Search results for """ "Unusual Thoughts""

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Book SynopsisIn this book, Roy Sorensen presents the first general theory of the thought experiment. He analyses a wide variety of thought experiments, ranging from aesthetics to zoology, and explores what thought experiments are, how they work, and what their positive and negative aspects are. Sorensen also sets his theory within an evolutionary framework and integrates recent advances in experimental psychology and the history of science.Trade Reviewstimulating ... written in a vivid jaunty style ... The array of philosophical positions and teh many examples are presented with such clarity and freshness ... that this book can be recommended both as an unusual but engaging introduction to philosophy and as a sensitive analysis and defence of the cognitive power of thought experiments. * Times Higher Education Supplement *simply and clearly written, and virtually all of it is instructive and enjoyable to read. * George Schlesinger, University of North Carolina *Roy A. Sorensen's book is a useful collection of reflections on the definition and logic of thought experiments. It contains some splendid examples ... There are painstaking lists of respects in which thought experiments are, and are not, like ordinary experiments. * Simon Blackburn, Times Literary Supplement *Roy Sorensen's aim in his stimulating book is to demystify and defend the place of thought experiments in both science and philosophy ... This book is written in a vivid, jaunty style ... There is sustained argument, but also rapid movement from one case to another. The array of philosophical positions and the many examples are presented with such clarity and freshness, however, that this book can be recommended both as an unusual but engaging introduction to philosophy and as a sensitive analysis and defence of the cognitive power of thought experiments. * Times Higher Education Supplement *The book is tightly reasoned, and written in an engaging, often jocular style, Sorensen advances and defends his model in the manner of someone sincerely and pragmatically seeking comprehension, and is never didactic or ponderous. * James W. McAllister, University of Leiden, Mind, Vol. 102, No. 408, Oct '93 *The first full-scale treatment of thought experiments ... The book is clearly written and largely nontechnical. It bears on the nature of theorizing in general, owing to its careful treatment of a wide range of cases of theoretical activity. Recommended for all libraries. * Choice *[An] important new book ... Sorensen articulates what is sure to become one of the central views about thought experiments, but he also provides an excellent introduction to this wonderful subject. The topic has rather suddenly become a growth industry. Besides its other virtues, Roy Sorensen's Thought Experiments also offers a very good leg in. * Canadian Journal of Philosophy *Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. Our Most Curious Device ; 2. Scepticism About Thought Experiments ; 3. Mach and Inner Cognitive Africa ; 4. The Wonder of Armchair Inquiry ; 5. Kuhntradictions ; 6. The Logical Structure of Thought Experiment ; 7. Conflict Vagueness and Precisification ; 8. The Evolution of Thought Experiment ; 9. Are Thought Experiments? ; 10. Fallacies and Antifallacies ; Notes ; Select Bibliography ; Subject Index ; Name Index

