Search results for """ "Mine Gases and Explosions""

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Book SynopsisUp-to-date and thorough coverage of the causes, repercussions, and prevention of dust explosions and fires by one of the most well-respected environmental scientists and worker safety litigation specialists in the world This handy volume is a ready go to reference for the chemical engineer, plant manager, process engineer, or chemist working in industrial settings where dust explosions could be a concern, such as the process industries, coal industry, metal industry, and others. Though dust explosions have been around since the Earth first formed, and they have been studied and written about since the 1500s, they are still an ongoing concern and occur almost daily somewhere in the world, from bakeries to fertilizer plants. Dust explosions can have devastating consequences, and, recently, there have been new industrial standards and guidelines that reflect safer, more reasonable methods for dealing with materials to prevent dust explosions and resultant fires. ThTable of ContentsAbout the Author xiPreface xiii1 Combustible Dusts 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Metrics 31.3 Size and Shape 61.4 Size Distribution 91.5 Why Some Dusts are Combustible 141.6 Common Causes of Dust Explosions and Risk Mitigation 161.7 Closing Remarks and Definitions 212 The Basics of Dust Explosions 292.1 Conditions for Dust Fires and Explosions 292.2 Primary and Secondary Dust Explosions 392.3 Explosions within Process Equipment 402.4 Other Examples of Catastrophic Incidents 522.5 Ignition Sensitivity 54Recommended References 613 Factors Influencing Dust Explosibility 653.1 Introduction 653.2 Particle Size and Dust Concentration 663.3 Particle Volatility 663.4 Heats of Combustion 683.5 Explosive Concentrations and Ignition Energy 703.6 Classification of Dusts 733.7 Oxidant Concentration 753.8 Turbulence 763.9 Maximum Rate of Pressure Rise 773.10 Presence of Volatile and Flammable Gases 783.11 Limiting Oxygen Concentration 823.12 Important Definitions and Concepts 84Recommended References 914 Explosion Prevention in Grain Dust Elevators 934.1 Introduction 934.2 Causes 954.3 Properties of Grain Dusts 984.4 Case Studies 1024.5 Best Industry Practices 1074.6 Osha Grain Handling Standard Audit Questionnaire 1205 Coal Dust Explosibility and Coal Mining Operations 1315.1 Introduction 1315.2 Coal as a Fuel 1325.3 Heat and Energy 1345.4 Coal Dust Suspension, Confinement, Resuspension and Explosions 1355.5 Processing Equipment Explosion Hazards 1375.6 Coal Mining Operations and Safety 147Recommended References 2036 Preventing Fires and Explosions Involving Metals 2076.1 Introduction 2076.2 Combustibility Properties of Metals 2086.3 Explosion Temperatures 2156.4 Dry Powder (Class D Fires) 2166.5 Case Studies 2266.6 Good Industry Practices for Prevention and Risk Mitigation 2466.7 Risk Screening Guidelines and Resources 265Recommended References 2727 Phlegmatization, Diluent Dusts, and the Use of Inert Gases 2757.1 Introduction 2757.2 Phlegmatization 2767.3 Addition of Diluents 2797.4 Application of Inert Gases 2797.5 Case Study 2898 Augmenting Risk Mitigation with Leak Detection and Repair 3058.1 Introduction 3058.2 Why Ldar Programs are Needed 3068.3 Sources of Fugitive Air Discharges 3078.4 Good Industry Practices 308Appendix A: General Guidelines on Safe Work Practice 319Glossary of Terms 349Index 357

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Book SynopsisThe gas dynamics of explosions is a subject that continues to interest researchers from many fields of physics and engineering. Lee's book describes the various analytical methods developed to determine non-steady shock propagation associated with explosions in a style accessible to graduate students and researchers in the subject.Trade ReviewThe Gas Dynamics of Explosions is a unique and valuable collation and presentation of the analytical methods that have been used to calculate the physical properties of blast waves. This has been done with mathematical clarity, which in most cases is superior to that of the original publications. These analytical methods often provide an insight into the physical processes within a blast wave that is not provided by numerical simulation techniques that are nowadays most commonly used to study these processes. The text provides an excellent reference source for researchers studying blast waves and an excellent primer to those who are new to the field. It is a natural sequel to Professor Lee's earlier work, The Detonation Phenomenon (Cambridge, 2013)' J. M. Dewey, Shock Waves'The book itself is relatively short, 194 pages, and can be read through in a couple of hours. The text is clear, the meanings precise and the pace is relatively fast. … If, however, we look with greater attention, the text covers the fundamental gas dynamics in depth and gives fairly complete derivations of equations: this is not a book where space and effort is saved by the familiar phrase 'it can be easily shown that'. Many of the derivations are given for 0D to 3D forms. This allows comparison between the complexity of derivation and the inclusion of many graphs allows easy comparison of the results of the added complexity. This is a key strength of this text. Overall, I would recommend this book to those who want to have a strong, mathematically analytical basis of this field.' W. G. Proud, The Aeronautical JournalTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Basic equations; 2. Weak shock theory; 3. Shock propagation in a non-uniform cross sectional area tube; 4. Blast wave theory; 5. Homentropic explosions; 6. Snow-plow approximation; 7. The Brinkley–Kirkwood theory; 8. Non-similar solutions for finite strength blast waves; 9. Implosions; Index.

