxter
The Immature Skeleton 820
Local Diseases of Bone 825
Systemic Diseases of Bone 841
Tendon and Ligament Injuries and Disease 849
Laurie R. Goodrich
Anatomy 849
Functions of Tendons and Ligaments 851
Biomechanical Properties 852
Types of Tendon and Ligament Injuries 852
Effect of Aging and Exercise on Tendon Injury 853
Mechanisms of Tendon Degeneration 854
Response of Tendons and Ligaments to Injury: Phases of Healing 854
Monitoring Tendon Injury 856
Biomarkers for Tendon Disease 857
Common Clinical Conditions of Tendons and Ligaments 857
Muscle Injuries and Disease 860
Stephanie J. Valberg
Classification of Muscle Disorders 860
Diagnosis of Specific Muscle Disorders 860
Muscle Soreness 862
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis 865
8 Principles of Therapy for Lameness 875
Systemic/Parenteral 875
Drew W. Koch and Laurie R. Goodrich
Parenteral NSAIDs 875
Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycans (PSGAGs) and Pentosan Polysulfate (PPS) 875
Hyaluronan 876
Bisphosphonates 877
Tetracyclines 877
Estrogen 878
Methocarbamol (Robaxin) 878
Gabapentin 878
Topical/Local 881
Drew W. Koch and Laurie R. Goodrich
Topical NSAIDs 881
Topical First Aid (Cold Therapy and Bandaging) 881
Dimethyl Sulfoxide 882
Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy 882
Regional Perfusion 882
Therapeutic Ultrasound, Lasers, and Electromagnetics 883
Counterirritation 883
Intrasynovial 886
Lauren E. Smanik and Laurie R. Goodrich
Corticosteroids 886
Hyaluronan 888
Corticosteroid and HA Combinations 889
IA Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycans 889
Polyglycan® 890
Autologous Conditioned Serum 890
Platelet‐Rich Plasma 890
Autologous Protein Solution 891
Bone Marrow‐ or Fat‐Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy 891
Polyacrylamide Hydrogel 891
Miscellaneous 892
Intrasynovial Therapy: Practical Considerations 892
Intralesional 896
Sara K.T. Steward and Laurie R. Goodrich
Introduction 896
Hyaluronan and Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycans 896
Autologous Cell Therapies: Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy, Autologous Bone Marrow Aspirate, Tendon‐ Derived Progenitor Cells 896
Blood‐Derived Biologics: Platelet‐Rich Plasma, Autologous Conditioned Serum, Autologous Protein Solution, and Bone Marrow Aspirate 897
Corticosteroids 898
Miscellaneous 898
Oral/Nutritional 900
Nicolas S. Ernst and Troy N. Trumble
Nonsteroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Drugs 900
Nutraceuticals 903
Therapeutic Trimming and Shoeing 911
Andrew H. Parks
Introduction 911
Examination of the Limb for Therapeutic Shoeing 911
The Trim 912
Shoeing 912
Protection and Support 917
Clinical Applications of Principles 918
Summary 920
Acupuncture Treatment of Limb Lameness and Back Pain 921
Kevin K. Haussler
Introduction 921
Techniques of Stimulation 921
General Indications for Treatment 922
Lameness 922
Chronic Back Pain 923
Adverse Effects 924
Manual Therapy Techniques 925
Kevin K. Haussler
Introduction 925
Therapeutic Touch 925
Massage Therapy 925
Passive Stretching Exercises 925
Mobilization 926
Joint Mobilization and Manipulation 926
Contraindications 927
Rehabilitation/Physical Therapy 929
Melissa King, Katherine Ellis, and Narelle C. Stubbs
Introduction 929
Clinical and Client Demand for Rehabilitation/PT 929
Manual Therapy 930
Proprioceptive Facilitation/Neuromotor Control Techniques 934
Physical Modalities 936
Conclusion 943
9 Occupational‐Related Lameness Conditions 949
The Thoroughbred Racehorse 949
Ryan Carpenter
Risk Factors for Injury 949
Diagnosis of Lameness 950
Common Conditions 951
The Standardbred Racehorse 964
Kimberly Johnston and Frank A. Nickels
Description of the Sport 964
Lameness Exam 965
Specific Lameness Conditions 966
The Racing Quarter Horse 972
Nancy L. Goodman and Larry R. Overly
Introduction 972
Conformation Relating to Lameness 972
Training the Racing Quarter Horse 973
Shoeing 973
Lameness Related to Track Surface 973
Lameness Examination 973
Specific Lameness Conditions 975
The Western Performance Horse 980
Robin M. Dabareiner
Introduction 980
Team Roping Horses 980
Tie‐Down and Breakaway Roping 981
Barrel Racing 982
XII Table of Contents Reining Horses 982z
Cutting Horses 983
Jumping, Eventing, and Dressage Horses 986
Omar Maher
Introduction and Horses Used for the Disciplines 986