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Book SynopsisKant''s discussion of the relations between cognition and self-consciousness lie at the heart of the Critique of Pure Reason, in the celebrated transcendental deduction. Although this section of Kant''s masterpiece is widely believed to contain important insights into cognition and self-consciousness, it has long been viewed as unusually obscure. Many philosophers have tried to avoid the transcendental psychology that Kant employed. By contrast, Patricia Kitcher follows Kant''s careful delineation of the necessary conditions for knowledge and his intricate argument that knowledge requires self-consciousness. She argues that far from being an exercise in armchair psychology, the thesis that thinkers must be aware of the connections among their mental states offers an astute analysis of the requirements of rational thought.The book opens by situating Kant''s theories in the then contemporary debates about apperception, personal identity and the relations between object cognition and selfTrade ReviewIn Kant's Thinker's pages we find a coherent, plausible, interpretation of the issues surrounding Kant's theory of the cognitive subject: cognition, synthesis, apperception, object-consciousness, the failure of rational psychology, whether thinking is an experience, etc. A significant achievement and a lasting contribution to the field. * Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews *Table of Contents1. Overview ; 1. Introduction ; 2. Interpretive Framework ; 3. Preview ; 4. Current Work on Kant's 'I-Think' ; Part I: Background ; 2. Locke's Internal Sense and Kant's Changing Views ; 1. Locke's Influence ; 2. Locke's Complex Theory of Internal Sense ; 3. Kant's Varied Reactions ; 4. 'Inner Sense' in relation to Kantian 'Apperception' ; 5. Kant's Use of 'Inner Sense' ; 3. Personal Identity and Its Problems ; 1. Locke's Problem ; 2. Leibniz's Criticisms and Additions ; 3. Kant and Hume ; 4. Tetens (and Hume) ; 4. Rationalist Metaphysics of Mind ; 1. The Role of Rationalism ; 2. Leibniz's Elegant 'I-theory' ; 3. Faculties, Powers and Substances ; 4. Rational Psychology ; 5. Consciousness, Self-Consciousness and Cognition ; 1. Introduction ; 2. Locke's 'Reflection' and Leibniz's 'Apperception' ; 3. Self-consciousness and Object cognition ; 4. Self-Consciousness through Self-Feeling ; 5. Summary ; 6. Strands of Argument in the Duisburg Nachla? ; 1. Introduction ; 2. Kant's Objection to the Inaugural Dissertation ; 3. Principles of Appearance and Thought in the Duisburg NachlaB Notion of Apperception? ; 4. What is the Duisburg Nachla?'s Notion of 'Apperception? ; 5. From the Duisburg NachlaB to the Critique ; Part II: Theory ; 7. A Transcendental Deduction for A Priori Concepts ; 1. Kant's Goal ; 2. Clues to the Nature of the Argument ; 3. The First Premise of the Transcendental Deduction ; 4. Apriority and Activity ; 5. A 'Transcendental' Deduction ; 8. Synthesis: Why and How? ; 1. Problems to be Solved ; 2. Kant's Definition ; 3. Synthesis and Objective Reference ; 4. Five Syntheses and Their Relations ; 9. Arguing for Apperception ; 1. Introduction ; 2. 'I-Think' as the 'Cogito'; The One-step Deduction from Judgment ; 3. What Kind of Cognition Is at Issue in the Transcendental Deduction? ; 4. What is the Principle of Apperception? ; 5. The Apperceptive Synthesis of Recognition in a Concept ; 6.Combination and Self-Consciousness in the B Deduction ; 7. Arguing from the Unity of Apperception to the Necessary Applicability of Categories to Intuitions ; 8. Transcendental Apperception, Empirical Apperception and 'Mineness' ; 9. Summary ; 10. The Power of Apperception ; 1. Introduction ; 2. What is the Power/Faculty of Apperception? ; 3. Does the Faculty of Apperception Endure? Is it the 'Inner Principle' of a Substance? ; 4. Does the Power of Apperception Initiate Causal Chains or Provide Impressions of Necessary Connection? ; 5. 'Is it an Experience That I think?' ; 6. Root Powers, Scientific Ideals and the Ground of Appearances ; 11. 'I-Think' as the Destroyer of Rational Psychology ; 1. Understanding Kant's Criticisms ; 2. Kant's Earlier and Later Treatments of Rational Psychology ; 3. 'I-Think' as the Vehicle of the Categories ; 4. 'I-Think' as Analytically Contained in the Concept of Thought ; 5. Does the Analysis of Cognition Imply the Existence of a Thinker? ; 6. Why Can't Thinkers Know Themselves as Such? ; Part III: Evaluation ; 12. Is Kant's Theory Consistent? ; 1. The Old Objection ; 2. The Most Problematic Passage (A251-52) ; 3. The Confusion about the Causes of Sensations ; 4. A Second Look at the Most Problematic Passage ; 5. Criticizing Rationalist Confusions ; 6. What Kant's Epistemology and Metaphysics Imply ; 13. The Normativity Objection ; 1. Psychologism or Noumenalism? ; 2. Scrutinizing Sensations and Adding 'Transcendental Content' ; 3. Forming Concepts and Acquiring the I-Representation ; 4. Making A Priori Principles Explicit and Testing Instances ; 5. Normativity and the I-rule ; Appendix to Chapter 13: Longuenesse on Concept Formation ; 14. Is Kant's Thinker (as Such) a Free and Responsible Agent? ; 1. Introduction ; 2. Texts Linking Theoretical and Practical Reason ; 3. Autonomy and Accountability ; 4. Intellectual Accountability ; 15. Kant our Contemporary ; 1. Supporting and Showing Relevance ; 2. Transcendental Arguments ; 3. Must Rational Cognition involve Self-consciousness? ; 4. A Second Hard Problem of Consciousness? ; 5. Other 'I's

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Book Synopsis Beginning in 1870, the hunger for scientific discovery in Great Britain drove prominent scientists, philosophers and others to promote the legitimacy of telepathy. At the same time, mind-reading as a form of entertainment gained increasing popularity as persuasive performers like John Randall Brown, W.I. Bishop, and Stuart C. Cumberland convinced reporters that they truly could read the thoughts of others. The widely publicized, sometimes bizarre, interactions between scientists and these charlatans ushered in the Thought Reader Craze, a period that lasted through about 1910 and saw entertainers make and lose fortunes and scientists make and lose reputations. This volume explores this unusual cultural phenomenon, showing how it was aided through the years by public scientific pronouncements, astonishing performances by the thought readers, and the rapidly changing industrial society.

