Search results for """ "Handbook of Vacuum Technology""

Book SynopsisThis comprehensive, standard work has been updated to remain an important resource for all those needing detailed knowledge of the theory and applications of vacuum technology. The text covers the existing knowledge on all aspects of vacuum science and technology, ranging from fundamentals to components and operating systems. It features many numerical examples and illustrations to help visualize the theoretical issues, while the chapters are carefully cross-linked and coherent symbols and notations are used throughout the book. The whole is rounded off by a user-friendly appendix of conversion tables, mathematical tools, material related data, overviews of processes and techniques, equipment-related data, national and international standards, guidelines, and much more. As a result, engineers, technicians, and scientists will be able to develop and work successfully with the equipment and environment found in a vacuum.Table of ContentsThe History of Vacuum Science and Vacuum Technology Applications and Scope of Vacuum Technology Gas Laws and Kinetic Theory of Gases Gas Flow Analytical and Numerical Calculations of Rarefied Gas Flows Sorption and Diffusion Positive Displacement Pumps Jet and Diffusion Pumps Molecular and Turbomolecular Pumps Sorption Pumps Cryotechnology and Cryopumps Total Pressure Vacuum Gauges Partial Pressure Vacuum Gauges and Leak Detectors Calibrations and Standards Materials Vacuum Components, Seals and Joints Operating Vacuum Systems Methods of Leak Detection Appendix

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Book SynopsisAn indispensable resource for scientists and engineers concerned with high vacuum technology Vacuum technology has evolved significantly over the past thirty years and is now indispensable to various fields of scientific research as well as the medical technology, food processing, aerospace, and electronics industries.Table of ContentsKinetic Theory of Gases. Flow of Gases Through Tubes and Orifices. Positive Displacement Vacuum Pumps. Kinetic Vacuum Pumps. Capture Vacuum Pumps. Vacuum Gauges. Partial Pressure Analysis. Leak Detection and Leak Detectors. High-Vacuum System Design. Gas-Surface Interactions and Diffusion. Ultrahigh and Extreme High Vacuum. Calibration and Standards Appendix. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisA USERS GUIDE TO VACUUM TECHNOLOGY Choose and understand the vacuum technology that fits your project's needs with this indispensable guide Vacuum technology is used to provide process environments for other kinds of engineering technology, making it an unsung cornerstone of hundreds of projects incorporating analysis, research and development, manufacturing, and more. Since it is very often a secondary technology, users primarily interested in processes incorporating it will frequently only encounter vacuum technology when purchasing or troubleshooting. There is an urgent need for a guide to vacuum technology made with these users in mind. For decades, A User's Guide to Vacuum Technology has met this need, with a user-focused introduction to vacuum technology as it is incorporated into semiconductor, optics, solar sell, and other engineering processes. With an emphasis on otherwise neglected subjects and on accessibility to the secondary user of vacuum teTable of ContentsPreface xvii Symbols xix Part I Its Basis 1 1 Vacuum Technology 3 1.1 Units of Measurement 8 References 9 2 Gas Properties 11 2.1 Kinetic Picture of a Gas 11 2.1.1 Velocity Distribution 12 2.1.2 Energy Distribution 13 2.1.3 Mean Free Path 14 2.1.4 Particle Flux 15 2.1.5 Monolayer Formation Time 15 2.1.6 Pressure 16 2.2 Gas Laws 16 2.2.1 Boyle’s Law 17 2.2.2 Amontons’ Law 17 2.2.3 Charles’ Law 18 2.2.4 Dalton’s Law 18 2.2.5 Avogadro’s Law 18 2.2.6 Graham’s Law 19 2.3 Elementary Gas Transport Phenomena 19 2.3.1 Viscosity 19 2.3.2 Thermal Conductivity 22 2.3.3 Diffusion 23 2.3.4 Thermal Transpiration 24 References 25 3 Gas Flow 27 3.1 Flow Regimes 27 3.2 Flow Concepts 29 3.3 Continuum Flow 31 3.3.1 Orifice 32 3.3.2 Long Round Tube 34 3.3.3 Short Round Tube 36 3.4 Molecular Flow 37 3.4.1 Orifice 38 3.4.2 Long Round Tube 39 3.4.3 Short Round Tube 39 3.4.4 Irregular Structures 41 3.4.4.1 Analytical Solutions 42 3.4.4.2 Statistical Solutions 43 3.4.5 Components in Parallel and Series 43 3.5 Models Spanning Molecular and Viscous Flow 53 References 55 4 Gas Release from Solids 59 4.1 Vaporization 59 4.2 Diffusion 60 4.2.1 Reduction of Outdiffusion by Vacuum Baking 62 4.3 Thermal Desorption 63 4.3.1 Zero Order 63 4.3.2 First Order 64 4.3.3 Second Order 65 4.3.4 Desorption from Real Surfaces 67 4.3.5 Outgassing Measurements 67 4.3.6 Outgassing Models 69 4.3.7 Reduction by Baking 69 4.4 Stimulated Desorption 71 4.4.1 Electron-Stimulated Desorption 71 4.4.2 Ion-Stimulated Desorption 71 4.4.3 Stimulated Chemical Reactions 72 4.4.4 Photo Desorption 72 4.5 Permeation 73 4.5.1 Atomic and Molecular Permeation 73 4.5.2 Dissociative Permeation 74 4.5.3 Permeation and Outgassing Units 75 4.6 Pressure Limitations During Pumping 76 References 78 Part II Measurement 81 5 Pressure Gauges 83 5.1 Direct Reading Gauges 83 5.1.1 Diaphragm and Bourdon Gauges 84 5.1.2 Capacitance Manometer 85 5.2 Indirect Reading Gauges 88 5.2.1 Thermal Conductivity Gauges 88 5.2.1.1 Pirani Gauge 90 5.2.1.2 Thermocouple Gauge 91 5.2.1.3 Stability and Calibration 92 5.2.2 Spinning Rotor Gauge 93 5.2.3 Ionization Gauges 95 5.2.3.1 Hot Cathode Gauges 95 5.2.3.2 Hot Cathode Gauge Errors 100 5.2.3.3 Cold Cathode Gauge 103 5.2.3.4 Gauge Calibration 105 References 105 6 Flow Meters 109 6.1 Molar Flow, Mass Flow, and Throughput 109 6.2 Rotameters and Chokes 111 6.3 Differential Pressure Devices 112 6.4 Thermal Mass Flow Technique 114 6.4.1 Mass Flow Meter 114 6.4.2 Mass Flow Controller 117 6.4.3 Mass Flow Meter Calibration 119 References 119 7 Pumping Speed 121 7.1 Definition 121 7.2 Mechanical Pump Speed Measurements 122 7.3 High Vacuum Pump Speed Measurements 123 7.3.1 Methods 123 7.3.2 Gas and Pump Dependence 124 7.3.3 Approximate Speed Measurements 125 7.3.4 Errors 125 References 127 8 Residual Gas Analyzers 129 8.1 Instrument Description 129 8.1.1 Ion Sources 131 8.1.1.1 Open Ion Sources 131 8.1.1.2 Closed Ion Sources 133 8.1.2 Mass Filters 134 8.1.2.1 Magnetic Sector 134 8.1.2.2 RF Quadrupole 135 8.1.2.3 Resolving Power 138 8.1.3 Detectors 138 8.1.3.1 Discrete Dynode Electron Multiplier 139 8.1.3.2 Continuous Dynode Electron Multiplier 140 8.2 Installation and Operation 142 8.2.1 Operation at High Vacuum 142 8.2.1.1 Sensor Mounting 142 8.2.1.2 Stability 143 8.2.2 Operation at Medium and Low Vacuum 145 8.2.2.1 Differentially Pumped Analysis 145 8.2.2.2 Miniature Quadrupoles 148 8.3 Calibration 148 8.4 Choosing an Instrument 149 References 150 9 Interpretation of RGA Data 153 9.1 Cracking Patterns 153 9.1.1 Dissociative Ionization 153 9.1.2 Isotopes 154 9.1.3 Multiple Ionization 154 9.1.4 Combined Effects 154 9.1.5 Ion–Molecule Reactions 157 9.2 Qualitative Analysis 158 9.3 Quantitative Analysis 163 9.3.1 Isolated Spectra 164 9.3.2 Overlapping Spectra 165 References 169 Part III Production 171 10 Mechanical Pumps 173 10.1 Rotary Vane 173 10.2 Lobe 177 10.3 Claw 180 10.4 Multistage Lobe 182 10.5 Scroll 184 10.6 Screw 185 10.7 Diaphragm 185 10.8 Reciprocating Piston 187 10.9 Mechanical Pump Operation 189 References 189 11 Turbomolecular Pumps 191 11.1 Pumping Mechanism 191 11.2 Speed–Compression Relations 192 11.2.1 Maximum Compression 193 11.2.2 Maximum Speed 195 11.2.3 General Relation 197 11.3 Ultimate Pressure 198 11.4 Turbomolecular Pump Designs 199 11.5 Turbo-Drag Pumps 201 References 203 12 Diffusion Pumps 205 12.1 Pumping Mechanism 205 12.2 Speed–Throughput Characteristics 207 12.3 Boiler Heating Effects 211 12.4 Backstreaming, Baffles, and Traps 212 References 215 13 Getter and Ion Pumps 217 13.1 Getter Pumps 217 13.1.1 Titanium Sublimation 218 13.1.2 Non-evaporable Getters 223 13.2 Ion Pumps 224 References 229 14 Cryogenic Pumps 233 14.1 Pumping Mechanisms 234 14.2 Speed, Pressure, and Saturation 237 14.3 Cooling Methods 241 14.4 Cryopump Characteristics 245 14.4.1 Sorption Pumps 246 14.4.2 Gas Refrigerator Pumps 249 14.4.3 Liquid Cryogen Pumps 253 References 253 Part IV Materials 257 15 Materials in Vacuum 259 15.1 Metals 260 15.1.1 Vaporization 260 15.1.2 Permeability 260 15.1.3 Outgassing 261 15.1.3.1 Dissolved Gas 262 15.1.3.2 Surface and Near-Surface Gas 264 15.1.4 Structural Metals 269 15.2 Glasses and Ceramics 272 15.3 Polymers 277 References 281 16 Joints Seals and Valves 285 16.1 Permanent Joints 285 16.1.1 Welding 286 16.1.2 Soldering and Brazing 290 16.1.3 Joining Glasses and Ceramics 291 16.2 Demountable Joints 293 16.2.1 Elastomer Seals 294 16.2.2 Metal Gaskets 300 16.3 Valves and Motion Feedthroughs 302 16.3.1 Small Valves 302 16.3.2 Large Valves 304 16.3.3 Special-Purpose Valves 307 16.3.4 Motion Feedthroughs 308 References 313 17 Pump Fluids and Lubricants 315 17.1 Pump Fluids 315 17.1.1 Fluid Properties 315 17.1.1.1 Vapor Pressure 316 17.1.1.2 Other Characteristics 319 17.1.2 Fluid Types 319 17.1.2.1 Mineral Oils 320 17.1.2.2 Esters 321 17.1.2.3 Silicones 321 17.1.2.4 Ethers 322 17.1.2.5 Fluorochemicals 322 17.1.3 Selecting Fluids 323 17.1.3.1 Rotary, Vane, and Lobe Pump Fluids 323 17.1.3.2 Turbo Pump Fluids 325 17.1.3.3 Diffusion Pump Fluids 325 17.1.4 Reclamation 328 17.2 Lubricants 328 17.2.1 Lubricant Properties 329 17.2.1.1 Absolute Viscosity 330 17.2.1.2 Kinematic Viscosity 331 17.2.1.3 Viscosity Index 332 17.2.2 Selecting Lubricants 333 17.2.2.1 Liquid 333 17.2.2.2 Grease 334 17.2.2.3 Solid Film 336 References 338 Part V Systems 341 18 Rough Vacuum Pumping 343 18.1 Exhaust Rate 344 18.1.1 Pump Size 344 18.1.2 Aerosol Formation 346 18.2 Crossover 350 18.2.1 Minimum Crossover Pressure 351 18.2.2 Maximum Crossover Pressure 354 18.2.2.1 Diffusion 354 18.2.2.2 Turbo 357 18.2.2.3 Cryo 357 18.2.2.4 Sputter-Ion 360 References 362 19 High Vacuum Systems 365 19.1 Diffusion-Pumped Systems 365 19.1.1 Operating Modes 368 19.1.2 Operating Issues 369 19.2 Turbo-Pumped Systems 371 19.2.1 Operating Modes 374 19.2.2 Operating Issues 375 19.3 Sputter-Ion-Pumped Systems 376 19.3.1 Operating Modes 377 19.3.2 Operating Issues 379 19.4 Cryo-Pumped Systems 379 19.4.1 Operating Modes 380 19.4.2 Regeneration 380 19.4.3 Operating Issues 382 19.5 High Vacuum Chambers 383 19.5.1 Managing Water Vapor 384 References 386 20 Ultraclean Vacuum Systems 387 20.1 Ultraclean Pumps 389 20.1.1 Dry Roughing Pumps 390 20.1.2 Turbopumps 390 20.1.3 Cryopumps 390 20.1.4 Sputter-Ion, TSP, and NEG Pumps 391 20.2 Ultraclean Chamber Materials and Components 392 20.3 Ultraclean System Pumping and Pressure Measurement 394 References 398 21 Controlling Contamination in Vacuum Systems 401 21.1 Defining Contamination in a Vacuum Environment 401 21.1.1 Establishing Control of Vacuum Contamination 401 21.1.2 Types of Vacuum Contamination 402 21.1.2.1 Particle Contamination 403 21.1.2.2 Gas Contamination 409 21.1.2.3 Film Contamination 410 21.2 Pump Contamination 411 21.2.1 Low/Rough and Medium Vacuum Pump Contamination 411 21.2.1.1 Fluid-Sealed Mechanical Pumps 412 21.2.1.2 Dry Mechanical Pumps 413 21.2.2 High and UHV Vacuum Pump Contamination 415 21.2.2.1 Diffusion Pumps 416 21.2.2.2 Turbo- and Turbo-Drag Pumps 417 21.2.2.3 Cryopumps 418 21.2.2.4 Sputter-Ion and Titanium-Sublimination Pumps 419 21.3 Evacuation Contamination 420 21.3.1 Particle Sources 420 21.3.2 Remediation Methods 421 21.4 Venting Contamination 422 21.5 Internal Components, Mechanisms, and Bearings 423 21.6 Machining Contamination 426 21.6.1 Cutting, Milling, and Turning 426 21.6.2 Grinding and Polishing 427 21.6.3 Welding 428 21.7 Process-Related Sources 429 21.7.1 Deposition Sources 429 21.7.2 Leak Detection 430 21.8 Lubrication Contamination 432 21.8.1 Liquid Lubricants 432 21.8.2 Solid Lubricants 433 21.8.3 Lamellar, Polymer, and Suspension Lubricants 434 21.9 Vacuum System and Component Cleaning 434 21.9.1 Designing a Cleaning Process 435 21.10 Review of Clean Room Environments for Vacuum Systems 436 21.10.1 The Cleanroom Environment 438 21.10.2 Using Vacuum Systems in a Cleanroom Environment 438 References 442 22 High Flow Systems 445 22.1 Mechanically Pumped Systems 447 22.2 Throttled High Vacuum Systems 449 22.2.1 Chamber Designs 449 22.2.2 Turbo Pumped 451 22.2.3 Cryo Pumped 455 References 459 23 Multichambered Systems 461 23.1 Flexible Substrates 462 23.2 Rigid Substrates 465 23.2.1 Inline Systems 465 23.2.2 Cluster Systems 469 23.3 Analytical Instruments 472 References 472 24 Leak Detection 475 24.1 Mass Spectrometer Leak Detectors 476 24.1.1 Forward Flow 476 24.1.2 Counter flow 477 24.2 Performance 478 24.2.1 Sensitivity 478 24.2.2 Response Time 480 24.2.3 Testing Pressurized Chambers 481 24.2.4 Calibration 482 24.3 Leak Hunting Techniques 483 24.4 Leak Detecting with Hydrogen Tracer Gas 486 References 487 Part VI Appendices 489 Appendix A Units and Constants 491 Appendix B Gas Properties 495 Appendix C Material Properties 509 Appendix D Isotopes 519 Appendix E Cracking Patterns 525 Appendix F Pump Fluid Properties 535 Index 543