Structure of Training and Competition 987
Training Surfaces and Shoeing 989
Lameness Diagnosis 990
Common Lameness Problems 991
Acknowledgment 996
The Endurance Horse 998
Todd C. Holbrook
The Sport 998
Athletes and Exercise Conditions 998
Veterinary Control 998
The Lameness Examination 1000
Common Causes of Lameness 1002
The Western Pleasure Horse 1006
Sherry A. Johnson and David D. Frisbie
Understanding the Sport 1006
Western Pleasure Terminology 1007
Training and Showing 1007
Commonly Encountered Musculoskeletal Issues in the Western Pleasure Athlete 1008
Foot Pain 1008
Fetlock Osteoarthritis 1010
Proximal Suspensory Desmopathy 1010
Distal Tarsal Disease 1012
Rehabilitation and Management of the Western Pleasure Athlete 1013
Conclusion 1013
Gaited Horses 1015
David A. Wilson and Kevin G. Keegan
Evaluating Gaited Horses for Lameness 1015
What Is a Gaited Horse? 1015
Classification of Gaits 1015
Specific Gaits in “Gaited Horses” 1018
Lameness in the Gaited Horse 1020
The Draft Horse 1026
Jan F. Hawkins
Introduction 1026
Anamnesis 1026
Lameness Examination 1026
Common Causes of Lameness 1026
Diseases of Young Draft Horses 1030
10 Lameness in the Young Horse 1033
The Physis/Physeal Fractures/ Physitis 1033
Dane M. Tatarniuk, Troy N. Trumble, and Gary M. Baxter
The Physis 1033
Classification and Treatment of Physeal Injuries/ Fractures 1037
Developmental Orthopedic Diseases 1041
Epiphysitis/Physitis/Physeal Dysplasia 1042
Etiology 1042
Clinical Signs 1043
Diagnosis 1043
Treatment 1046
Prognosis 1046
Angular Limb Deformities (ALDs) and Cuboidal Bone Malformations 1048
Nicolas S. Ernst, Troy N. Trumble, and Gary M. Baxter
Angular Limb Deformities (ALDs) 1048
Etiology 1048
Clinical Signs 1048
Diagnosis 1049
Treatment 1051
Prognosis 1055
Cuboidal Bone Malformation/Incomplete Ossification 1055
Etiology 1055
Clinical Signs 1055
Diagnosis 1056
Treatment 1056
Prognosis 1058
Flexural Deformities 1059
Nicolas S. Ernst, Troy N. Trumble, and Gary M. Baxter
Congenital Flexural Deformities 1059
Acquired Flexural Deformities 1062
Osteochondrosis 1071
C. Wayne McIlwraith
Introduction 1071
Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) 1071
Subchondral Cystic Lesions 1078
Lameness in Foals 1081
Robert J. Hunt
Diagnosis 1081
Noninfectious Causes of Lameness 1082
Infectious Causes of Lameness 1089
11 Foot Care and Farriery 1091
Basic Foot Care 1091
Stephen E. O’Grady
Introduction 1091
Evaluation of the Foot 1091
Principles of Trimming and Shoeing 1095
Stephen E. O’Grady
Guidelines for Trimming 1095
Trimming the Foot 1098
Trimming the Barefoot Horse 1100
The Horseshoe 1102
Placement and Application of the Shoe 1108
Non‐nail Alternatives in Farriery 1109
Acknowledgment 1111
Farriery for Common Hoof Problems 1112
Stephen E. O’Grady
Conditions of the Foot That Respond to Farriery 1112
Clinical Conditions Affecting the Hoof 1121
Miscellaneous Conditions of the Foot 1129
Acknowledgment 1132
Natural Balance Trimming and Shoeing 1134
Gene Ovnicek
Introduction 1134
Distortions of the Hoof 1134
Natural Balance Hoof Care Guidelines 1135
Natural Balance Evaluation, Exfoliation, and Mapping Protocol 1135
Natural Balance Barefoot Trimming 1139
Natural Balance Shoeing 1139
Summary 1142
12 Miscellaneous Musculoskeletal Conditions 1143
Musculoskeletal Emergencies 1143
Kathryn A. Seabaugh
Introduction 1143
Fracture Management 1143
Musculoskeletal Wound Management 1148
Tendon and Ligament Lacerations 1149
Musculoskeletal Infections 1153
Specific Treatment Strategies for Musculoskeletal Infections 1158
The Poorly Performing Horse 1161
Elizabeth J. Davidson
Introduction 1161
Signalment and History 1161
Clinical Examination 1163
Diagnostics 1164
Treatment 1165
Evaluation of Proper Saddle Fit 1166
Kevin K. Haussler
Introduction 1166
Clinical Signs of Poor Saddle Fit 1166
Saddle Examination 1166
Static Examination of Saddle Fit 1166
Static Examination of Saddle Pads 1168
Dynamic Examination of Saddle Fit 1168
Prepurchase Examination 1170
Randy Eggleston
Structure of the Prepurchase Examination 1171
Summary 1174
Stance and Gait Anomalies Caused by Neurological Disease 1177
Lutz S. Goehring
Neurological Gait and (Neuroanatomical) Lesion Location 1177
Findings from a Neurological Exam That Can Help in Localizing a Lesion 1178
Pitfalls of Neurological Examination 1179
Select Neurological Syndromes Affecting the Gait 1180
Index 1183