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Book SynopsisTitled after one of the side effects of antidepressants, Unusually Grand Ideas is a poignant account of clinical depression and the complications it introduces to marriage and fatherhood.

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Book SynopsisNathalie Nahai is a speaker, author and consultant, whose work explores persuasive technology, ethics, and the psychology behind evolving consumer behaviours. With clients including Google, Unilever and Accenture, she teaches companies how to ethically apply behavioural science to enhance their online presence, communications and customer experience. A member of the BIMA Human Insights Council, Nathalie hosts The Hive Podcast and has spoken about the impact of emerging technologies in The Atlantic, The Wall Street Journal, Business Insider, Forbes, Harvard Business Review, Stylist, The Telegraph, as well as TV and radio. She is based in Barcelona, Spain.Trade Review"As we face increasingly complex challenges, this book offers a vital road map for how we might transcend old ways of doing business and charter a more resilient, purposeful and values-driven path forward. Essential reading for business leaders and educators alike." * Scott Barry Kaufman, Humanistic Psychologist, author and podcaster *"Change happens to us or because of us. It's a choice, really. As Nathalie Nahai teaches us, life and work, and possibility, are all a process of becoming. It's what we do along the way that shapes our next adventure. Be the change." * Brian Solis, Anthropologist, Futurist and Bestselling authors of 'Lifescale' *"Through Nathalie Nahai's thoughtful application of behavioural science and the humanity of her stories, Business Unusual lights the way for the future of intelligent branding in a turbulent world. A highly engaging and informative read for anyone wondering how marketing can meet the moment in an authentic way." * Caroline Webb, Bestselling author of 'How To Have A Good Day' and Senior Adviser at McKinsey & Company *"Once again Nathalie Nahai has translated the latest findings from psychological science into an immense store of practical wisdom." * Rory Sutherland, Vice Chairman, Oglivy Group *"In a world where there is no longer any such thing as 'business as usual', Nathalie Nahai's Business Unusual is the timely guide to the future you need. This thoughtful and deeply researched study of a wide-ranging spectrum of business challenges - from the trap of 'wokewashing' to the issues of 'Zoom culture' - arms the reader with perspectives and insights that will enable anyone to future-proof their business with confidence." * Cindy Gallop, Founder and CEO, MakeLoveNotPorn *"Business Unusual is a powerful clarion call for business leaders to see themselves and their stakeholders differently. Nathalie Nahai explains these new rules of engagement with empathy and conviction. These are new rules that we can all embrace." * Sharath Jeevan, Author of 'Intrinsic' *"Very few thinkers, and even fewer writers, can articulate the complex nuances underlining today's biggest business challenges with the elegance, depth and eloquence of Nathalie Nahai. A rare polymath with deep expertise in tech, marketing and psychology, she has written one of the defining business books of our times. Every leader should study this book in detail - we will all be better off if they do." * Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic, Author and Professor of Business Psychology at University College London and Columbia University *"Nathalie Nahai richly illustrates the cultivation of bravely responsible, authentic and empathic values - those that build true resilience in this bewilderingly disruptive age." * Nell Watson, Tech Ethicist, Machine Intelligence Researcher and AI Faculty Member at Singularity University *"In Business Unusual, Nathalie Nahai successfully captures changing times as reflected in changing generations. She makes clear the old ways of doing things will no longer suffice in the third decade of the 21st century, when shifting preferences and proclivities dominate business as they do politics." * Barbara Kellerman, Author and James Macgregor Burns Lecturer in Public Leadership at Harvard Kennedy School *"A lively, practical guidebook for any business leader navigating the perils of pandemics, tech disruption and radically more judgmental expectations of customers and talent. Because the rules are changing in real time." * David Rowan, Founding Editor, Wired UK *Table of Contents Chapter - 00: Introduction; Chapter - 01: Times they are a-changin'; Chapter - 02: We demand more; Chapter - 03: Living the good life; Chapter - 04: Up close and personal - Deepening the people–business relationship; Chapter - 05: The lure of woke-washing - Values and virtue signalling; Chapter - 06: Emotionally intelligent communication - What not to do; Chapter - 07: How to recover when it hits the fan; Chapter - 08: Adapting to virtual-first relationships without losing touch; Chapter - 09: Business, unusual

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Book SynopsisA playful, read-aloud exploration of all the different thoughts we have every day and their role in our lives.“Sharks rule!” “That’s gross.” “I love tofu.” “Is she from Montreal?” Whether our thoughts are happy, sad, scared, excited, or worried, they come in a constant flow. Through playful rhyming text and vivid, fun illustrations, Just a Thought introduces kids 4–8 to the way our lives are shaped by our thoughts. The story helps to teach self-awareness by recognizing negative self-thought and recurring thought patterns. Regardless of whether you have happy, weird, or mean thoughts—they are all just thoughts, and no single thought can define you. The magic of mind is that it''s a space where anything is possible!