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Book SynopsisThe 2017 edition of Volume 18 builds on articles devoted to specific friction- or wear-critical components supported by coverage on the fundamental physical principles of friction, lubrication, and wear. In addition to basic concepts, methods of lab testing and analysis, materials selection, and field diagnosis and monitoring of friction and wear are also covered. The 2017 edition of this volume has undergone a significant expansion and revision of coverage by a new group of global experts. It has been updated with numerous material and technology developments on coatings, lubrication, tool and die wear, and a number of typical tribological components or classes of components. While it is impossible to include all the types of moving mechanical assemblies that involve tribological challenges, Volume 18 emphasizes a structured approach in analyzing complex tribosystems involving thermal, mechanical, materials, and chemical influences. The new Volume 18 provides an essential resource for a broad audience including researchers, engineers, technicians, students, and quality control personnel. The sections on solid friction, lubricants and lubrication, and wear and surface damage contain basic physical principles that helps introduce the materials-oriented professional to established concepts in tribology. The Handbook is also intended for use by individuals with a background in mechanics or lubricant chemistry seeking information on trends and developments on materials and coatings.Table of Contents INTRODUCTION Introduction to Tribology and Tribological Parameters Tribological Testing and Presentation of Data SOLID FRICTION Basic Theory of Solid Friction Laboratory Testing Methods for Solid Friction Measurement of Surface Forces and Adhesion Frictional Heating in Dry and Lubricated Contacts Environmental and Application Factors in Solid Friction LUBRICANTS AND LUBRICATION Fundamentals of Lubrication Properties of Liquid Lubricants Lubricant Additives and Their Functions Engine Lubricants Overview and Development Trends Lubricants for Rolling-Element Bearings Ionic Liquids as Lubricants or Lubricant Additives Solid Lubricants Polyalphaolefin (PAO) Lubricant Applications Lubrication Strategies for Extreme Environments WEAR Introduction and Basic Theory of Wear Wear Measurement Wear Maps WEAR BY PARTICLES OR FLUIDS Abrasive Wear Polishing Wear Solid Particle Erosion Cavitation Erosion Liquid Impingement Erosion WEAR BY ROLLING, SLIDING, OR IMPACT Sliding and Adhesive Wear Fretting Wear Rolling-Contact Wear Impact Wear CHEMICALLY ASSISTED AND ENVIRONMENTALLY CONTROLLED WEAR Tribocorrosion Adhesion, Friction, and Wear in Low-Pressure and Vacuum Environments Biotribology of Medical Implants TRIBOLOGY AND WEAR OF IRONS AND STEELS Wear of Cast Irons Wear Resistance of Steels Wear of Stainless Steels Tribology and Wear of Bearing Steels Tribology and Wear of Tool Steels TRIBOLOGY AND WEAR OF NONFERROUS ALLOYS AND NONMETALLIC MATERIALS Friction and Wear of Sliding Bearing Materials Friction and Wear of Cobalt-Base Alloys Friction and Wear of Titanium Alloys Friction and Wear of Aluminum Alloys and Composites Friction and Wear of Cemented Carbides Friction and Wear of Ceramics Friction and Wear of Carbon-Containing Composites Friction and Wear of Polymers and Polymer Composites SURFACE TREATMENTS AND COATINGS FOR FRICTION AND WEAR CONTROL Carbon-Base (Diamond-Like and Diamond) Coatings Transition Metal Dichalcogenide-Based (MoS2, WS2) Coatings Carbide- and Boride-Based Thick Coatings for Abrasive Wear-Protection Applications Coatings and Surface Treatments for Friction and Wear Control Electroplated Coatings for Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology Carburizing Tribology of Nitrided and Nitrocarburized Steels Wear and Galling Resistance of Borided (Boronized) Metal Surfaces Laser Surface Engineering for Tribology Wear of Hardfacing Alloys Friction Stir Processing and Surfacing Surface Texturing TOOL AND DIE WEAR Fundamentals of Tribology in Metal Forming Fundamentals of Tribology in Machining Lubrication and Wear in Rolling Lubrication and Wear in Drawing Tribology of Extrusion Lubrication and Wear in Forging Lubrication and Wear in Sheet Forming FRICTION AND WEAR OF MACHINE COMPONENTS Friction and Wear of Sliding Bearings Friction and Wear of Rolling-Element Bearings Gas-Lubricated Bearings Friction, Lubrication, and Wear of Gears and Wind Turbine Components Friction, Lubrication, and Wear of Internal Combustion Engine Parts Tribology of Power Train Systems Wear of Steam Turbine and Gas Turbine Components Friction, Lubrication, and Wear of Pump and Compressor Components Friction and Wear of Seals Friction and Wear of Automotive and Aircraft Brakes Wear and Tribology in Agricultural Machinery CONDITION MONITORING Introduction to Condition Monitoring Wear Particle Analysis Vibroacoustic Monitoring Using Signal-Processing Techniques Electrical and Motor-Current Signature Analysis Radionuclide Methods APPENDIX Glossary of Terms

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Book Synopsis1. Particle Size Characterization.- 2. Particle Shape Characterization.- 3. Structural Properties of Packings of Particles.- 4. Fundamental and Rheological Properties of Powders.- 5. Vibration of Fine Powders and its Application.- 6. Size Enlargement by Agglomeration.- 7. Pneumatic Conveying.- 8. Storage and Flow of Particulate Solids.- 9. Fluidization Phenomena and Fluidized Bed Technology.- 10. Spouting of Particulate Solids.- 11. Mixing of Powders.- 12. Size Reduction of Solids Crushing and Grinding Equipment.- 13. Sedimentation.- 14. Filtration of Solids from Liquid Streams.- 15. Cyclones.- 16. The Electrostatic Precipitator: Application And Concepts.- 17. Granular Bed Filters Part I. The Theory.- 17. Part II. Application and Design.- 18. Wet Scrubber Particulate Collection.- 19. Fire and Explosion Hazards in Powder Handling and Processing.- 20. Respirarle Dust Hazards.Trade ReviewUSA request forwarded to Chapman and Hall, New YorkTable of ContentsParticle size characterization. Particle shape characterization. Structural properties of packings of particles. Fundamental and rheological properties of powders. Vibration of fine powders and its application. Size enlargement by agglomeration. Pneumatic conveying. Storage and flow of particulate solids. Fluidization phenomena and fluidized bed technology. Spouting of particulate solids. Mixing of powders. Size reduction of solids and crushing/grinding equipment. Sedimentation. Filtration of solids from liquid streams. Cyclones. Electrostatic precipitator: application and concepts. Granular bed filters. Wet scrubber particulate collection. Fire and explosion hazards in powder handling and processing. Respirable dust hazards.