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Book SynopsisDieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.Table of ContentsErstes Kapitel: Einleitung von Explosionen (Selbstzündung) als Wärmephänomen.- 1. Vorbemerkung.- 2. Selbstzündung (Wärmeexplosion).- 3. Genauere Diskussion der Explosionsgleichungen.- 4. Beispiele von Wärmeexplosionen.- 5. Zündung durch erhitzte Oberflächen.- Anhang zum ersten Kapitel: Diskussion des experimentellen Materials über Zündtemperaturen.- Zweites Kapitel: Funkenzündung I. (Wärmetheorie der Funkenzündung).- 1. Grundtatsachen und Problemstellung.- 2. Ansätze für eine vereinfachte quantitative Behandlung.- 3. Besprechung von Versuchen vom Standpunkt der Wärmetheorie.- Drittes Kapitel: Fortpflanzung von Explosionen.- 1. Allgemeines.- 2. Die normale Verbrennungsgeschwindigkeit.- 3. Genauere Theorie der Bunsenflamme.- 4. Methodik der Bestimmung der normalen Verbrennungsgeschwindigkeit nach Gouy-Michelson.- 5. Fortpflanzung der Verbrennung in Rohren.- 6. Theorie der Flammenfortpflanzung.- 7. Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit und normale Verbrennungsgeschwindigkeit.- 8. Zündgrenzen.- 9. Beeinflussung der Zündgrenzen durch Zusätze.- Viertes Kapitel: Explosionen in geschlossenen Gefäßen.- 1. Übersicht über die Erscheinungen.- 2. Geschwindigkeit des Druckanstieges und Flammengeschwindigkeit.- 3. Theorie des Druckanstieges und des Temperaturgradienten bei Bombenexplosionen nach Mache.- 4. Besondere Beobachtungen bei Bombenexplosionen.- Fünftes Kapitel: Detonation.- 1. Besondere Phänomene bei sehr schnellen Flammen; die Detonation.- 2. Stoßwelle und Detonation.- 3. Experimentelle Bestimmung von Detonationsgeschwindigkeiten.- 4. Detonationsgrenzen.- 5. Einfluß äußerer Faktoren auf Einleitung und Fortpflanzung von Detonationen.- 6. Detonationsdrucke.- 7. Einfluß von Zusätzen auf die Entstehung von Detonationen.- 8. Beziehung zwischen Stoßwelle und Detonation; „Spin“ von Detonationen.- 9. Nachträge zur Theorie der Detonationsvorgänge.- Sechstes Kapitel: Flammen nicht vorgemischter Gase.- Siebentes Kapitel: Flammentemperaturen, Strahlungsuntersuchungen an Flammen.- 1. Messung von Flammentemperaturen.- 2. Berechnung maximaler Flammentemperaturen.- 3. Spektroskopische Untersuchungen von Flammen.- 4. Thermische Strahlung und Chemilumineszenz.- 5. Strahlung und Temperatur im Motor.- Achtes Kapitel: Kinetik der Verbrennungs- und Explosionsvorgänge.- 1. Grundlagen der chemischen Kinetik.- 2. Kinetische Gastheorie.- 3. Kettenreaktionen, an einem Beispiel erläutert.- 4. Reaktionen mit Kettenverzweigung.- 5. Die zeitliche Entwicklung einer Kettenexplosion.- 6. Beispiele von Kettenexplosionen.- Neuntes Kapitel: Die Knallgas- und Kohlenoxydverbrennung.- A. Die Knallgasverbrennung.- 1. Die untere Explosionsgrenze.- 2. Die obere Explosionsgrenze.- 3. Die Reaktion außerhalb der Explosionsgrenzen.- 4. Versuche mit freien Atomen und Radikalen.- 5. Mechanismus der Knallgasreaktion.- B. Die Kohlenoxydverbrennung.- 1. Die Explosionsgrenzen.- 2. Die Reaktion außerhalb der Explosionsgrenzen.- 3. Spektroskopische Untersuchungen über die CO-Verbrennung; CO-Explosionen in Gegenwart von Stickstoff.- 4. Der Mechanismus der CO-Verbrennung.- Zehntes Kapitel: Funkenzündung II, Reaktion in elektrischen Entladungen.- 1. Natur der Funkenentladung; ältere Untersuchungen über die Zündfähigkeit verschiedener Funken.- 2. Finchs Untersuchungen über die Reaktion explosiver Gemische in nicht zündenden Entladungen.- 3. Versuche über die Zündfähigkeit verschiedener Funken sowie der verschiedenen Komponenten eines Funkens.- 4. Sonstige Beobachtungen über „nichtthermische“ Zündung.- 5. Funkenzündung im Motor.- 6. Brewers Untersuchungen über Reaktionen in Entladungen.- 7. Ansätze zur Theorie der „nichtthermischen“ Zündung im Funken.- Elftes Kapitel: Die Verbrennung von Kohlenwasserstoffen.- Überblick über das Gebiet.- A. Die Verbrennung in der Flamme.- 1. Reaktionsprodukte bei Explosion und Verbrennung.- 2. Spektroskopische Beobachtungen; Reaktion freier Atome und Radikale.- 3. Flammengeschwindigkeiten.- B. Die langsame Oxydation von Kohlenwasserstoffen.- 1. Allgemeines.- 2. Kinetik der Oxydation niederer Aldehyde.- 3. Zerfall von Kohlenwasserstoffen und Zwischenprodukten; Absorptionsspektren.- 4. Die Oxydation der niedersten Kohlenwasserstoffe.- 5. Die langsame Oxydation weiterer Kohlenwasserstoffverbindungen; Kalte Flammen.- C. Die Entzündung von Kohlenwasserstoffen, besonders bei höheren Drucken.- D. Die Theorie der Kohlenwasserstoffoxydation.- Zwölftes Kapitel: Die Verbrennung im Otto-Motor.- 1. Überblick über die beobachteten Erscheinungen.- 2. Allgemeine Grundlagen und Thermodynamik der Verbrennung im Motor.- 3. Der Klopfvorgang.- 4. Phänomenologisches zum Verbrennungs- und Klopfvorgang im Motor.- 5. Messung des Klopfverhaltens.- 6. Untersuchung der dem Klopfen vorangehenden Vorgänge.- 7. Untersuchungen über Klopffeinde.- 8. Spektroskopische Untersuchungen am Motor.- 9. Klopfverhalten und chemische Konstitution; Reaktionskinetische Ansätze.- 10. Über Klopffeinde.- 11. Schlußbemerkungen.- Dreizehntes Kapitel: Verbrennung im Dieselmotor.- 1. Das Arbeitsverfahren des Dieselmotors.- 2. Allgemeines über den Verbrennungsablauf; Strahleinspritzung, Verdampfung, Zündung.- 3. Praktische Bestimmung der Zündwilligkeit von Dieselkraftstoffen.- 4. Reaktionskinetische Behandlung des Zündvorgangs im Dieselmotor.- 5. Weitere reaktionskinetische Betrachtungen zum Verbrennungsvorgang im Dieselmotor.- Anhang: Zusammenfassende Darstellungen des Gebietes.- Namenverzeichnis.