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Book SynopsisNathalie Nahai is a speaker, author and consultant, whose work explores persuasive technology, ethics, and the psychology behind evolving consumer behaviours. With clients including Google, Unilever and Accenture, she teaches companies how to ethically apply behavioural science to enhance their online presence, communications and customer experience. A member of the BIMA Human Insights Council, Nathalie hosts The Hive Podcast and has spoken about the impact of emerging technologies in The Atlantic, The Wall Street Journal, Business Insider, Forbes, Harvard Business Review, Stylist, The Telegraph, as well as TV and radio. She is based in Barcelona, Spain.Trade Review"As we face increasingly complex challenges, this book offers a vital road map for how we might transcend old ways of doing business and charter a more resilient, purposeful and values-driven path forward. Essential reading for business leaders and educators alike." * Scott Barry Kaufman, Humanistic Psychologist, author and podcaster *"Change happens to us or because of us. It's a choice, really. As Nathalie Nahai teaches us, life and work, and possibility, are all a process of becoming. It's what we do along the way that shapes our next adventure. Be the change." * Brian Solis, Anthropologist, Futurist and Bestselling authors of 'Lifescale' *"Through Nathalie Nahai's thoughtful application of behavioural science and the humanity of her stories, Business Unusual lights the way for the future of intelligent branding in a turbulent world. A highly engaging and informative read for anyone wondering how marketing can meet the moment in an authentic way." * Caroline Webb, Bestselling author of 'How To Have A Good Day' and Senior Adviser at McKinsey & Company *"Once again Nathalie Nahai has translated the latest findings from psychological science into an immense store of practical wisdom." * Rory Sutherland, Vice Chairman, Oglivy Group *"In a world where there is no longer any such thing as 'business as usual', Nathalie Nahai's Business Unusual is the timely guide to the future you need. This thoughtful and deeply researched study of a wide-ranging spectrum of business challenges - from the trap of 'wokewashing' to the issues of 'Zoom culture' - arms the reader with perspectives and insights that will enable anyone to future-proof their business with confidence." * Cindy Gallop, Founder and CEO, MakeLoveNotPorn *"Business Unusual is a powerful clarion call for business leaders to see themselves and their stakeholders differently. Nathalie Nahai explains these new rules of engagement with empathy and conviction. These are new rules that we can all embrace." * Sharath Jeevan, Author of 'Intrinsic' *"Very few thinkers, and even fewer writers, can articulate the complex nuances underlining today's biggest business challenges with the elegance, depth and eloquence of Nathalie Nahai. A rare polymath with deep expertise in tech, marketing and psychology, she has written one of the defining business books of our times. Every leader should study this book in detail - we will all be better off if they do." * Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic, Author and Professor of Business Psychology at University College London and Columbia University *"Nathalie Nahai richly illustrates the cultivation of bravely responsible, authentic and empathic values - those that build true resilience in this bewilderingly disruptive age." * Nell Watson, Tech Ethicist, Machine Intelligence Researcher and AI Faculty Member at Singularity University *"In Business Unusual, Nathalie Nahai successfully captures changing times as reflected in changing generations. She makes clear the old ways of doing things will no longer suffice in the third decade of the 21st century, when shifting preferences and proclivities dominate business as they do politics." * Barbara Kellerman, Author and James Macgregor Burns Lecturer in Public Leadership at Harvard Kennedy School *"A lively, practical guidebook for any business leader navigating the perils of pandemics, tech disruption and radically more judgmental expectations of customers and talent. Because the rules are changing in real time." * David Rowan, Founding Editor, Wired UK *Table of Contents Chapter - 00: Introduction; Chapter - 01: Times they are a-changin'; Chapter - 02: We demand more; Chapter - 03: Living the good life; Chapter - 04: Up close and personal - Deepening the people–business relationship; Chapter - 05: The lure of woke-washing - Values and virtue signalling; Chapter - 06: Emotionally intelligent communication - What not to do; Chapter - 07: How to recover when it hits the fan; Chapter - 08: Adapting to virtual-first relationships without losing touch; Chapter - 09: Business, unusual