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Book SynopsisThe Wiley Handbook of Science and Technology for Homeland Security is an essential and timely collection of resources designed to support the effective communication of homeland security research across all disciplines and institutional boundaries. Truly a unique work this 4 volume set focuses on the science behind safety, security, and recovery from both man-made and natural disasters has a broad scope and international focus. The Handbook: Educates researchers in the critical needs of the homeland security and intelligence communities and the potential contributions of their own disciplines Emphasizes the role of fundamental science in creating novel technological solutions Details the international dimensions of homeland security and counterterrorism research Provides guidance on technology diffusion from the laboratory to the field Supports cross-disciplinary dialogue in this field between operational, R&D and consuTable of Contents1 INTRODUCTORY AND OVERVIEW. 2 CROSS-CUTTING THEMES AND TECHNOLOGIES. 2.1 Risk Modeling and Vulnerability Assessment. Terrorism Risk: Characteristics and Features. Risk Analysis Frameworks for Counterterrorism. Logic Trees: Fault, Success, Attack, Event, Probability, and Decision Trees. Bayesian Networks. Using Risk Analysis to Inform Intelligence Analysis. Vulnerability Assessment. Multi-objective Decision Analysis. Risk Communication. Experience with Expert Judgment: the TU Delft Expert Judgment Data. Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA). Deterrence: An Empirical Psychological Model. Scenario Analysis, Cognitive Maps, And Concept Maps. Policy Development. Consequence Mitigation: Current Research and Future Trends. Time-Domain Probabilistic Risk Assessment Method for Interdependent Infrastructure Failure and Recovery Modeling. Social and Psychological Aspects. Risk Transfer and Insurance: Insurability Concepts and Programs for Covering Extreme Events. Quantitative Representation of Risk. Qualitative Representation of Risk. Terrorist Organizations and Modeling Trends. Cyber-Security. Defeating Surprise Through Threat Anticipation and Possibility Management. Memetics for Threat Reduction in Risk Management. High Consequence Threats: Electromagnetic Pulse. High Consequence Events: Nuclear Explosions. Modeling Population Dynamics for Homeland Security Applications. 2.2 Sensing and Detection. Protecting Security Sensors and Systems. Threat Signatures of Explosive Materials. Radioactive Materials Sensors. Knowledge Extraction from Surveillance Sensors. Sensing Dispersal of Chemical and Biological Agents in Urban Environments. Sensing Releases of Highly Toxic and Extremely Toxic Compounds. 2D-to-3D Face Recognition Systems. Eye and Iris Sensors. Dynamic Load Balancing for Robust Distributed Computing in the Presence of Topological Impairments. 2.3 Cyber Security. Advanced Attacker Detection and Understanding with Emerging Honeynet Technologies. Attack Traceback and Attribution. Authentication, Authorization, Access Control, and Privilege Management. Classes of Vulnerabilities and Attacks. Cyber Forensics. Cyber Security for the Banking and Finance Sector. Cyber Security Policy Specification and Management. Cyber Security Standards. Cyber Security Technology Usability and Management. Detection of hidden information, covert channels and information flows. High Assurance: Provably Secure Systems and Architectures. Industrial Process Control System Security. Multilevel Security. Security of Distributed, Ubiquitous, and Embedded Computing Platforms. Trusted Platforms: The Root of Security. 2.4 Protection and Prevention. Protection and Prevention: an Overview. Less-Lethal Payloads for Robotic and Automated Response Systems. Protection and Prevention: Security Assessment Methodologies for US Ports and Waterways. Homeland Security Perspective on Threats and Challenges. The Sensor Web: Advanced Technology for Situational Awareness. Defending Against Directed Energy Weapons: RF Weapons and Lasers. The Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST). Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Overview. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Australia. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Austria. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Brazil. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Canada. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Estonia. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Finland. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, France. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Germany. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Hungary. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, India. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Italy. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Japan. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Malaysia. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, New Zealand. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Norway. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Poland. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Republic of Korea. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Russia. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Singapore. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Spain. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Sweden. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Switzerland. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, the Netherlands. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, United Kingdom. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, United Nations. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, United States. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, the World Bank Group. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, European Union. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, NATO. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Group of Eight (G8). Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). 2.5 Human Social and Behavioral Research. Audience sensing and tailoring for preferred and forced decision style. Behavioral screening. Biometrics Sensors. Consequence attribution (forward and reverse). Deception detection, tools for counterterrorism and homeland security. Human behavior and how it adjusts our actions in complex events in both positive and negative ways. Human emotion and its involvement in overt events for both observer and victim. Human perception and attention in information-rich and event-overloa situations. Information analysis and distillation under time constraints. Information Collection and presentation in high data volume and multiple timescale situations. Information repurposing and fusion. Temporal analysis and synchronization for proper understanding of real event sequences. 2.6 System and Sector Interdependencies. System and Sector Interdependencies: An Overview. The Genesis of Interdependencies Concepts. Analysis of Cascading Infrastructure Failures. Characterizing Infrastructure Failure Interdependencies to Inform Systemic Risk. Critical Infrastructure Protection Decision Making. Cyber Security Metrics and Measures. Geospatial Data Support for Infrastructure Interdependencies Analysis. Implications of Regulation on the Protection of Critical Infrastructures. Infrastructure Dependency Indicators. Inherently Secure Next-Generation Computing and Communication Networks for Reducing Cascading Impacts. Input-Output Modeling for Interdependent Infrastructure Sectors. Interdependent Energy Infrastructure Simulation System. Managing Critical Infrastructure Interdependencies: The Ontario Approach. Network Flow Approaches for Analyzing and Managing Disruptions to Interdependent Infrastructure Systems. Object-Oriented Approaches for Integrated Analysis of Interdependent Energy Networks. President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection and Presidential Decision Directive 63. Vulnerability Assessment Methodologies for Interdependent Systems. Water Infrastructure Interdependencies. 2.7 Human Information Systems. Human Sensation and Perception. Naturalistic Decision Making, Expertise, and Homeland Security. Security and Safety Synergy: Advancing Security with Human Factors Knowledge. Human Behavior and Deception Detection. Speech and Video Processing for Homeland Security. Classification and Clustering for Homeland Security Applications. Training and Learning Development for Homeland Security. 3 KEY APPLICATION AREAS. 3.1 Agriculture and Food Supply. Carcass Disposal Options. Decontamination and Disposal of Contaminated Foods. Developing Risk Metrics to Estimate Risks of Catastrophic Biological and Bioterrorist Events: Applications to the Food Industry. Early Detection and Diagnosis of High-Consequence Plant Pests in the United States. Insects As Vectors Of Foodborne Pathogens. Livestock Agroterrorism and the Potential Public Health Risk. Microbial Forensics and Plant Pathogens: Attribution of Agricultural Crime. Mid-Infrared Sensors for The Rapid Analysis of Select Microbial Food Borne Pathogens. Mitigating Consequences of Pathogen Inoculation into Processed Food. Mitigating Public Health Risks from an Agroterror Attack. Optimal Investments in Mitigating Agroterrorism Risks. Potential for Human Illness from Animal Transmission or Food-Borne Pathogens. Pulsenet: A Program to Detect and Track Food Contamination Events. Risk Assessment, Risk Management, and Preventive Best Practices for Retailers and Foodservice Establishments. Risk Communication: An Overlooked Tool in Combating Terrorism. Social, Psychological, and Communication Impacts of an Agroterrorism Attack. The EDEN Homeland Security Project: Educational Opportunities in Food and Agrosecurity. The Global Food Supply Chain. The Role of Food Safety in Food Security/Defense. The Use of Threat, Vulnerability, and Consequence (TVC) Analysis for Decision Making on The Deployment of Limited Security Resources. Vulnerability of the Domestic Food Supply Chain. 3.2 Water. Decontamination methods for drinking water treatment and distribution systems. Decontamination Methods for Wastewater and Stormwater Collection and Treatment Systems. Designing an Optimum Water Monitoring System. Drinking Water Supply, Treatment and Distribution Practice in the United States. Emergency response planning for drinking water systems. Health Risk Assessment for Radiological, Chemical, and Biological Attacks. Homeland Security and Wastewater Treatment. Protecting Water Infrastructure in the United States? Setting Priorities, Conducting Research, and Sharing Results. Roles of Federal, State, and Local Authorities in Water Infrastructure Security. Surveillance Methods and Technologies for Water and Wastewater Systems. Treatability of Contaminants in Conventional Systems. Understanding the Implications of Critical Infrastructure Interdependencies for Water. Water Infrastructure and Water Use in the United States. Water Supply and Wastewater Management Regulations, Standards, and Guidance. 3.3 Communications and Information Infrastructure. Wireless Security. Critical Infrastructure Protection: Telecommunication. 3.4 Energy Systems. Comparative Risk Assessment for Energy Systems: A Tool for Comprehensive Assessment of Energy Security. Large-Scale Electricity Transmission Grids: Lessons Learned from the European Electricity Blackouts. 3.5 Public Health. Biodefense Priorities in Life-science Research: Chemical Threat Agents. Biodefense Workforce. Biosurveillance Tradecraft. Developing a Threat List--Emerging Infectious Diseases. Development of Radiation Countermeasures. Farm Level Control of Foreign Animal Disease and Food-Borne Pathogens. Importation of Foreign Dengue Virus Presents Low Risk to US Homeland; Spread Will Not Parallel that of West Nile Virus. North Carolina Biosurveillance System. Practical Systems for Biosurveillance: The Military Perspective and Essence. 3.6 Transportation Security. Harden Security of High-Risk and Critical Supply Chains. Population Evacuations. Roles and Implications of Transportation Systems in Homeland Security. The Nation's Transportation System as a Security Challenge. Transportation Operations and Control. Transportation Security Performance Measures. 3.7 Intelligence Systems. Craniofacial Aging. File Forensics and Conversion. Finding Inadvertent Release of Information. Nano-Enabled Power Sources. New Approaches to IRIS Recognition: One-Dimensional Algorithms. Spectrally Adaptive Nanoscale Quantum Dot Sensors.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive reference for the poultry industryVolume 1 describes everything from husbandry up to preservation With an unparalleled level of coverage, the Handbook of Poultry Science and Technology provides an up-to-date and comprehensive reference on poultry processing. Volume 1 describes husbandry, slaughter, preservation, and safety. It presents all the details professionals need to know beginning with live poultry through to the freezing of whole poultry and predetermined cut parts. Throughout, the coverage focuses on one paramount objective: an acceptable quality and a safe product for consumer purchase and use. The text includes safety requirements and regulatory enforcement in the United States, EU, and Asia. Volume 1: Primary Processing is divided into seven parts: Poultry: biology to pre-mortem statusincludes such topics as classification and biology, competitive exclusion, transportation to the slaughterhousTable of ContentsContributors. Preface. PART I POULTRY: BIOLOGY TO PREMORTEM STATUS. 