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Book SynopsisIndustrial Explosives and their Applications for Rock Excavation focuses on applications of industrial explosives in civil and mining engineering works. Explosives and their actions are explained in terms of basics, principles, and related chemistry. Explosives and initiation devices are described, including their characteristics, geometry, and timing aspects of the blast design. Designing blasts for rock excavation works is explained, including devices for obtaining large-sized blocks, construction of yards, and excavation of big foundations. Finally, criteria for the mitigation of the associated seismic disturbances are summarized.The book: provides an updated vision of industrial explosives, including the best technical advice for rock excavation; contains harmonized preliminary modules aimed at introducing basic concepts of chemistry and physics applied to the drilling and blasting technique; defines balanced mix of theory capable

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Book SynopsisDer Schutz gegen Explosionen von brennbaren Gasen, Dämpfen, Stäuben und Nebeln in Gegenwart von Luft oder anderen oxidierenden Gasen ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil von industriellen Prozessen und wird durch detaillierte Vorschriften, Normen und Regeln vorgegeben. Zum Thema dieses Buches gehören die Maßnahmen, die insbesondere die Auslösung und die entsprechenden Schäden solcher Explosionen verhindern oder einschränken. Herausgeber und Autoren dieses Buches verfügen über langjährige Berufserfahrung und beschreiben die Schutzverfahren und den einschlägigen Stand der Technik, verbunden mit experimentell gesicherten Daten. Betriebs-, Planungs-, Konstruktions- und Sicherheitsingenieure aus Industrie, Genehmigungsbehörden und Berufsgenossenschaften lernen in diesem Handbuch durch ein tiefergehendes Verständnis der naturwissenschaftlichen und technischen Grundlagen, einen den jeweiligen Verhältnissen angepassten Explosionsschutz anzuwenden.Table of Contents1. EXPLOSIONSVORGÄNGE Einleitung Ausbreitung von Verbrennungsvorgängen in der Gasphase Instationäre Flammenausbreitung Explosion im Freien 2. ZÜNDVORGÄNGE Elektrische Zündquellen Zündgefahren infolge elektrostatischer Aufladung Zündung durch heiße Oberflächen Mechanisch erzeugte Funken Adiabatische Kompression von Stoßwellen Absorption optischer Strahlung Selbstentzündung fester Stoffe Chemische Reaktionen 3. EIGENSCHAFTEN REAKTIONSFÄHIGER GASE UND DÄMPFE VON FLÜSSIGKEITEN (KENNGRÖßEN) Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen von Gasen und Dämpfen von Flüssigkeiten Physikalisch-chemische Grundlagen zu den Eigenschaften brennbarer Gase und Dämpfe 4. EIGENSCHAFTEN BRENNBARER STÄUBE (KENNGRÖßEN) Einleitung Abgelagerte Stäube (Brandkenngrößen) Aufgewirbelte Staub/Luft-Gemische (Explosionskenngrößen) 5. EIGENSCHAFTEN BRENNBARER NEBEL UND SCHÄUME Brennbare Nebel und Sprühstrahlen Heterogene Systeme aus organischen Flüssigkeiten und Sauerstoff 6. MAßNAHMEN GEGEN EXPLOSIONSVORGÄNGE Der Explosionsdruckverlauf in Behältern für deren Auslegung Explosionsdruckentlastung Explosionsunterdrückung Explosionsentkopplung Flammendurchschlagsicherungen 7. ERFASSUNG UND BEWERTUNG VON EXPLOSIONSRISIKEN Grundlegende Begriffe der Sicherheitstechnik Explosionsrisiken 8. STICHWORTVERZEICHNIS.