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Book Synopsis'Truth is simple only for those who first wrestle their way though multiplicity. It is like a thread of many pearls.' - Rudolf Steiner Like pearls in the oyster, pearls of thought are easily overlooked. Lying hidden in texts, they keep their light under a bushel, serving the greater framework and context. But if we draw them out they begin to shine, revealing their translucent facets and intrinsic harmony. In this meditative treasure, the editor has harvested and threaded together such pearls from Rudolf Steiner's books, creating new textures and striking panoramas. Dynamic constellations of thought arise, allowing us unusual and surprising access to Steiner's spiritual and philosophical thinking. In contrast to the prevailing view that meaning arises only in context, these self-sufficient verbal universes show us that the opposite can also be true. The pearls of thought in this compact pocket book acquire enhanced meaning in isolation, mysteriously becoming independent of the thoughts and phrases that precede or follow them. This collection of quotations, free of jargon or technical terminology, is accessible to all readers interested in developing a meaningful understanding of the human being's place in the world and cosmos.

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Book SynopsisWhat is the nature of aesthetic experience? Ha Poong Kim suggests that a genuine aesthetic experience is a perceptual state of consciousness, free of thought. He characterises it as subjectless, objectless, timeless, revelatory, and joyous. It is a state of mind thus markedly different from our everyday experience where thought processes impinge randomly on our consciousness. The seven essays are divided to three parts. Part I tackles the nature of aesthetic experience, as opposed to everyday perception, and attempts to illuminate the experience of the beautiful by discussing Plato's famous allegory of the charioteer in Phaedrus and an episode in Proust's In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower, the second section of In Search of Lost Time. Part II takes a critical look at Kant's treatment of the judgement of taste in his Critique of Judgement and Eduard Hanslick's conception of the imagination. Part III details Kim's thoughts on several topics of the current debate in aesthetics -- among them, on the difference between aesthetic and intellectual pleasure, and the nature of expressiveness of music. In the first of the two essays in Part III the author discusses critically Christopher Butler's interpretation of artworks as narrative, and in the second, Peter Kivy's theory of expressive properties. Two appendices are provided: one on the alienation of aesthetic experience in the common love of artworks as values; and the other on performance art as an art form, especially in view of the recent retrospective of Marina Abramovic (MoMA, New York). In this appendix, the author presents a critique of today's prevailing conception of art.

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Book SynopsisNew Essays on Singular Thought presents ten new, specially written essays on an issue central to philosophy of mind, language, and perception: the nature of our thought about the external world. Is our thought about objects in the world always descriptive, mediated by our conceptions of those objects? Or is some of our thought somehow more direct, singular, associated more intimately with our perceptual, linguistic, and socially mediated relations to them? Leading experts in the field contributing to this volume make the case for the singularity of thought and debate a broad spectrum of issues it raises, including the structure of singular thought, the role of acquaintance in perception- and communication-based reference, the semantics of fictional and mythical terms, and the merits of epistemic, cognitive, and linguistic conditions on singular thought. Their essays explore new directions for future research and will be an important resource for anyone working at the interface of semanTrade Reviewthe editor deserves thanks for drawing together these thought-provoking papers and making it easier to see some of the profitable areas for future work on singular thought. * Jose Luis Bermudez, The Philosophical Quarterly *Table of ContentsIntroduction ; I THE STRUCTURE OF SINGULAR THOUGHT ; 1. Getting a Thing Into a Thought ; 2. Three Perspectives on Quantifying In ; 3. On Singularity ; II CONDITIONS ON SINGULAR THOUGHT ; 4. Singular Thought: Acquaintance, Semantic Instrumentalism, and Cognitivism ; 5. Singular Thought: In Defense of Acquaintance ; DEMONSTRATIVE AND COMMUNICATION-BASED REFERENCE AND THOUGHT ; 6. Demonstrative Reference, the Relational View of Experience, and the Proximality Principle ; 7. We Are Acquainted With Ordinary Things ; 8. Millian Externalism ; IV THINKING OF NOTHING ; 9. Fictional Singular Imaginings ; 10. Intentionality Without Exotica ; Index