1 Poultry Biology, Classification, and Trade Descriptions (Y.H. Hui and Isabel Guerrero-Legarreta). 2 Competitive Exclusion Treatment in Poultry Management (Carita Schneitz and Geoffrey Mead). 3 Premortem Handling. (Lorenzo Antonio Durán-Meléndez). 4 Transportation to the Slaughterhouse (Daniel Mota Rojas, Miguel González Lozano, and Isabel Guerrero-Legarreta). PART II SLAUGHTERING AND CUTTING. 5 Slaughterhouse Building and Facility Requirements (Daniel Mota Rojas, Miguel González Lozano, and Isabel Guerrero-Legarreta ). 6 Slaughtering Equipment and Operations (Juan Fernández-López, Esther Sendra-Nadal, and Estrella Sayas-Barberá). 7 Poultry Carcass Evaluation and Cutting (Lorenzo Antonio Durán-Meléndez). 8 Official Control of Slaughterhouse and Processing Plants (Nina Kaario and Janne Lundén). 9 Poultry Packaging (Alfonso Totosaus-Sánchez). 10 Kosher Laws in Food Processing (Joe M. Regenstein and Carrie E. Regenstein). 11 Food Production from the Halal Perspective (Yaakob B. Che Man and Awis Qurni Sazili). PART III PRESERVATION: REFRIGERATION AND FREEZING. 12 Biochemical Changes During Onset and Resolution of Rigor Mortis Under Ambient Temperature (Estrella Sayas-Barberá, Juana Fernández-López, and Esther Sendra-Nadal). 13 Physicochemical Changes During Freezing and Thawing of Poultry Meat (Alma Delia Alarcón-Rojo and Héctor Janacua-Vidales). 14 Low-Temperature Storage of Poultry (María Elena Carranco-Jáuregui, Silvia Carrillo-Domínguez, and María de la Concepción Calvo Carillo). 15 Engineering Principles of Freezing (Liliana Alamilla-Beltrán, José Jorge Chanona-Pérez, José Fernando González-Sánchez, and Gustavo F. Gutiérrez-López). 16 Quality of Frozen Poultry (Esther Sendra-Nadal, Estrella Sayas-Barberá, and Juana Fernández-López). 17 Quality of Refrigerated Poultry (Vandan Sohlia and Amarinder S. Bawa). 18 Refrigeration Equipment and Operations (Mallika Manral and Amarinder S. Bawa). 19 Freezing Equipment and Operations (Marhta Yarely Leal Ramos). 20 Refrigeration and Freezing in Central Facilities and Retail Stores (K. Radakrishna, Vandana Sohlia, and Amarinder S. Bawa). 21 Refrigeration and Freezing in Industrial Food Facilities (Hospitals, Restaurants, Factories) (Vandana Sohlia and Amarinder S. Bawa). PART IV PRESERVATION: HEATING, DRYING, CHEMICALS, AND IRRADIATION. 22 Heating, Drying, and Chemicals (José Arturo García-Macías). 23 Irradiation (María Pilar González-Santiago, Beatriz Caballero-Santos, Magdalena Tudela-Carrasco, and José María Fernández-Ginés). PART V COMPOSITION, CHEMISTRY, AND SENSORY ATTRIBUTES. 24 Quality Characteristics of Poultry Products (Sarah Padilla). 25 Chemical Composition and Nutritional Content of Raw Poultry Meat (Jorge Soriano-Santos). 26 Poultry Meat Tenderness (Casey M. Owens and Jason K. Apple). 27 Pale, Soft and Exudative Poultry Meat (Casey M. Owens and Jason K. Apple). PART VI EGGS. 28 Nutritional and Health Attributes of Eggs (Yuan Ren, Jianping Wu, and Robert Renema). 29 Functional Properties of Egg Components in Food Systems (Yoshinori Mine and Marie Yang). PART VII SANITATION AND SAFETY. 30 Chemical Residues: Pesticides and Drugs (β-Agonists and Antibiotics) (María de Lourdes Pérez-Chabela). 31 Factors Affecting Microbial Growth in Fresh Poultry (Carol W. Turner). 32 Basic Principles of the HACCP System in the Poultry Industry (Chitra Wendakoon). 33 HACCP in Poultry Slaughterhouses (Marjatta Rahkio). 34 Online Inspection (Kevin Chao). 35 Poultry-Related Foodborne Disease (Lisa McKee). 36 Poultry-Related Foodborne Diseases in Central and South America (Gabriel J. Sequeira, Luis E. Marti, and Marcelo R. Rosmini). 37 Overview of Poultry Processing and Workers' Safety (Y.H. Hui and Isabel Guerrero-Legarreta). 38 Poultry-Processing Industry and eTool (Y.H. Hui and Isabel Guerrero-Legarreta). Index. Contents of Volume 2: Secondary Processing.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface. Contributors. Introduction and Overview. Policy Development for Homeland Security. Threats and Challenges to Homeland Security. Terrorist Organizations and Modeling Trends. Risk Communication: An Overlooked Tool in Combating Terrorism. Cross-Cutting Themes and Technologies. Risk Modeling and Vulnerability Assessment. Terrorism Risk: Characteristics and Features. Risk Analysis Frameworks for Counterterrorism. Risk Analysis and Management for Critical Asset Protection. Logic Trees: Fault, Success, Attack, Event, Probability, and Decision Trees. Bayesian Networks. Using Risk Analysis to Inform Intelligence Analysis. Vulnerability Assessment. Risk Communication. Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA). Scenario Analysis, Cognitive Maps, and Concept Maps. Time-Domain Probabilistic Risk Assessment Method for Interdependent Infrastructure Failure and Recovery Modeling. Risk Transfer and Insurance: Insurability Concepts and Programs for Covering Extreme Events. Quantitative Representation of Risk. Qualitative Representation of Risk. Terrorism Risk. Terrorist Threat Analysis. Risk Analysis Methods for Cyber Security. Defeating Surprise Through Threat Anticipation and Possibility Management. Memetics for Threat Reduction in Risk Management. High Consequence Threats: Electromagnetic Pulse. High Consequence Threats: Nuclear. Modeling Population Dynamics for Homeland Security Applications. Sensing and Detection. Protecting Security Sensors and Systems. Threat Signatures of Explosive Materials. Radioactive Materials Sensors. Knowledge Extraction from Surveillance Sensors. RADAR and LiDAR perimeter protection sensors. Design Consideration in Development and Application of Chemical and Biological Agent Detectors. Sensing Dispersal of Chemical and Biological Agents in Urban Environments. Sensing Releases of Highly Toxic and Extremely Toxic Compounds. 2D-to-3D Face Recognition Systems. Eye and Iris Sensors. A Tandem Mobility Spectrometer for Chemical Agent and Toxic Industrial Chemical Monitoring. Dynamic Load Balancing for Robust Distributed Computing in the Presence of Topological Impairments. Passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Chemical Sensors for Homeland Security Applications. Protection, Prevention, Response and Recovery. Protection and Prevention: An Overview. Protection and Prevention: Threats and Challenges from a Homeland Defense Perspective. Consequence Mitigation. Security Assessment Methodologies for U.S. Ports and Waterways. Defending Against Malevolent Insiders Using Access Control. Less-Lethal Payloads for Robotic and Automated Response Systems. Defending Against Directed Energy Weapons: RF Weapons and Lasers. The Sensor Web: Advanced Technology for Situational Awareness. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Overview. Austrialia. Austria. Brazil. Canada. Estonia.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisFrom the popular electronics author whose name is synonymous with clarity and practical sense, here is a comprehensive, plain-English compendium on the entire field of radio and wireless technology. Containing more than 1,000 concise articles, this one-stop source of user-friendly insight provides blanket coverage of one of the fastest-growing areas in communicationsÃfrom antennas and transmission lines, to analog and digital modulation techniques, to satellite, space, and laser communications. It also offers hundreds of clarifying illustrations, tables, and charts, and extensive cross-referencing, enabling professionals and hobbyists to quickly access a wealth of related material on any given topic. For mastering terminology, understanding technology and theory, or forming an overview of a single subject or the entire field, this reference is simply the best there is.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive reference for the poultry industryVolume 2 describes poultry processing from raw meat to final retail products With an unparalleled level of coverage, the Handbook of Poultry Science and Technology provides an up-to-date and comprehensive reference on poultry processing. Volume 2: Secondary Processing covers processing poultry from raw meat to uncooked, cooked or semi-cooked retail products. It includes the scientific, technical, and engineering principles of poultry processing, methods and product categories, product manufacturing and attributes, and sanitation and safety. Volume 2: Secondary Processing is divided into seven parts: Secondary processing of poultry productsan overview Methods in processing poultry productsincludes emulsions and gelations; breading and battering; mechanical deboning; marination, cooking, and curing; and non-meat ingredients Product manufacturing<Table of ContentsContributors. Preface. PART I SECONDARY PROCESSING OF POULTRY PRODUCTS. 1 Processed Poultry Products: A Primer (Isabel Guerrero-Legarreta and Y.H. Hui). PART II METHODS FOR PROCESSING POULTRY PRODUCTS. 2 Gelation and Emulsion: Principles (Ana Paola Zogbi and Walter Onofre Benejam). 3 Gelation and Emulsion: Applications (Elvia Hernández-Hernández and Isabel Guerrero-Legarreta). 4 Battering and Breading: Principles and System Development (Susana Fiszman and Teresa Sanz). 5 Battering and Breading: Frying and Freezing (Susana Fiszman and Ana Salvador). 6 Mechanical Deboning: Principles and Equipment (Manuel Viuda-Martos, Elena José Sánchez-Zapata, Casilda Navarro-Rodríguez de Vera, and José Ángel Pérez-Álvarez). 7 Mechanical Deboning: Applications and Product Types (Casilda Navarro-Rodríguez de Vera, Elena José Sánchez-Zapata, Manuel Viuda-Martos, and José Ángel Pérez-Álvarez). 8 Marination, Cooking, and Curing: Principles (Francisco Alfredo Nuñez-González). 9 Marination, Cooking, Curing: Applications (Alma Delia Alarcón-Rojo). 10 Nonmeat Ingredients (Elena José Sánchez-Zapata, Manuel Viuda-Martos, Casilda Navarro-Rodríguez de Vera, and José Ángel Pérez-Álvarez). PART III PRODUCT MANUFACTURING. 11 Overview of Processed Poultry Products (Y.H. Hui and Isabel Guerrero-Legarreta). 12 Canned Poultry Meat (Alicia Grajales-Lagunes and Alicia de Anda-Salazar). 13 Turkey Bacon (Edith Ponce-Alquicira and Octavio Dublán-García). 14 Turkey Sausages (Alfonso Totosaus-Sánchez and Juan Francisco Hernández Chávez). 15 Breaded Products (Nuggets) (María de Lourdes Pérez-Chabela and Alfonso Totosaus-Sánchez). 16 Paste Products (Pâté) (Alfonso Totosaus-Sánchez). 17 Poultry Ham (Vandana Sohlia and Amarinder S. Bawa). 18 Luncheon Meat Including Bologna (Baciliza Quintero Salazar and Edith Ponce-Alquicira). 19 Processed Egg Products: Perspective on Nutritional Values (Mahendra P. Kapoor, Molay K. Roy, and Lekh R. Juneja). 20 Dietary Products for Special Populations (Jorge Soriano-Santos). PART IV PRODUCT QUALITY AND SENSORY ATTRIBUTES. 21 Sensory Analysis (María Dolors Guárdia, Carmen Sárraga, and Luis Guerrero Asorey). 22 Texture and Tenderness in Poultry Products(Lisa H. Mckee). 23 Protein and Poultry Meat Quality (Massami Shimokomaki, Adrian Lourenço Soares, and Elza Iouko Ida). 24 Poultry Flavor: General Aspects and Applications (José Ángel Pérez-Álvarez, Esther Sendra-Nadal, Elena José Sánchez-Zapata, and Manuel Viuda-Martos). 25 Poultry Meat Color (Alessandra Guidi and L. Castigliego). 26 Refrigerated Poultry Handling (Esther Sendra-Nadal, Estrella Sayas Barberá, and Juana Fernández López). PART V ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES, OPERATIONS AND EQUIPMENT. 27 Basic Operations and Conditions (M.C. Pandey and Amarinder S. Bawa). 28 Poultry-Processing Equipment (José Jorge Chanona-Pérez, Lilian Alamilla-Beltrán, Ernesto Mendoza-Madrid, Jorge Welti-Chanes, and Gustavo F. Gutiérrez-López). 29 Thermal Processing (Isabel Guerrero-Legarreta and Y.H. Hui). 30 Packaging for Poultry Products (S.N. Sabapathi and Amarinder S. Bawa). PART VI CONTAMINANTS, PATHOGENS, ANALYSIS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE. 31 Contamination of Poultry Products (Marcelo L. Signorini and José L. Flores-Luna). 32 Microbial Ecology and Spoilage of Poultry Meat and Poultry Meat Products (Elina J. Vihavainen and Johanna Björkroth). 33 Campylobacter in Poultry Processing (Marja-Liisa Hänninen). 34 Microbiology of Ready-to-Eat Poultry Products (Carol W. Turner). 35 Chemical Analysis of Poultry Meat (María de Lourdes Pérez-Chabela). 36 Microbial Analytical Methodology for Processed Poultry Products (Omar A. Oyarzabal and Syeda K. Hussain). PART VII SAFETY SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES. 37 Sanitation Requirements (Y.H. Hui and Isabel Guerrero-Legarreta). 38 HACCP for the Poultry Industry (Lisa H. McKee). 39 FSIS Enforcement Tools and Processes (Y.H. Hui and Isabel Guerrero-Legarreta). Index. Contents of Volume 1: Primary Processing.