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Book SynopsisThe risk of explosion is inseparable from industrial activity, as we are often reminded by the news. In order to avoid an explosion, it is necessary to understand the phenomena surrounding it, and take the necessary preventive measures to protect society if it comes to the worst-case scenario. This book will detail these phenomena. The Mechanisms of Explosions presents theoretical aspects from a physicochemical point of view and proposes various methods adapted to each type of explosion, including ATEX explosions. The author shares his knowledge of the mechanisms of explosions, acquired during numerous investigations. These 27 case studies – detailing circumstances, mechanisms and the nature and intensity of explosive effects – were selected to cover all of the possible physical or chemical phenomena, substances and mechanisms, without limiting themselves to the most common situations. This book, packed full of information, is designed to benefit those who analyze and investigate explosions, particularly insurance and judicial experts, prevention engineers, security managers and trainers.Table of ContentsForeword xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii Part 1 General Information and Approach 1 Chapter 1 The Explosion Phenomenon 3 1.1 Explosion of an ATEX 4 1.1.1 Definition of an ATEX 4 1.1.2 Case of an ATEX consisting of a combustible dust dispersed in air 23 1.1.3 Case of a hybrid ATEX 25 1.1.4 Evaluation of the released energy Elib 25 1.2 Chemical systems other than ATEX 39 1.2.1 Definition elements 39 1.2.2 Evaluation of E lib 40 1.2.3 Flame propagation regimes in explosive system 1 or 2 40 1.3 Hollow body rupture (or bursting) 44 1.3.1 Definition elements 44 1.3.2 Evaluation of Elib 45 1.4 Superheated liquid vaporization 46 1.4.1 Definition elements 46 1.4.2 Evaluation of Elib 46 1.5 Comparison of Elib with the energy E eff required to produce the explosion effects 47 Chapter 2 Method of Investigating an Explosion 49 2.1 Introduction 49 2.2 Establishment of the explosion mechanism 49 2.3 Search for answers to the questions of HOW MUCH and WHAT 50 2.4 Identification of the different types of damage produced by an explosion 51 2.4.1 Effects on structures 52 2.4.2 Effects on the human body 54 2.5 Estimation of the energy required to produce the mechanical effects 55 2.5.1 E eff estimation tools 56 2.5.2 Comparison between Eeff and Elib 64 2.5.3 Order of magnitude of the yield ρ for each type of explosive system 65 2.6 Hypothesis on the type of explosion involved 66 2.7 Estimation of the quantity of the explosive system involved 66 2.7.1 General case 66 2.7.2 Specific case of an ATEX explosion occurring in a confined environment 67 2.8 Evaluation of the hypothesis on the type of explosion involved 67 2.8.1 Compatibility of the hypothesis with the circumstances of the explosion 67 2.8.2 Cases of explosions which may a priori involve different systems 68 2.9 Search for answers to the question of HOW? 71 2.10 Representation of the mechanism of explosion by tree of events 71 Part 2 27 Case Studies of Domestic or Industrial Explosions 73 Introduction to Part 2 75 P2.1 Domestic explosions 78 P2.1.1 Determination of ATEX location and volume 79 P2.1.2 Thermal effects of an explosion on buildings and the human body 82 P2.1.3 Mechanical effects of an explosion in a housing 83 Case 1 Discrimination Between NG and Butane 87 C1.1 Different arguments tentatively used for discrimination 87 C1.2 Thermal effects of the flame 87 C1.3 Mechanical effects of the explosion 88 C1.4 Relevant arguments used for the elimination of a butane leak 88 C1.5 Identified mechanism 89 Case 2 Determination of the Mechanism of an Accident Involving a Fire and an Explosion 91 C2.1 Circumstances and effects of the explosion 91 C2.2 Occurrence of a fire prior to the explosion 91 Case 3 Determination of the Mechanism of an Accident Involving a Fire and Two Explosions 93 C3.1 Nature of the flammable gases or liquids involved in the first explosion 93 C3.2 Determination of the explosion mechanism 94 Case 4 Determination of the Mechanism of an Explosion from the Leak Flow Rate of NG 97 Case 5 Determination of the Mechanism of a Propane Explosion from the Leak Flow Rate 101 Case 6 Determination of the Explosion Mechanism, Based on the Location of the Ignition Source of ATEX 103 C6.1 Circumstances of the explosion 103 C6.2 Discrimination between the boiler leak and the cooker oven leak 104 Lessons learned from the investigation of domestic explosions 106 Case 7 Explosion of a Hydrogenated ATEX in a Pulp Paper Tank 109 C7.1 Description of facilities, circumstances and effects of the explosion 109 C7.2 Objectives of the investigation 110 C7.3 Determination of the composition of the ATEX 110 C7.3.1 Experimental determination of the ATEX components 110 C7.3.2 Determination of the ATEX conditions, formation and ignition 112 C7.3.3 Consistency between the explosion effects and the estimated ATEX volume 112 C7.4 Conclusion 113 Lessons learned from the investigation of the explosion of a hydrogenated Atex 113 Case 8 Explosion of a Hydrogenated ATEX in an Electrolyzer Cell 115 C8.1 Description of facilities and explosion circumstances 115 C8.2 Effects of the explosion 115 C8.3 Investigation objectives 115 C8.3.1 Formation and location of an ATEX in the electrolyzer 116 C8.3.2 Results of experimental study 116 C8.3.3 Consistency between the mechanical effects and the overpressure 116 Lessons learned from Cases 7 and 8 117 Case 9 Explosion of an Air–Propane ATEX 119 C9.1 Case presentation 119 C9.1.1 Description of the facilities 119 C9.1.2 Circumstances of the explosion 120 C9.1.3 Explosion damage 120 C9.1.4 Establishment of the explosion mechanism 121 Lessons learned from the investigation 125 Case 10 Explosion in a Refinery 127 C10.1 Case presentation 127 C10.1.1 Description of facilities and circumstances of explosion 127 C10.1.2 Flame propagation regime 128 C10.1.3 Effects of explosion 128 Lessons from the investigation 130 Case 11 Explosions in Recovery Facilities for Cupola Gases 131 C11.1 Case presentation 131 C11.1.1 Description of the facilities 131 C11.1.2 Circumstances of the explosion 132 C11.1.3 Explosion damage 132 C11.1.4 Determination of the explosion mechanism 133 C11.1.5 Flammability of the CGs involved in the explosion 133 Lessons learned from investigation of explosion in cupola facilities 145 Case 12 Explosion of Acetone Vapor 147 C12.1 Case presentation 147 C12.1.1 Description of the facilities 147 C12.1.2 Circumstances of the explosion 148 C12.1.3 Description of explosion damage 148 C12.1.4 Mechanism of the explosion 149 Lessons from investigation of an explosion of acetone vapor 154 Case 13 Explosion of Vapor of Toluene 155 C13.1 Case presentation 155 C13.1.1. Description of the facility and of the circumstances of the explosion 155 C13.1.2 Effects of the explosion 155 C13.1.3 Determination of the mechanism of the explosion 156 Lessons learned from the investigation of an explosion of toluene vapor 158 Case 14 Explosion of Vapor of Kerosene 159 C14.1 Case presentation 159 C14.1.1 Description of the facility 159 C14.1.2 Circumstances of the explosion 159 C14.1.3 Description of explosion damage 160 C14.1.4 Determination of the explosion mechanism 160 Lessons from the investigation of an explosion of kerosene vapor in contact with a hot surface 166 Case 15 Explosion of Volatile Hydrocarbons 167 C15.1 Case presentation 167 C15.1.1 Description of the facility and the circumstances of the explosion 167 C15.1.2 Description of explosion damage 167 C15.1.3 Mechanism of explosion 168 C15.1.4 Estimation of energy released by explosion 173 Lessons to be learned from the investigation of explosion of volatile hydrocarbons 175 Case 16 Explosion in a Spray Dryer of Powdered Milk 177 C16.1 Case presentation 177 C16.1.1 Description of the facility 177 C16.1.2 Circumstances and effects of the explosion 178 C16.1.3 Flammability and explosion characteristics of milk powder 179 C16.1.4 Mechanism of explosion 181 Lessons learned from the expertise of an explosion in a dryer 182 Case 17 Explosion in a Wood Waste Grinding Facility 185 C17.1 Case presentation 185 C17.1.1 Description of the facility 186 C17.1.2 Circumstances of the explosion 187 C17.1.3 Effects of the explosion 187 C17.1.4 Flammability characteristics of the wood dust 188 C17.1.5 Determination of the mechanism of explosion 189 Lessons learned from the investigation 191 Case 18 Explosion of a Chloroduct 193 C18.1 Case presentation 193 C18.2 Circumstances of the explosion 193 C18.3 Effects of explosion 193 C18.4 Determination of the explosion mechanism 195 C18.4.1 Explosive system identification 195 C18.4.2 Estimation of the rupture pressure Pr of the chloroduct 198 C18.4.3 Different arguments for a detonation of the hydrogen–chlorine mixture 198 Lessons learned from investigation of the explosion of a chloroduct 200 Case 19 Combustion of Steel in Oxygen 201 C19.1 Case presentation 201 C19.1.1 Description of the facility 201 C19.1.2 Circumstances of the accident 203 C19.1.3 Effects 203 C19.1.4 Mechanism of the accident 204 Lessons learned from investigation of combustion in oxygen 206 Case 20 Explosion in an Aluminum Foundry 207 C20.1 Case presentation 207 C20.1.1 Description of the facility 207 C20.1.2 Circumstances of the explosion 208 C20.1.3 Explosion effects 208 C20.1.4 Determination of the mechanism of explosion 211 Lessons from investigation of an explosion in an aluminum foundry 215 Case 21 Explosion in a Laboratory Nitration Test 217 C21.1 Case presentation 217 C21.1.1 Nature of the explosive system 217 C21.1.2 Experimental validation of the conditions of the runaway reaction 218 C21.1.3 Results 218 C21.1.4 Conclusion of the tests 221 Lessons learned from investigation of a burst vessel 221 Case 22 Explosion in a Chemical Reactor 223 C22.1 Case presentation 223 C22.1.1 Description of the chemical synthesis process 223 C22.1.2 Circumstances of the explosion 224 C22.1.3 Effects of the explosion 224 C22.1.4 Determination of the explosion mechanism 225 C22.1.5 Description of the explosion process 227 Lessons learned from the investigation 228 Case 23 Explosion and Fire Resulting from an Oxidation by KMnO 4 229 C23.1 Case presentation 229 C23.1.1 Circumstances of the explosion 229 C23.1.2 Effects of the explosion 230 C23.1.3 Fire resulting from an ignition of formaldehyde by KMnO 4 233 Lessons learned from the investigation 233 Case 24 Explosion Involving Hydrazine 235 C24.1 Case presentation 235 C24.1.1 Description of the experimental conditions 236 C24.1.2 Results 237 C24.1.3 Origin of an overpressure in a UHH tank 241 Lessons learned from the investigation 241 Case 25 Burst of a Steel Gas Cylinder 243 C25.1 Case presentation 243 C25.1.1 Circumstances of the burst 243 C25.1.2 Effects of the burst 243 C25.1.3 Determination of the mechanism of the burst 247 C25.1.4 Conclusions of the investigation 259 Lessons learned from the investigation 260 Case 26 Explosion in a Foundry of Steel Waste 263 C26.1 Case presentation 263 C26.1.1 Description of the facility 263 C26.1.2 Circumstances of the explosion 263 C26.1.3 Effects of explosion 263 C26.1.4 Estimation of E eff based on damage analysis 264 C26.1.5 Determination of the explosion mechanism 265 C26.1.6 Yield of the explosion 265 Lessons learned from the investigation 266 Case 27 Explosion in the Boiler of a Household Waste Incinerator 267 C27.1 Case presentation 267 C27.1.1 Facility description 267 C27.1.2 Circumstances of the explosion 268 C27.1.3 Description of damage 268 C27.1.4 Determination of the explosion mechanism 269 C27.1.5 Protection of the boiler against the effects of an explosion 273 Lessons learned from investigation 275 Conclusion 277 References 281 Index 283