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a case study of an academic conference where various actors sought to circumscribe the exploration of a controversial idea – the one-state model for Israel and Palestine – and it throws into stark relief the vulnerability and importance of academic freedom.Table of ContentsPrefaceIntroductionAn Unintended Ethnography: Part 11 Outside Academia2 The Forbidden Question: “One State or Two?”An Unintended Ethnography: Part 23 Mixing Jurisdictions: Academic Foreign Policy4 Inside AcademiaAn Unintended Ethnography: Part 3 – Making Sense5 Accountability and Validity6 Academic Freedom and the Worthiness of IdeasConclusion: Epicycles and Political WorkAppendices: Correspondence and DocumentationNotesSelected BibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisWhat happens when we have second thoughts about the epistemic standing of our beliefs, when we stop to check on beliefs which we have already formed or hypotheses which we have under consideration? In the essays collected in this volume, Hilary Kornblith considers this and other questions about self-knowledge and the nature of human reason. The essays draw extensively on work in social psychology to illuminate traditional epistemological issues: in contrast with traditional Cartesian approaches to these issues, Kornblith engages with empirically motivated skeptical problems, and shows how they may be constructively addressed in practical and theoretical terms. As well as bringing together ten previously published essays, the volume contains two entirely new pieces that engage with ideas of self and rational nature. Kornblith''s approach lays the foundations for further development in epistemology that will benefit from advances in our understanding of human psychology.Trade Review'… invaluable for those interested in contemporary epistemology … Highly Recommended.' F. A. Grabowski, ChoiceTable of ContentsIntroduction; 1. Introspection and misdirection; 2. What is it like to be me?; 3. Distrusting reason; 4. The impurity of reason; 5. What reflective endorsement cannot do; 6. Belief in the face of controversy; 7. Naturalism vs. the first-person perspective; 8. Is there room for armchair theorizing in epistemology?; 9. The role of reasons in epistemology; 10. Doxastic justification is fundamental; 11. Our sense of self; 12. Our rational nature; Index.

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Book SynopsisChronically associates artistic maturity either with transcendence, degeneration, or irrelevance. This volume looks to the non-representational arts of music, abstract painting and sculpture, and architecture for fresh insight into the juncture of aesthetics and mortality.