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Book SynopsisAn interferometer is a device that splits a beam of light into two beams. In this book, the most prominent active interferometers are discussed from a research point of view focusing on three variants. Among the many topics of research included in this book are: results of adaptive interferometers operation based on photorefractive crystals and the effect of the non-steady state photo-electromotive force, a reanalysis of the framework of the "magnetic" components of gravitational waves, the development of a real-time in situ surface height measuring system based on phase shifting interferometer, a review of a single-channel interferometer for generating digital Fresnel holograms of 3-D real-existing objects illuminated by incoherent light, a study on the volumetric changes which occur during photopolymerization under nonisothermal conditions and a discussion of the electrochemical Koesters interferometer technique used for the determination of changes of surface stress of solid electrodes. In order to cope with the unceasing bandwidth demand fueled by the massive use of the Internet, this book includes a review of the two main types of switching devices, namely the SOA-assisted Sagnac switch(TOAD) and the Ultrafast Nonlinear Interferometer. Application of Laser interferometry technique for investigation of acoustic wave fields is considered as well.

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Book SynopsisIt is a well acknowledged fact that virtually all of our modern-day components and assemblies rely to some extent on machining operations in their manufacturing process. Thus, there is clearly a substantive machining requirement which will continue to be of prime importance for the foreseeable future. Cutting Tool Technology provides a comprehensive guide to the latest developments in the use of cutting tool technology. The book covers new machining and tooling topics such as high-speed and hard-part machining, near-dry and dry-machining strategies, multi-functional tooling, ‘diamond-like’ and ‘atomically-modified’ coatings, plus many others. Also covered are subjects important from a research perspective, such as micro-machining and artificial intelligence coupled to neural network tool condition monitoring. A practical handbook complete with troubleshooting tables for common problems, Cutting Tool Technology is an invaluable reference for researchers, manufacturers and users of cutting tools.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“Cutting tool technology presents an important role in metal cutting. Cutting tool is a key factor for the machining operation success. … This industrial handbook covers the cutting tool technology with high quality in nine chapters. … The present book can be used for undergraduate engineering course (for example, manufacturing, mechanical, etc.). Also, this book can serve as a useful reference for students at technical colleges, mechanical and manufacturing engineers, professionals in related industries with machine tools and machining processes.” (J. Paulo Davim, International Journal of Machining and Machinability of Materials, Vol. 9 (1/2), 2011)Table of ContentsCutting Tool Materials Turning and Chip-breaking Technology Drilling and Associated Technologies Milling Cutters and Associated Technologies Threading Technologies Modular Tooling and Tool Management Machinability and Surface Integrity Cutting Fluids Machining and Monitoring Strategies

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Book SynopsisFeaturing contributions from major technology vendors, industry consortia, and government and private research establishments, the Industrial Communication Technology Handbook, Second Edition provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of wire- and wireless-based specialized communication networks used in plant and factory automation, automotive applications, avionics, building automation, energy and power systems, train applications, and more.New to the Second Edition: 46 brand-new chapters and 21 substantially revised chapters Inclusion of the latest, most significant developments in specialized communication technologies and systems Addition of new application domains for specialized networks The Industrial Communication Technology Handbook, Second Edition supplies readers with a thorough understanding of the application-specific requirements for communication services and their supporting technologies. It is useful to a broad spectrum of professionals involved in the conception, design, development, standardization, and use of specialized communication networks as well as academic institutions engaged in engineering education and vocational training.Table of ContentsField Area and Control Networks. Industrial Ethernet. Fault-Tolerant Clock Synchronization in Industrial Automation Networks. Accessing Factory Floor Data. Safety Technologies in Industrial Networks and Network Security. Wireless Industrial Networks. Time-Triggered Communication. Networks in Avionics and Aerospace. Automotive Communication Technologies. Networks in Building Automation. Networks in Energy and Power Systems. Communication Networks and Services in Railway Applications. SEMI. Emerging Protocols and Technologies.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisThe Industrial Information Technology Handbook focuses on existing and emerging industrial applications of IT, and on evolving trends that are driven by the needs of companies and by industry-led consortia and organizations. Emphasizing fast growing areas that have major impacts on industrial automation and enterprise integration, the Handbook covers topics such as industrial communication technology, sensors, and embedded systems.The book is organized into two parts. Part 1 presents material covering new and quickly evolving aspects of IT. Part 2 introduces cutting-edge areas of industrial IT. The Handbook presents material in the form of tutorials, surveys, and technology overviews, combining fundamentals and advanced issues, with articles grouped into sections for a cohesive and comprehensive presentation. The text contains 112 contributed reports by industry experts from government, companies at the forefront of development, and some of the most renowned academicTrade Review"I do not hesitate to recommend this new attractive handbook to a wide audience of engineering educators, students, and engineers in industry who are interested in Industrial IT." Industrial Electronics Society Newsletter, Vol.52, No.2, 2005Table of ContentsFUNDAMENTALS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. Computer software and web technologies. The Internet and IP networks. INDUSTRIAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. Industrial Communication Systems. The Internet, web, and IT technologies in industrial automation and design. Intelligent sensors and sensor networks. Real-Time embedded systems. Integration technologies.

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Book SynopsisSeparation processes are basic to the petroleum, chemical, petrochemical, energy, food products and minerals industries.Table of ContentsGENERAL PRINCIPLES. Phase Equilibria. Mass Transfer Principles. Phase Segregation. General Processing Considerations. INDIVIDUAL SEPARATION PROCESSES. Distillation. Absorption and Stripping. Extraction--Organic Chemicals Processing. Extraction--Metals Processing. Leaching--Metals Applications. Leaching--Organic Materials. Crystallization Operations. Adsorption. Ion Exchange. Large-Scale Chromatography. Separation Processes Based on Reversible ChemicalComplexation. Bubble and Foam Separations--Ore Flotation. Bubble and Foam Separations--Waste Treatment. Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis. Recent Advances in Liquid Membrane Technology. Separation of Gaseous Mixtures Using Polymer Membranes. Membrane Processes--Dialysis and Electrodialysis. Selection of a Separation Process. Index.

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Book SynopsisAll organizations, whether for profit, not for profit, or government, face issues of information technology management. While the concerns involved may differ from organization to organization, the principles of good information technology management remain the same.Using a compilation of articles on various topics relating to technology management, Handbook of Technology Management in Public Administration addresses the management, implementation, and integration of technology across a wide variety of disciplines. The book highlights lessons learned to assist you in solving contemporary problems and avoiding pitfalls. It discusses the creation of innovative paradigms, new boundaries, diversity frameworks, and operational breakthroughs emanating from technology. It also raises questions about the productivity, violence, and intrusions of technology into the personal, organizational, and social environments as we move forward. This book identifies the potential ethical, legal, and social implications of technology from electronic signatures to genetic screenings to privacy interventions to industrial applications. It raises issues, problems, and concerns arising from technology and its effects on nurturing or nullifying the foundations of life and liberty in a constitutional democracy. With the development of new tools and techniques, technology promises to make organizations more productive and efficient. Handbook of Technology Management in Public Administration identifies effective technology management approaches while balancing the repercussions of technological growth.Table of ContentsIntroduction. The Culture of Technology: Savants, Context, and Perspectives. Public Sector Perspectives on Technology. Technology Transfer: Innovations, Concerns and Barriers. Ethical Issues and Concerns. Managing Change and Measuring Performance. Technology's Contribution to Quality. National Security Issues. Negotiating Technology Issues. Technology and the Professions.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a source of basic and advanced knowledge in food science for students or professionals in the food science sector, but it is also accessible for people interested in the different aspects concerning raw material stabilisation and transformation in food products. It is an updated and translated version of the book "Science des aliments" published in 2006 by Lavoisier. "Science des aliments" is a general and introductory food science and technology handbook, based on the authors' Masters and PhD courses and research experiences. The book is concise, pedagogical and informative and contains numerous illustrations (approximately 500 original figures and tables). In three volumes), it summarizes the main knowledge required for working in food industries as scientists, technical managers or qualified operators. It will also be helpful for the formation of students in food science and biotechnologies (bachelor's and master's degree).Table of ContentsIntroduction ixGérard Brulé Part 1. Basis of Food Engineering 1 Chapter 1. Transport Phenomena - Basis of Unit Operations 3Romain Jeantet Part 2. Food Biological Stabilization 33 Chapter 2. Inhibition of Food Modifying Agents 35Romain Jeantet and Juliane Floury Chapter 3. Separation of Food Modifying Agents 101Romain Jeantet Chapter 4. Inactivation of Food Modifying Agents 115Romain Jeantet Part 3. Food Physicochemical Stabilization 151 Chapter 5. Stability of Complex Foods and Dispersed Systems 153Romain Jeantet and Juliane Floury Part 4. Food Ingredient Preparation 193 Chapter 6. Physicochemical Basis of Fractionation and Related Technologies 195Romain Jeantet Chapter 7. Biotransformation and Physicochemical Processing 229Romain Jeantet Part 5. Packaging 269 Chapter 8. Packaging: Principles and Technology 271Valérie Lechevalier Bibliography 317 List of Authors 325 Index 327