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Book SynopsisSiting of permanent and temporary buildings in process areas requires careful consideration of potential effects of explosions and fires arising from accidental release of flammable materials. This book, which updates the 1996 edition, provides a single-source reference that explains the American Petroleum Institute (API) permanent (752) and temporary (753) building recommended practices and details how to implement them. New coverage on toxicity and updated standards are also highlighted. Practical and easy-to-use, this reliable guide is a must-have for implementing safe building practices.Table of Contents1. Introduction 1 1.1 Objective 4 1.2 Building Siting Evaluation Process 5 1.3 Selection of Approach 6 1.4 Background 6 1.5 Phillips, Pasadena, Texas USA: Propylene HDPE Unit VCE ad BLEVEs 10 1.6 Evolution of Design and Siting Practices for Buildings in Process Plants 18 1.7 Organization of the Book 20 2. Management Overview 21 2.1 Process Overview 21 2.2 Management Responsibilities under API RP-752 and API RP-753 27 3. Determining the Scope of the Building Siting Evaluation 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Buildings Considered 31 3.3 Scenario Selection 36 4. Building Siting Evaluation Criteria 45 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 Occupant Vulnerability 46 4.3 Criteria for Existing Buildings Exposed to Explosion Hazards 48 4.4 Criteria for Fires 58 4.5 Criteria for Toxic Exposures 62 4.6 Criteria for Building Upgrades and New Buildings 64 4.7 Risk Criteria 65 5. Explosion Hazards 71 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 Select Explosion Approach 72 5.3 Modeling and Quantifying and Explosion Hazards 74 5.4 Building Response to Explosion Hazards 78 5.5 Occupant VULNERABILITY to Explosion Hazards 90 5.6 Actions Required at the Completion of the Evaluation 90 6. Fire Hazards Assessment 93 6.1 Introduction 93 6.2 Determining if a Fire Hazard Exists 97 6.3 Spacing Table Approach 97 6.4 Performing a Consequence-Based or Risk-Based building siting evaluation for Fire 99 6.5 Occupant Response to Fire Hazards 105 6.6 Defining the Fire Protection Concept 106 7. Toxic Hazards Assessment 109 7.1 Introduction 109 7.2 Determining if a Toxic Hazard Exists 109 7.3 Building siting evaluation for toxics 111 7.4 Defining the Toxic Protection Concept 120 7.5 Evacuation vs. Sheltering-In-Place 120 8. Frequency and Probability Assessment 125 8.1 Introduction 125 8.2 Developing a Scenario List 127 8.3 Calculation of Frequency of Initiating Event or accident 129 8.4 Probability and Frequency of Final Outcomes 144 8.5 Unit-Based Outcome Frequencies 149 9. Risk Assessment 151 9.1 Introduction 151 9.2 Risk Measure Types 154 9.3 Calculating Risk 158 9.4 Interpretation and Use of Risk Measures 169 10. Mitigation Plans and Ongoing Risk Management 171 10.1 Development of Mitigation Plans 171 10.2 Building Modifications 177 11. Managing the Building Siting Process 185 11.1 Management of Change 185 11.2 Documentation Requirements 187 11.3 Documentation of Mitigation Systems Criteria and Performance 188 11.4 Maintaining Documentation “EverGreen” 189