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Book SynopsisDivine Variations offers a new account of the development of scientific ideas about race. Focusing on the production of scientific knowledge over the last three centuries, Terence Keel uncovers the persistent links between pre-modern Christian thought and contemporary scientific perceptions of human difference. He argues that, instead of a rupture between religion and modern biology on the question of human origins, modern scientific theories of race are, in fact, an extension of Christian intellectual history. Keel's study draws on ancient and early modern theological texts and biblical commentaries, works in Christian natural philosophy, seminal studies in ethnology and early social science, debates within twentieth-century public health research, and recent genetic analysis of population differences and ancient human DNA. From these sources, Keel demonstrates that Christian ideas about creation, ancestry, and universalism helped form the basis of modern scientific accounts of human diversity—despite the ostensible shift in modern biology towards scientific naturalism, objectivity, and value neutrality. By showing the connections between Christian thought and scientific racial thinking, this book calls into question the notion that science and religion are mutually exclusive intellectual domains and proposes that the advance of modern science did not follow a linear process of secularization. Trade Review"Divine Variations brilliantly traces the roots of modern racial science to Christian intellectual history and ideology. Despite the efforts of genomic researchers to portray current biological concepts of race as purely scientific, Keel shows that these scientists are secular creationists retelling religious folklore about the origins of human life. This book is a crucial contribution to the history of racial science." -- Dorothy Roberts * author of Fatal Invention: How Science, Politics, and Big Business Re-create Race in the Twenty-first Century *"At a moment when some evolutionary theorists have become quasi-theologians, offering universal stories of existence that are as imperialistic as their eighteenth- and nineteenth- century versions, and when popular DNA speculations about racial heritage and legacy have brought us back to the door of eugenics, Keel's book reminds us of the theological trajectories from which these concepts arise. This is not an anti-science text, but one that shows us the interrelationship of theology and science and tacit assumptions behind the scientific will to universalize. We will never be able to defeat racial reasoning so long as it is concealed and nurtured in certain kinds of scientific reasoning. Keel's book greatly aids us in separating the two." -- Willie James Jennings * author of The Christian Imagination: Theology and the Origins of Race *"The brilliance of Terence Keel's book is to show that when it comes to race, there was no war between science and religion. Instead, this engaging and penetrating study shows how Christian ideas helped create scientific approaches to and explanations of race. Divine Variations is a must-read for all scholars of race, religion, and science." -- Edward J. Blum * co-author of The Color of Christ: The Son of God and the Saga of Race in America *"In this brilliantly argued and fascinating account of the development of scientific racial theory, Keel convincingly demonstrates that the modern biological sciences still bear the deep imprint of their religious origins. Divine Variations offers us insightful new ways of thinking about the historical relations between science and religion." -- Peter Harrison * author of The Territories of Science and Religion *"Terence Keel's book brings needed nuance to the cultural and scientific history of the study of human diversity. He explores the connections between the theology and science of what eventually became human microevolution, and follows the various threads down to the present day. This is an important body of scholarship, with which anyone interested in the scientific origins of human racial theory must engage." -- Jonathan Marks * author of What it Means to be 98% Chimpanzee: Apes, People and Their Genes *"Terence Keel's Divine Variations points us to the materials, the old patterns and the stitches that built our modern notion of race.... Keel's work offers us a warning that there is no panacea, no easy ideology or system that is free from the colonial theologies or so called "enlightened" philosophies. But in the face of this, and in the midst of a world where we are confronted by ever more differences and unknowns, perhaps our hope is best oriented towards theologies and scientific modes of thought that do not try to avoid the mystery, that do not wash out or totalize exceptions. Perhaps we no longer need "theories of everything" but rather theologies and science that help us to see variation, difference, and change as possibilities rather than as dangers. Keel's work is a vital step toward this endeavor." -- Brian Bantum * Reading Religion *"This volume is a critical contribution to study of the concept of race and a formidable challenge to many commonplace assumptions. Equally important, it compels the reader to reevaluate the extent to which science and religion are clearly distinct realms of thought, and offers new ways of thinking about their relationship....Summing up: Essential." -- S.C. Peterson * CHOICE *"Our longing to know where we came from and what lies ahead is fierce. But what if neither science nor religion can offer those comforts?...What I find most gripping about Keel's argument is that he does not denigrate either discipline so much as he goads us to acknowledge their shared problematic epistemological impulse." -- Michelle Wolff * The Journal of Religion *"[Divine Variations] offers an original and ambitious interpretation of science and religion, one that largely avoids framing these interactions in terms of conflict or compatibility, to address a very timely subject: race." -- Ernie Hamm * Zygon *"It is widely appreciated that current struggles over race and racism are crucially shaped by the history of racism....Terence Keel masterfully demonstrates how this is true not only with respect to the legacy of historical racism on ongoing racialized inequality; it is also manifest in how modern scientific approaches to race have been informed by religious conceptions." -- Bruce Baum * American Historical Review *"[Keel] overturns assumptions of an inherent conflict between religion and science by showing that modern Western science borrows ideas and questions from Christianity." -- Sabrina Danielsen * Sociology of Religion *"[It] is de rigueur to speak of the modern concept of 'race' as solely a product of enlightenment-era scientific thought....It is here that Terence Keel enters the fray and forcefully disrupts the narrative....While the cult of racial essentialism continues to attract new acolytes, Keel's apocrypha certainly threatens its newfound articles of faith." -- Matthew W. Hughey * Ethnic and Racial Studies *"Divine Variations shows that Christianity represents a dominant paradigm for many ways of knowing, and thus its presence in racial science is not unusual but actually expected." -- Ayah Nuriddin * Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences *"Keel's framework opens up a new way of looking at the problem of race, and a way to account for the role of both Western science and Christian supremacy in the global work of enslavement, the creation of plantation economies, and the violence of settler colonialism....Divine Variations is a pioneering effort in the historical study of race and racism, as well as science and religion." -- Myrna Perez