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Book SynopsisThis Handbook offers an insightful and comprehensive overview from a geographic perspective of the numerous and varied technologies that are shaping the contemporary world. It shows how geography and technology are intimately linked by examining the origins, growth, and impacts of 27 different technologies and highlighting how they influence the structure and spatiality of society. Following summaries of important conceptual issues such as diffusion, gender and science studies, the book explores various technologies, which are grouped into six main categories: Computational: code, location-based services and virtual reality Communications: fiber optics, satellites, the internet, radio, cell phones and television Transportation: automobiles, aviation, drones, railroads, and shipping and ports Energy: biofuels, dams, fracking, geothermal energy, pipelines, solar energy and LEED buildings Manufacturing: robotics, just-in-time systems and nanotechnology Life sciences: new technologies of health care, biotechnology and biometrics. Significantly, the book includes in-depth explorations of new technologies that have so far received very little attention from geographers. This much-needed Handbook offers a comprehensive and state-of-the-art summary of the geographies of major technologies and how they affect society, economies, geographies and everyday life. It will appeal to academics and advanced students interested in geography, planning and the social sciences in general.Contributors include: R. Baghel, M. Batty, R.E. Baxter, T. Birtchnell, M.J. Blair, L. Cabral, K.E. Calvert, M. Chen, J. Cidell, J.C. Comer, D. Comfort, S.W. Cunningham, M. Dodge, A.R. Goetz, A. Golub, A. Grech, D. Hillier, A. Holl, J.P. Howell, A. Johnson, P. Jones, A. Kellerman, L. Kurdgelashvili, L. Li, H. Lin, R. Lobato, B.P.Y. Loo, A. López Peláez, E. Louie, S. Maalsen, W.E. Mabee, J.D. Makholm, J. McLean, M. Nüsser, G. Popescu, R. Rama, P.L. Robertson, J.-P. Rodrigue, M.W. Rosenberg, B. Solomon, J.D. Stephen, D. Sui, G. Timilsina, N. Waldbrook, B. Warf, T.A. Wikle, C. WilkinsonTrade Review'An innovative and most valuable tour de force about geography/technology intersections in economic, social and political contexts. The thirty one chapters discuss the histories of specific technologies, 20th century advances and most recent innovations, the leading producers and consumers and current technology/social policy issues. The technologies addressed by author teams (mostly geographers) include railroads, air transport, automobiles, ports, radio, television, satellites, pipelines, geothermal sites, dams and more recent advances: the internet, drones, fiber optics, mobile phones, fracking, solar energy, nanotechnology, biometrics, location based services, code-spaces, virtual realities, LEED buildings, gender/technology interfaces, just-in-time technologies and health care advances. An excellent source of disciplinary, interdisciplinary and international literatures. Many chapters include maps and graphics. Useful for disciplinary and interdisciplinary courses and seminars and also workshops in universities, government and the private sector where cutting-edge advances are explored. This reference source will be cited and used by junior and senior scholars for the coming decades.' --(Stanley D. Brunn, University of Kentucky, US)Table of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction Barney Warf PART I: CONCEPTUAL ISSUES 2. Technological Diffusion in Local, Regional, National and Transnational Settings Paul L. Robertson 3. Beyond the Binaries: Geographies of Gender-Technology Relations Jessica McLean, Sophia Maalsen and Alana Grech 4. Space for STS: An Overview of Science and Technology Studies Jordan P. Howell PART II: COMPUTATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES 5. Code/Space and the Challenge of Software Algorithms Martin Dodge 6. Understanding Locational-based Services: Core Technologies, Key Applications, and Major Concerns Daniel Sui 7. Virtual Realities, Analogies and Technologies in Geography Michael Batty, Hui Lin and Min Chen PART III: COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES 8. Fiber Optics: Nervous System of the Global Economy Barney Warf 9. The Internet as Geographic Technology Aharon Kellerman 10. Tuning in to the Geographies of Radio Catherine Wilkinson 11. Eyes in the Sky: Satellites and Geography Barney Warf 12. The Geography of Mobile Telephony Jonathan C. Comer and Thomas A. Wikle 13. Streaming Services and the Changing Global Geography of Television Ramon Lobato PART IV: TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGIES 14. Automobility in Space and Time Aaron Golub and Aaron Johnson 15. Air Transport: Speed, Global Connectivity and Time-Space Convergence Andrew R. Goetz 16. Drones in Human Geography Thomas Birtchnell 17. Geography of Railroads Linna Li and Becky P.Y. Loo 18. Ports and Maritime Technology Jean-Paul Rodrigue PART V: ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES 19. Assessing the Spatial, Economic, and Environmental Implications of Biorefining Technologies: Insights from North America Kirby E. Calvert, Jamie D. Stephen, M.J. Blair, Laura Cabral, Ryan E. Baxter and Warren E. Mabee 20. The Emergence of Technological Hydroscapes in the Anthropocene: Socio-hydrology and Development Paradigms of Large Dams Marcus Nüsser and Ravi Baghel 21. Fracking for Shale in the UK: Risks, Reputation and Regulation Peter Jones, Daphne Comfort, and David Hillier 22. Geography of Geothermal Energy Technologies Edward Louie and Barry Solomon 23. LEED Buildings Julie Cidell 24. The Interaction of Pipelines and Geography in Support of Fuel Markets Jeff D. Makholm 25. The Evolution of Solar Energy Technologies and Supporting Policies Govinda Timilsina and Lado Kurdgelashvili PART VI: MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES 26. Just-in-Time and Space Ruth Rama and Adelheid Holl 27. Robotics Antonio López Peláez 28. The Geography of Nanotechnology Scott W. Cunningham PART VII: LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES 29. Biotechnology: Commodifying Life Barney Warf 30. Creating New Geographies of Health and Health Care through Technology Mark W. Rosenberg and Natalie Waldbrook 31. Biometric Technologies and the Automation of Identity and Space Gabriel Popescu Index

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Book SynopsisWorld population growth and the related increase in the demand for food and other goods has intensified agricultural production throughout the world. Some of today's technologies are characterized by relatively low productivity and high consumption of energy resources.The Handbook of Research on Energy-Saving Technologies for Environmentally-Friendly Agricultural Development is a comprehensive research publication that provides insight into new technologies that create efficient and environmentally-friendly energy potential sufficient for the organization of industrial and social-economic activity in rural areas. Highlighting a variety of topics such as economic development, renewable energy, and climate change, this book is ideal for agricultural business executives, engineers, scientists, environmentalists, entrepreneurs, academicians, researchers, students, and those working in the agro-industrial and housing and communal services sectors.

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive handbook gives a fully updated guide to lasers and laser technologies, including the complete range of their technical applications. This third volume covers modern applications in engineering and technology, including all new and updated case studies spanning telecommunications and data storage to medicine, optical measurement, defense and security, nanomaterials processing and characterization.Key Features: â Offers a complete update of the original, bestselling work, including many brand-new chapters.â Deepens the introduction to fundamentals, from laser design and fabrication to host matrices for solid-state lasers, energy level diagrams, hosting materials, dopant energy levels, and lasers based on nonlinear effects.â Covers new laser types, including quantum cascade lasers, silicon-based lasers, titanium sapphire lasers, terahertz lasers, bismuth-doped fiber lasers, and diode-pumped alkali lasers.â Discusses the latest appli