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Book SynopsisMost of the material covered in this book deals with the fundamentals of chemistry and physics of key processes and fundamental mechanisms for various combustion and combustion related phenomena in gaseous combustible mixture. It provides the reader with basic knowledge of burning processes and mechanisms of reaction wave propagation. The combustion of a gas mixture (flame, explosion, detonation) is necessarily accompanied by motion of the gas. The process of combustion is therefore not only a chemical phenomenon but also one of gas dynamics. The material selection focuses on the gas phase and with premixed gas combustion. Premixed gas combustion is of practical importance in engines, modern gas turbine and explosions, where the fuel and air are essentially premixed, and combustion occurs by the propagation of a front separating unburned mixture from fully burned mixture. Since premixed combustion is the most fundamental and potential for practical applications, the emphasis in the present work is be placed on regimes of premixed combustion. This text is intended for graduate students of different specialties, including physics, chemistry, mechanical engineering, computer science, mathematics and astrophysics. Trade ReviewAus den Rezensionen: "Das vorliegende Buch richtet sich vor allem an ‘Graduate Students’, also an Studierende, die bereits mindestens einen Bachelorabschluss ... haben. ... Wer sich durch den 360-seitigen Text durcharbeitet, bekommt auf jeden Fall eine hervorragende Einführung in die Komplexität von Verbrennungsprozessen von Gasmischungen. ... Gut ist sicher, dass jedes Kapitel am Ende einige Aufgaben enthält … Das Buch liefert insgesamt eine sehr gute Einführung in das Thema und fundierte Kenntnisse auf dem Gebiet der Physik, speziell der Gasdynamik für Verbrennungsprozesse von Gasmischungen." (Thomas M. Klapötke, in: Nachrichtenb aus der Chemie, 2009, Vol. 57, Issue 1, S. 60 f.)Table of ContentsBasic Concepts of Thermodynamics.- Chemical Thermodynamics.- Combustion Chemistry.- Self-Accelerating Reactions, Explosions.- Velocity and Temperature of Laminar Flames.- to Hydrodynamics of Ideal Fluids.- Energy Dissipation in Gases and Liquids.- Detonation and Shock Waves.- Hydrodynamics of Propagating Flame.- Regimes of Premixed Flames.- Internal Combustion Engines.- Combustion and Environmental Concerns.