Sheldon * Religious Studies Review *"Keel provides strong historical evidence for the view that science and religion are to be seen as two cultural efforts that need to be related in much more diverse and complicated ways than is usually accepted....Divine Variations is a book that must be considered by historians, philosophers and scientists alike." -- Juan Manuel Rodriguez-Caso * Philosophy, Theology and the Sciences *Table of ContentsContents and AbstractsIntroduction chapter abstractThe Introduction lays out the theoretical stakes of the work as a whole. It opens with a critical evaluation of the work of acclaimed geneticist Spencer Wells, whose 2002 publication The Journey of Man has helped frame the now-standard interpretation of human evolution and migration from a single set of ancestors out of Africa. Wells's account of human evolution reveals the epistemic authority that modern genetics has obtained on the question of race and human beginnings. It is argued that contemporary biologists inherited this authority, however, from their Christian intellectual ancestors, who provided modern scientists with a cache of interpretive tools and assumptions that proved useful for narrating the development of human life and constructing theories of racial difference believed to supersede all previous accounts of human origins. After laying out the theoretical ground to be covered, this introductory chapter provides an overview of the chapters that follow. 1Impure Thoughts: Johann Blumenbach and the Birth of Racial Science chapter abstractChapter 1 examines the thought of the eighteenth-century ethnologist Johann F. Blumenbach, whose 1775 work On the Natural Variety of Mankind is often represented as precipitating the secular turn in the modern study of race. The chapter offers an alternative account of the intellectual ancestry alive in Blumenbach's racial theories by recovering the Christian sources of his thinking. Political and philosophical anti-Judaism prevalent in late eighteenth-century Germany, the transformation of the Protestant Reformer Martin Luther into a pioneer of German national identity, and the anti-Jewish writings of Johann David Michaelis in the emergent field of biblical geography at Göttingen University were all crucial political, religious, and intellectual influences during the time Blumenbach developed his racial theories. Drawing on the notion that the epistemological origins of racial science are fundamentally mongrel, this chapter argues that Blumenbach's racial theories were not an expression of pure, untainted, secular rationality. 2Superseding Christian Truth: The Quiet Revolution of Nineteenth-Century American Science of Race chapter abstractChapter 2 analyzes scientific criticism leveled against the theory of common human descent beginning in the 1830s. It focuses on the thought of Josiah C. Nott, a southern physician, early epidemiologist, and major figure of the so-called American School of Ethnology. Nott claimed that humanity's common origin, or monogenesis, was an unscientific belief and a mere carryover from when natural historians were indebted to Christian ideas about nature and human life. Thus, he attempted to establish an account of the history of human racial groups that moved beyond the constraints of the narrative recorded by Moses in the Bible. Despite these secular aspirations Nott ultimately failed to offer an account of race that stood independent of Christian thought. The case of American polygenism illustrates the degree to which modern racial science is indebted to a religious intellectual history it has attempted to deny and supersede. 3The Ghost of Christian Creationism: Racial Dispositions and Progressive Era Public Health Research chapter abstractChapter 3 explores how polygenist carryovers emerged in early twentieth-century medical and public health studies on the links between race and disease. This persistence further embedded ideas about race derived from Christian intellectual history into the methods and reasoning of modern scientists and public health researchers. In the early twentieth century, the concept of biological determinism—the idea that the fixed biological makeup of a racial group determines its members' health, behavior, and intelligence—reoccupies the epistemic space once filled explicitly by a theological view of nature. This chapter also introduces the work of the African American physician, ethicist, and social hygienist Charles V. Roman, who departed from the racial logic of his time. Roman stressed instead that the idea of common human ancestry should push public health researchers to think more critically about the social and environmental factors shaping health outcomes and black susceptibility to disease. 4Noah's Mongrel Children: Ancient DNA and the Persistence of Christian Forms in Modern Biology chapter abstractChapter 4 examines how concepts about racial ancestry and the ontological uniqueness of human life from Christian intellectual history have historically informed scientific research on the Neanderthal. These Christian forms are at play in the sequencing of the Neanderthal genome and the unanticipated discovery that mating occurred between this hominid group and modern humans around forty thousand years ago. Geneticists claim that evidence of this encounter is found almost exclusively in the genomes of Europeans and Asians. This chapter also shows how scientists in both the nineteenth and twenty-first centuries deployed notions of distinct continental groups and fixed racial traits to draw conclusions about human-Neanderthal relatedness. In both centuries, concepts and reasoning strategies implicitly divinize nature while also framing human ancestry into three original groups that represent the reoccupation of the story of Noah's three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, into contemporary algorithmic representations of human genetic ancestry. 5Beyond the Religious Pursuit of Race chapter abstractChapter 5 provides a summary of the major claims of the book. It also explains how the conflict thesis for representing the relationship between science and religion fails to capture how Christian intellectual history has been key to the formation of the race concept in modern science. Citing recent data from a 2015 Pew Research Survey, this chapter argues that the conflict thesis remains a fixture in the minds of Americans, which has consequences for shifting public perceptions about the assumed secularity of the scientific study of race. It closes with a call for recognizing that the scientific study of race is involved in providing a solution to the existential dilemma of defining what it means to be human. This solution is neither value-free nor detached from the cultural and religious inheritance that has fastened itself to the work of Euro-American scientists who study race.

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Book SynopsisThe book explores concepts throughout the history of philosophy that suggest the possibility of unconscious thought and lay the foundation for ideas of unconscious thought in modern philosophy and psychoanalysis. The focus is on the workings of unconscious thought and the role it plays in thinking, language, perception, and human identity.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1. Plotinus: The First Philosopher of the Unconscious 2. The Peripatetics and Unconscious Thought 3. The Active Intellect of Averroes 4. Robert Grosseteste: Imagination and Unconscious Thought 5. Unconscious Thought in the Philosophy of Immanuel Kant 6. Unconscious Thought in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Philosophies 7. Unconscious Thought in Freud 8. Unconscious Thought in Lacan

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