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Book SynopsisThis pioneering work explores both the theory and practice of business and technology incubation and acceleration over the past six decades as an approach to new venture creation and development. With a global scope, the Handbook examines incubation concepts, models, and mechanisms, providing a research-based analytical foundation from which to understand the emerging role of modern incubators, accelerators, science parks, and related support tools in building modern entrepreneurship ecosystems for promoting targeted economic development.Featuring contributions from internationally renowned scholars and practitioners, the Handbook covers four major themes: understanding incubation and acceleration; incubation mechanisms and entrepreneurship ecosystem development; national and regional incubation policy studies; and incubation practice and assessment. Chapters investigate the expanding importance of newer models and novel modes of new venture support such as smart launching through focused training, mentoring, and financing.This Handbook will help to equip policy makers, facility and program managers, investors, and entrepreneurs with the knowledge to handle support for future business and technology ventures more confidently and effectively. It also provides a deeper understanding of the incubation approach for researchers and scholars of entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic development.Trade Review‘The Handbook provides a good and accessible overview on how to deliver better incubation and acceleration services, whilst debunking some myths along the way.’ -- Monika Radclyffe, Centre for Entrepreneurs‘Exceptionally well organized and presented, the Handbook of Research on Business and Technology Incubation and Acceleration is deftly organized into four major sections. Ideal as a curriculum textbook on the subject, the book is especially and unreservedly recommended for personal, professional, corporate, college and university library collections.’ -- John Burroughs, Midwest Book Review'A comprehensive, comparative and illuminating Handbook of incubation and related entrepreneurial enhancement support structures edited and written by the leading international authorities on innovation.' -- Henry Etzkowitz, International Triple Helix Institute, US'This is a timely and important Handbook of the best research on property-based institutions engaged in promoting innovation and entrepreneurship. The editors, who have written seminal papers on these issues, have produced a lucid and insightful book. A ''must-read'' for academics and policymakers who study and manage these institutions.' -- Donald Siegel, Arizona State University, USTable of ContentsContents: List of contributors ix Foreword by David B. Audretsch xvi Introduction to the Handbook of Research on Business and Technology Incubation and Acceleration 1 Sarfraz A. Mian, Magnus Klofsten and Wadid Lamine PART I UNDERSTANDING INCUBATION AND ACCELERATION 1 Whither modern business incubation? Definitions, evolution, theory, and evaluation 17 Sarfraz A. Mian 2 Business incubators and accelerators: a co-citation analysis-based, systematic literature review 39 J. Piet Hausberg and Sabrina Korreck 3 The movement from incubator to incubation in the entrepreneurial university: past, present and future 64 Henry Etzkowitz 4 Fiddling around with the startup engine: exploring acceleration patterns in technology ventures 79 Jonas Van hove, Jana Thiel and Bart Clarysse 5 The logic behind science and technology parks 97 Alberto Albahari PART II INCUBATION MECHANISMS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 6 Incubators as catalysts in entrepreneurship ecosystems 111 Mark P. Rice and Erik Noyes 7 Business incubators within entrepreneurial ecosystems: sustainability aspects of new venture support and development 124 Magnus Klofsten and Dzamila Bienkowska 8 The role of modern urban science parks in developing entrepreneurship and innovation ecosystems 140 Josep Miquel Pique, Aline Figlioli, Francesc Miralles and Jasmina Berbegal-Mirabent 9 Incubation with space – space for incubation: the European Space Agency’s network of business incubation centers 160 Cornelis Eldering and Willem Hulsink 10 Incubating high-growth technology firms through venture development organizations: an overview of the US and the case study of Launch NY 176 Marnie LaVigne 11 Incubators as centers of collaboration and alignment in resource constrained regions 198 Nasir Ali and Michael D’Eredita PART III NATIONAL/REGIONAL INCUBATION POLICY STUDIES 12 Science parks in Europe: a comparison of science park characteristics and activities in Belgium, Spain and Denmark 212 Laura Lecluyse and Mirjam Knockaert 13 Emergence and development of entrepreneurship and innovation intermediaries: the case of business incubators in Japan 230 Nobuya Fukugawa 14 The role of technology business incubation in supporting innovative start-ups in China 246 Li Xiao , Cunjun Wang and Zhi Xu 15 Indian business incubation ecosystem: a multilevel analysis 260 Supriya Sharma and Neharika Vohra 16 Business incubation and acceleration in Pakistan: an entrepreneurship ecosystem development approach 280 Shahid Qureshi, Syed Zahoor Hassan and Sarfraz A. Mian 17 New forms of entrepreneurship support in a growing entrepreneurial ecosystem: the case of business incubation in Greece 299 Tiago Ratinho and Michael Mitsopoulos 18 The development and practice of incubation mechanisms in Brazil 316 Guilherme Ary Plonski, Claudia Pavani and Sheila Oliveira Pires 19 The role of incubators and accelerators in the Latin American entrepreneurship and innovation ecosystems 335 Maribel Guerrero 20 Mapping incubation mechanisms in Saudi Arabia: the state of the art and challenges for the future 351 Wassim J. Aloulou 21 Do government incubation efforts pay off ? The development of a quantitative efficiency assessment model 367 Jasmine Meysman, Sven H. De Cleyn and Johan Braet 22 Business incubation in New York State: last decade of changes, emerging models, and future directions 386 David Hochman PART IV INCUBATION PRACTICE AND ASSESSMENT 23 Tenant recruitment at university incubators: a selection conundrum 402 Ali J. Ahmad 24 The selection strategy or the incubation process: what matters most? 414 Chaffik Bakkali, Karim Messeghem, Sylvie Sammut and Abdelaziz Swalhi 25 Do networked incubators matter? The impact of entrepreneurial networks on firms’ performance 426 Danny Soetanto and Magnus Klofsten 26 The importance of time in a university student venture incubator 446 Lise Aaboen, Kari Djupdal, Dag Håkon Haneberg, Vetle Slagsvold Øien, Torgeir Aadland and Roger Sørheim 27 The value of mentors in incubation and acceleration: a managerial perspective 464 Martin Bliemel, Steven D’Alessandro, Saskia de Klerk, Ricardo Flores, Geoff Harrison and Morgan P. Miles 28 Sustainability-oriented business incubation: framing and supporting sustainable entrepreneurship 478 Klaus Fichter and Karsten Hurrelmann 29 Firm characteristics and internal and external dimensions: differences between incubatees and non-incubator firms in Sweden 496 Hans Löfsten Index 513

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Book SynopsisThis handbook guides the user to hundreds of technologies, practices, partnership opportunities, and funding resources. Presented in non-technical language, it covers hundreds of publicly available resources for pollution prevention, control, remediation, and assessment.Environmental Technology Resources Handbook will help you: REDUCE-time, effort, and money to search for innovative technologies LOCATE-federal dollars to support development of innovative technologies ANTICIPATE-environmental compliance problems by early adoption of technology UNDERSTAND-the process of forming partnerships to develop or market your "green" products or solutions PARTICIPATE-in verifying technologies under development.The Handbook is a highly cost-effective tool for environmental policymakers, corporate EHS personnel, engineers, consultants, governmental program managers, technology vendors, international development assistance professionals, and academics teaching environmental courses.Environmental Technology Resources Handbook indexes information by key words, 12 technology and environmental media areas, 15 types of resources offered, and major industry and government sectors. Contacts, including URLs, e-mail addresses, and phone and fax numbers allow you to access more detailed information.Trade Review"Finding the right environmental technology has often involved a blind crawl around the Internet, with chance rather than planning determining the outcome. Thanks to Dan Gottlieb, those days are over. This book provides a broad and comprehensive survey of resources, from government agencies to Internet sites, that should help every environmental professional, regardless of where they are working, do their job better and more efficiently." -Brad Allenby, VP, AT&T Environment, Health & Safety "The work's strongest element is its gather many important, carefully studied Internet resources in one useful source. Recommended." J.C. Stachacz, Dickinson College, for CHOICE, April 2003"…Environmental Technology Resources contains a wide range of exciting, profitable, and cost-effective ideas for environment and resource management. The author's main aim is to save people time in finding useful environmental management resources and ideas. All people who use this book should achieve this aim." -Dr. Janis Jansz, in Australian National Safety Council JournalTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Forces Driving Environmental Technology. How to Find TFES Resources. Mapping the Environmental Technology Jungle. Interagency Programs. Federal Agencies. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Other Federal Agencies. International. Regional, State and Local. NGOs, Nonprofits, and Professional Societies.

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Book SynopsisThis timely handbook represents the latest thinking in the field of technology and innovation management, with an up-to-date overview of the key developments in the field.Table of ContentsPreface ix List of Contributors xi Editor’s Introduction xv Part I The Evolution of Technology, Markets, and Industry 1 1 Technology and Industry Evolution 3Rajshree Agarwal and Mary Tripsas 2 The Evolution of Markets: Innovation Adoption, Diffusion, Market Growth, New Product Entry, and Competitor Responses 57Venkatesh Shankar Part II The Development and Introduction of New Products 113 3 Understanding Customer Needs 115Barry L. Bayus 4 Product Development as a Problem-solving Process 143Christian Terwiesch 5 Managing the ‘Unmanageables’ of Sustained Product Innovation 173Deborah Dougherty Part III The Management and Organization of Innovation 195 6 Rival Interpretations of Balancing Exploration and Exploitation: Simultaneous or Sequential? 197Eric L. Chen and Riitta Katila 7 R&D Project Selection and Portfolio Management: A Review of the Past, a Description of the Present, and a Sketch of the Future 215D. Brunner, L. Fleming, A. MacCormack, and D. Zinner 8 Managing the Innovative Performance of Technical Professionals 239Ralph Katz Part IV Technology Strategy 265 9 The Economics and Strategy of Standards and Standardization 267Shane Greenstein and Victor Stango 10 Intellectual Property and Innovation 295Rosemarie H. Ziedonis 11 Orchestrating Appropriability: Towards an Endogenous View of Capturing Value from Innovation Investments 335Henry Chesbrough 12 Individual Collaborations, Strategic Alliances and Innovation: Insights from the Biotechnology Industry 353Paul Almeida, Jan Hohberger, and Pedro Parada Part V Who Innovates? 365 13 Technology-Based Entrepreneurship 367David H. Hsu 14 Knowledge Spillover Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Large and Small Firms 389David B. Audretsch 15 The Financing of Innovation 409Bronwyn H. Hall 16 The Contribution of Public Entities to Innovation and Technological Change 431Maryann P. Feldman and Dieter F. Kogler Index 461