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Book SynopsisThere are many different types of explosions, each with its own complex mechanism. This work provides information on explosions for everyone involved in the operation, design, maintenance, and management of chemical processes, helping enhance understanding of the nature of explosions and the methods required to prevent them from occurring.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Accident Loss History 3 1.2. The Accident Process (AIChE, 2000) 4 1.3. A Case History—Flixborough, England 4 1.4. Hazard Identification and Evaluation 6 1.5. Inherently Safer Design 7 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF FIRES AND EXPLOSIONS 9 2.1. Gases and Vapors 13 2.1.1. Flammability Diagram 18 2.1.2. Estimating Flammability Limits 28 2.1.3. Temperature Effect on Flammability 30 2.1.4. Pressure Effect on Flammability 31 2.1.5. Flammability of Gaseous Mixtures 31 2.1.6. Minimum Ignition Energies 32 2.1.7. Autoignition Temperature 34 2.1.8. Example Applications 34 2.2. Liquids 37 2.2.1. Flashpoints of Mixtures of Liquids 40 2.2.2. Example Applications 42 2.3. Aerosols and Mists 43 2.4. Dusts 43 2.5. Hybrid Mixtures 48 2.6. Kinetics and Thermochemistry 48 2.6.1. Calculated Adiabatic Flame Temperatures (CAFT) 50 2.6.2. Example Application 52 2.7. Gas Dynamics 54 2.7.1. Detonations and Deflagrations 58 2.7.2. Estimating Peak Side-on Overpressures 61 2.7.3. Example Applications 62 2.7.4. Pressure Piling and Deflagration to Detonation Transition 63 2.8. Physical Explosions 64 2.8.1. BLEVEs 65 2.8.2. Rapid Phase Transition Explosions 67 2.9. Vapor Cloud Explosions 68 2.9.1. TNT Equivalency 70 2.9.2. TNO Multi-Energy Method 71 2.9.3. Baker-Strehlow-TangMethod(AIChE, 1999a) 77 2.9.4. Computational Fluid Mechanics (CFD) Method 82 2.9.5. Example Applications 83 2.10. Runaway Reactions 85 2.10.1. Steady-State and Dynamic Reactor Behavior 88 2.10.2. Experimental Characterization 92 2.11. Condensed Phase Explosions 94 2.12. Fireballs, Pool, Flash, and Jet Fires 96 2.13. Explosion Effects 98 2.13.1. Thermal Exposure 98 2.13.2. Overpressure Exposure 99 2.14. Ignition Sources 103 2.14.1. Static Electricity 105 3 PREVENTION AND MITIGATION OF EXPLOSIONS 113 3.1. Additional References 113 3.2. Inherently Safer Design 113 3.3. Using the Flammability Diagram to Avoid Flammable Atmospheres 117 3.4. Inerting and Purging 120 3.4.1. Vacuum Purging 121 3.4.2. Pressure Purging 123 3.4.3. Combined Pressure-Vacuum Purging 124 3.4.4. Sweep Purging 126 3.4.5. Siphon Purging 127 3.4.6. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Various Inerting Procedures 127 3.4.7. Inert Gas Blanketing of Storage Vessels 128 3.4.8. Inert Purging and Blanketing during Drumming Operations 128 3.5. Example Application 130 3.6. Explosion Venting 132 3.7. Grounding and Bonding 132 3.8. Ventilation 138 3.9. Sprinkler and Deluge Systems 139 3.10. Charging and Drumming Flammable Liquids 142 3.11. Example Application 142 3.12. Charging Powders 145 3.13. Electrical Equipment in Hazardous (Classified) Areas 148 3.13.1. Protection Techniques 156 Appendix A DETAILED EQUATIONS FOR FLAMMABILITY DIAGRAMS 161 Part A: Equations Useful for Gas Mixtures 161 Part B: Equations Useful for Placing Vessels Into and Out of Service 165 Appendix B EQUATIONS FOR DETERMINING THE ENERGY OF EXPLOSION 169 B.l. Example Application 171 Appendix C FLAMMABILITY DATA FOR SELECTED MATERIALS 173 Appendix D PROCEDURE FOR EXAMPLE 3.2 177 Appendix E COMBUSTION DATA FOR DUST CLOUDS 191 REFERENCES 193 GLOSSARY 203 INDEX 209

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Book SynopsisThis entertaining and informative book tells the dramatic tale of explosives from gunpowder to the H-bomb. Laying the emphasis on the lives of the people involved, on the diverse uses of explosives and on their social and historical impact, the author relates a story of remarkable international and human endeavour. Many of those involved - Roger Bacon, Guy Fawkes, Alfred Nobel, Robert Oppenheimer - are famed worldwide; others, such as C F Schonbein, William Bickford, Sir Frederick Abel and Charles E Munroe, though less well-known, also played critical roles. Alongside their achievements, this book highlights the uses and impact of explosives in both war and terrorism, and in civil engineering, quarrying, mining, demolition, fireworks manufacture and shooting for sport. In many cases explosives are seen to have had a significant historical impact as, for example, in the early use of gunpowder in the American Civil War, the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and the worldwide opening up of ca

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Book SynopsisThis guide provides an overview of methods for estimating the characteristics of vapor cloud explosions, flash fires, and boiling-liquid-expanding-vapor explosions (BLEVEs) for practicing engineers. It has been updated to include advanced modeling technology, especially with respect to vapor cloud modeling and the use of computational fluid dynamics. The text also reviews past experimental and theoretical research and methods to estimate consequences. Heavily illustrated with photos, charts, tables, and diagrams, this manual is an essential tool for safety, insurance, regulatory, and engineering students and professionals.Trade Review"Heavily illustrated with photos, charts, tables, and diagrams, this manual is an essential tool for safety, insurance, regulatory, and engineering students and professionals." (Forbes.com, 27 October 2010)Table of ContentsList of Tables. List of Figures. Glossary. Acknowledgements. 1. INTRODUCTION. 2. MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW. 2.1. Flash Fires. 2.2. Vapor Cloud Explosions. 2.3. Pressure Vessel Bursts. 2.4. BLEVEs. 2.5. Prediction methodologies. 3. CASE HISTORIES. 3.1. Historical experience. 3.2. Flash fires. 3.3. Vapor Cloud Explosions. 3.4. Pressure Vessel Burst. 3.5. BLEVE. 4. BASIC CONCEPTS. 4.1. Atmospheric Vapor Cloud Dispersion. 4.2. Ignition. 4.3. Thermal Radiation. 4.4. Explosions — VCE. 4.5. Blast Effects. 5. FLASH FIRES. 5.1. Overview of Experimental Research. 5.2. Flash-Fire Radiation Models. 5.3. Sample Calculations. 6. VAPOR CLOUD EXPLOSIONS. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Vapor Cloud Deflagration Theory and Research. 6.3. Vapor Cloud Detonation Theory and Research. 6.4. VCE Prediction Methods. 6.5. Sample problems. 7. PRESSURE VESSEL BURSTS. 7.1. Mechanism of a PVB. 7.2. Scaling Laws Used in PVB Analyses. 7.3. Blast Eeffects of Pressure-Vessel Bursts. 7.4. Methods for Predicting Blast Effects from Vessel Bursts. 7.5. Fragments from a PVB. 7.6. Predicting Fragment Effects from Vessel Bursts. 8. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF BLEVES. 8.1. Introduction. 8.2. Definition of a BLEVE. 8.3. Theory. 8.4. BLEVE Consequences. 8.5. Analytical Models. 8.6. Sample Problems. 9. REFERENCES. APPENDIX A: VIEW FACTORS FOR SELECTED CONFIGURATIONS. APPENDIX B: TABULATION OF SOME GAS PROPERTIES IN METRIC UNITS. APPENDIX C: CONVERSION FACTORS TO SI FOR SELECTED QUANTITIES.

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Book SynopsisThis popular safety best-seller is designed to help the user quantify the expected damage of potential fire and explosion incidents in realistic terms, identify the equipment likely to contribute to the creation or escalation of an incident, and communicate the fire and explosion risk potential to management. Based on Dow''s Fire and Explosion Risk Analysis Program, the index provides a step-by-step, objective evaluation of the actual fire and explosion, as well as reactivity potential of process equipment and its contents.Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction: The Fire & Explosion Index System. Procedure for Risk Analysis Calculations. Selection of Pertinent Process Units. Determination of Material Factor. Process Unit Hazards Factors. General Process Hazards. Special Process Hazards. Determination of Processes Unit Hazards Factor. Determination of Fire and Explosion Index. Loss Control Credit Factors. Process Unit Risk Analysis Summary. Discussion of MPPD, BI and Plant Layout. Manufacturing Unit Risk Analysis Summary. Risk Analysis Package. Tables. 1. Material Factor Determination Guide. 2. Material Factor Temperature Adjustment. 3. Dust Explosion Penalty. 4. High Pressure Penalty for Flammable and Combustible Liquids. 5. Hot Oil Heat Exchange System Penalty. 6. Degree of Hazard for F&EI. Figures. 1. Procedure for Calculating F&EI and Other Risk Analysis Information. 2. Pressure Penalty for Flammable and Combustible Liquids. 3. Liquids or Gases in Process. 4. Liquids or Gases in Storage. 5. Combustible Solids in Storage/Dust in Process. 6. Fired Equipment Penalty. 7. Radius of Exposure. 8. Damage Factor. 9. Maximum Probable Days Outage. Forms. Fire and Explosion Index Form. Loss Control Credit Factors Form. Process Unit Risk Analysis Summary Form. Manufacturing Unit Risk Analysis Summary Form. Appendices. A. Material Factors. B. Special Material Factor Considerations for Mixtures. C. Basic Preventive and Protective Features. D. Loss Prevention Checklist. E. Equations for Damage Factor Data. F. Acronyms and Abbreviations.

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Book SynopsisThe lives and habits of insects can be truly incredible. Some, however, are so gross you probably won''t even want to read about them. Oh . . . You do? Each book in this new series is packed with truly unbelievable facts about some of the smallest members of the animal kingdom. From wasps that turn cockroaches into zombies to help them take care of their larvae, to beetles that repel predators with stinking, poisonous, boiling-hot farts.

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Book SynopsisThe unrivaled, definitive reference for almost 40 years, this classic work on explosives is now in its seventh, completely revised and updated edition. Some 500 monographic entries, arranged alphabetically, consider the physicochemical properties, production methods, and safe applications of over 120 explosive chemicals. In addition, 70 fuels, additives, and oxidizing agents are discussed as well as the corresponding test methods. Trade, company, and military short names are provided for many of the materials listed, while further key features include a combined index and glossary with terms and abbreviations in English, French, and German, as well as conversion tables and many literature references. Finally, this indispensable source also contains safety data and transport regulations.Table of ContentsAround 500 alphabetically ordered, monographic entries related to the area of explosives.

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Book SynopsisWritten for those responsible for the design, supply, and operation of process plants to help comply with the provisions of health and safety legislation, this guide is a compilation of current best practices for dust explosion prevention and containment.Trade Review...brings together the latest research results and recommendations for safe practice in the handling of explosible dusts and will undoubtedly become the new bible for practitioners, both equipment manufacturers and users, in this field. -Richard Roberts, tce-July 2002 The strength of the guide comes in its use of logic diagrams to help the reader identify the relevant aspects for particular situations. -Richard Roberts, tce-July 2002 ...the authors are to be congratulated on maintaining the ICHemE tradition of producing guidance in an easily readable and practical form. For anyone involved with dust explosion prevention and protection, whether new to the topic or existing practitioners, this book is a must. -Richard Roberts, tce-July 2002Table of ContentsBackground to Dust Explosions; Determination of Dust Fire and Explosion Characteristics; Control of Ignition; Inerting; Explosion Containment; Explosion Suppression; Explosion Venting; Explosion Venting of Linked Vessels; Explosion Venting--Supplementary Design Considerations; Explosion Venting--Special Dust Cloud Conditions; Explosion Venting--Design of Vent Closures; Explosion Venting--Safe Discharge Area; Explosion Venting in Industrial Plant; Equipment Separation and Isolation; Appendices

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