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Book SynopsisOil Spill Science and Technology provides a scientific approach to the clean up of oil spills. Topics include the analysis of oil behavior such as evaporation, solubility, and sedimentation. Other topics include the biodegradation and environmental effects of oil spills and case studies.Table of ContentsContributors xvii Author Biographies xix Preface xxvii PART I Risk Analysis 1 1 Risk Analysis and Prevention 3Dagmar Schmidt Etkin 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Executive Summary 3 1.3 Oil Spill Risk Analysis 4 1.4 Overview of Oil Spill Prevention 28 References 34 PART II Oil Properties 37 2 Oil Physical Properties: Measurement and Correlation 39Bruce P. Hollebone 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Bulk Properties of Crude Oil and Fuel Products 39 2.3 Hydrocarbon Groups 44 2.4 Quality Assurance and Control 46 2.5 Effects of Evaporative Weathering on Oil Bulk Properties 46 References 49 PART III Oil Composition and Properties 51 3 Introduction to Oil Chemistry and Properties 53Merv Fingas 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 The Composition of Oil 53 3.3 Properties of Oil 75 References 76 4 Vegetable Oil Spills: Oil Properties and Behavior 79Merv Fingas 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 The Oils 79 4.3 Historical Spills 79 4.4 Aquatic Toxicity 86 4.5 Properties of the Oils 86 4.6 Behavior in the Environment 87 4.7 Oxidation Biodegradation and Polymerization 87 4.8 Spill Countermeasures 88 4.9 Biofuels 88 4.10 Conclusions 89 References 89 PART IV Oil Analysis 93 5 Chromatographic Fingerprinting Analysis of Crude Oils and Petroleum Products 95Chun Yang, Zhendi Wang, Bruce P. Hollebone ,Carl E. Brown, Zeyu Yang, and Mike Landriault 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 Introduction to Oil Analysis Techniques 100 5.3 Methodology of Oil Fingerprinting Analysis 105 5.4 Weathering Effect on Oil Chemical Composition 141 5.5 Diagnostic Ratios of Target Hydrocarbons 148 5.6 Forensic Oil Spill Identification: A Case Study 151 References 158 6 Oil Spill Identification 165Joan Albaigés, Paul G.M. Kienhuis, and Gerhard Dahlmann 6.1 Introduction 165 6.2 Sampling 167 6.3 Sample Handling in the Laboratory 170 6.4 Analysis 171 6.5 Conclusions 198 References 202 PART V Oil Behavior 205 7 Oil and Petroleum Evaporation 207Merv Fingas 7.1 Introduction 207 7.2 Review of Historical Concepts 209 7.3 Development of New Diffusion-Regulated Models 213 7.4 Complexities to the Diffusion-Regulated Model 218 7.5 Use of Evaporation Equations in Spill Models 220 7.6 Volatilization 221 7.7 Measurement of Evaporation 221 7.8 Summary 221 References 222 8 Water-in-Oil Emulsions: Formation and Prediction 225Merv Fingas and Ben Fieldhouse 8.1 Introduction 225 8.2 Types of Emulsions 225 8.3 Stability Indices 226 8.4 Formation of Emulsions 230 8.5 Modeling the Formation of Water-in-Oil Emulsions 235 8.6 Conclusions 251 References 268 9 Oil Behavior in Ice-Infested Waters 271Merv Fingas and Bruce P. Hollebone 9.1 Introduction 271 9.2 Spreading on Ice 271 9.3 Spreading on or in Snow 273 9.4 Spreading under Ice 273 9.5 Spreading on Water with Ice Present 274 9.6 The Effect of Gas on Oil-under-Ice Spreading 275 9.7 Movement through Ice 276 9.8 Oil in Leads 277 9.9 Absorption to Snow and Ice 280 9.10 Containment on Ice 280 9.11 Heating Effect of Oil on the Surface of Ice 280 9.12 Oil under Multiyear Ice 280 9.13 Oil in Pack Ice 281 9.14 Growth of Ice on Shorelines and Effect on Oil Retention 281 9.15 Effect of Oil on Ice Properties 281 9.16 Concluding Remarks 283 References 283 PART VI Modeling 285 10 Introduction to Spill Modeling 287Merv Fingas 10.1 Introduction 287 10.2 An Overview of Weathering 287 10.3 Evaporation 288 10.4 Water Uptake and Emulsification 290 10.5 Natural Dispersion 293 10.6 Summary of Natural Dispersion 295 10.7 Other Processes 295 10.8 Movement of Oil and Oil Spill Modeling 297 10.9 Spill Modeling 299 References 299 11 Oceanographic and Meteorological Effects on Spilled Oil 301C.J. Beegle-Krause and William J. Lehr List of Symbols 301 11.1 Introduction 301 11.2 Chapter Scope 302 11.3 Atmospheric Boundary Layer 302 11.4 Water Currents 303 11.5 Waves 304 11.6 Sea Spray 306 11.7 Langmuir Cells 306 11.8 Oil Transport 307 11.9 Areas of Active Research 308 References 309 PART VII Detection Tracking and Remote Sensing 311 12 Oil Spill Remote Sensing 313Merv Fingas and Carl E. Brown 12.1 Introduction 313 12.2 Atmospheric Properties 314 12.3 Oil Interaction with Light and Electronic Waves 314 12.4 Visible Indications of Oil 316 12.5 Optical Sensors 317 12.6 Laser Fluorosensors 325 12.7 Microwave Sensors 326 12.8 Slick Thickness Determination 331 12.9 Integrated Airborne Sensor Systems 333 12.10 Satellite Remote Sensing 334 12.11 Oil-Under-Ice Detection 340 12.12 Underwater Detection and Tracking 340 12.13 Small Remote-Controlled Aircraft 344 12.14 Real-Time Displays and Printers 345 12.15 Routine Surveillance 345 12.16 Future Trends 346 12.17 Recommendations 347 References 348 13 Detection Tracking and Remote Sensing: Satellites and Image Processing (Spaceborne Oil Spill Detection) 357Konstantinos Topouzelis, Dario Tarchi, Michele Vespe, Monica Posada, Oliver Muellenhoff and Guido Ferraro 13.1 Introduction 357 13.2 Oil Spills Detection by Satellite 358 13.3 From Research to Operational Services 366 13.4 Ancillary Data 375 13.5 Summary and Conclusions 378 References 381 14 Detection of Oil in with and under Ice and Snow 385Merv Fingas and Carl E. Brown 14.1 Introduction 385 14.2 Overview of Detection of Oil in or under Ice and Snow 385 14.3 Detection of Surface Oil with Ice: Conventional Techniques 392 14.4 Conclusions 392 References 392 PART VIII Oil Spills on Land 395 15 Bioremediation of Oil Spills on Land 397Lisa D. Brown and Ania C. Ulrich 15.1 Introduction 397 15.2 Brief Overview of Bioremediation Techniques for Land Oil Spills 397 15.3 Key Organisms Involved in Biodegradation of Oil Spills on Land 398 15.4 Environmental Factors Affecting Bioremediation 399 15.5 In Situ Bioremediation Strategies 400 15.6 Ex Situ Land Treatment Techniques 402 15.7 Bioaugmentation Strategies 404 15.8 Biostimulation Strategies 404 References 405 16 Microbe-Assisted Phytoremediation of Petroleum Impacted Soil: A Scientifically Proven Green Technology 407Karen E. Gerhardt, Perry D. Gerwing, Xiao-Dong Huang and Bruce M. Greenberg 16.1 Introduction 407 16.2 PGPR-Enhanced Phytoremediation System(s) 413 16.3 Case Studies of Full-Scale Petroleum Phytoremediation 416 16.4 Achieving Regulatory Criteria 421 16.5 Conclusions 422 References 423 PART IX Effects of Oil 429 17 Overview of Efforts to Document and Reduce Impacts of Oil Spills on Seabirds 431Roger C. Helm, Harry R. Carter, R. Glenn Ford, D. Michael Fry, Rocío L. Moreno, Carolina Sanpera and Florina S. Tseng 17.1 Introduction 431 17.2 Vulnerability 433 17.3 Effect of Oiling on Individual Birds 435 17.4 Rehabilitation and Veterinary Care 436 17.5 Estimating Mortality 441 17.6 Long-Term Impacts 444 17.7 Restoration 446 References 448 18 Overview of Effects of Oil Spills on Marine Mammals 455Roger C. Helm, Daniel P. Costa, Terry D. DeBruyn, Thomas J. O’Shea, Randall S. Wells and Terrie M. Williams 18.1 Introduction 455 18.2 Sea Otters 458 18.3 Seals and Sea Lions 461 18.4 Sea Cows 464 18.5 Polar Bears 465 18.6 Whales Dolphins and Porpoises 467 References 471 19 Oil Spill Impact and Recovery of Coastal Marsh Vegetation 477Qianxin Lin 19.1 Introduction 477 19.2 Toxicity and Impact as a Function of Oil Type and Oil Weathering Degree 477 19.3 Sensitivity to Oil Varies by Plant Species 478 19.4 Effects of Oil Exposure Modes on Severity of Oil Impacts 479 19.5 Effects of Oil Spill Cleanup Procedures on Marsh Recovery 481 References 483 PART X Natural Dispersion 485 20 A Review of Natural Dispersion Models 487Merv Fingas 20.1 Introduction 487 20.2 The Mackay Approach 487 20.3 The Audunson Approach 489 20.4 The Delvigne Approach 490 20.5 Residence in the Water Column 492 20.6 Comparison of the Models 492 20.7 Conclusions 494 References 494 PART XI Cold Region Spills 495 21 Arctic and Antarctic Spills 497D.M. Filler, Mahlon C. Kennicutt II, I. Snape, Stephen T. Sweet and Andrew G. Klein 21.1 Introduction 497 21.2 Terrestrial Spills 502 21.3 Marine Spills 507 21.4 Policy 508 References 510 PART XII Case Studies 513 22 The Prestige Oil Spill 515Joan Albaigés ,Ana Bernabeu, Sonia Castanedo, Núria Jiménez, Carmen Morales-Caselles, Araceli Puente and Lucía Viñas 22.1 Introduction 515 22.2 The Ocean and Coastal Dynamics in the NW Iberia and their Influence on the Spill 516 22.3 Oil Monitoring and Fate 521 22.4 The Assessment of Effects 531 22.5 Environmental Restoration 537 22.6 Conclusion 541 References 542 23 The Grounding of the Bahía Paraíso Arthur Harbor Antarctica: Distribution and Fate of Oil Spill Related Hydrocarbons 547Stephen T. Sweet, Mahlon C. Kennicutt II and Andrew G. Klein 23.1 Introduction and Background 547 23.2 Environmental Sampling 550 23.3 Conclusions 555 References 555 24 Tasman Spirit Oil Spill at Karachi Coast Pakistan 557Hina Ahsan Siddiqi and Alia Bano Munshi 24.1 Introduction 557 24.2 Immediate Response to the Impact: Actions and Remediation 55724.2.1 Oil Recovery and Coast Cleaning 558 24.3 The DDWP Project by Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) 561 24.4 Hydrodynamics and Meteorological Data 562 24.5 Oil Monitoring and Fate 564 24.6 Effects of Oil Impact at the Community Level 568 24.7 Bioremediation/Natural Attenuation Processes 572 24.8 Conclusions 572 References 573 PART XIII Appendices 575 Appendix A The Oil Properties Data Appendix 577Bruce P. Hollebone Appendix B Conversions 683Merv Fingas Appendix C Ice Nomenclature 685Merv Fingas Index 689

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Book SynopsisAn updated guide to the production, science, and uses of vanilla Vanilla is a flavor and fragrance in foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and a wealth of other products. Now in its second edition, theHandbook of Vanilla Science and Technologyprovides a comprehensive and updated review of the science and technology used in these items' production and supply. Featuring contributions from an international range of experts, this revised edition covers a multitude of topics, including agricultural production, global markets, analytical methods, sensory analysis, food and fragrance applications, organic farming and fair trade, botanical diseases, and novel uses. The Handbook of Vanilla Science and Technology, Second Edition is a vital resource for producers, distributors, and scientists involved in vanilla's growth and utilization, and offers readers: A guide to the cultivation, extraction, analysis, DNA sequencing, and marketinTable of ContentsList of Contributors xix Preface xxiii Part I Production of Vanilla – Agricultural Systems and Curing 1 1 Mexican Vanilla Production 3Juan Hernandez‐Hernández 1.1 Introduction 3 1.1.1 The Mexican Vanilla Legend 4 1.2 Cultivation Methods 5 1.2.1 “Traditional”/Acahual 5 1.2.2 Intensive System (Monoculture) 6 1.2.3 Vanilla Cultivation in Existing Orange Groves 6 1.2.4 Shade Houses 7 1.3 Vanilla Propagation Techniques 8 1.3.1 Preparation and Disinfection of Cuttings 8 1.3.2 Establishing Cuttings – Timing 8 1.3.3 Establishing Cuttings – Planting 9 1.3.4 New Bud Formation and Root Growth 9 1.4 Irrigation 9 1.5 Nutrition 10 1.5.1 Mulch 10 1.5.2 Building Compost 10 1.6 Weed Control 11 1.7 Shade Management (Pruning of Support Trees) 11 1.8 Shoot Management – Looping 12 1.9 Shoot Management – Rooting 12 1.10 Main Vanilla Insect Pest 12 1.11 Main Vanilla Diseases 13 1.11.1 Anthracnose 14 1.11.2 Rust 14 1.11.3 Yellowing and Pre‐mature Fruit Drop 14 1.12 Flowering and Pollination 14 1.12.1 Percent of Flowering Plants 15 1.12.2 Natural Pollination 15 1.12.3 Hand Pollination 15 1.12.4 Quantity of Flowers to be Pollinated 17 1.12.5 Fruit Development 17 1.13 Harvesting 17 1.13.1 Harvesting Practices 18 1.13.2 Preventing Theft 18 1.14 Green Vanilla Commercialization 19 1.14.1 Prices 19 1.15 Curing 19 1.15.1 Yield Ratio of Green/Cured Vanilla 21 1.16 Grading 21 1.16.1 Packing 22 1.17 Buyers 23 1.18 Export Volume 23 1.19 Prices 23 1.20 Aromatic Profile 23 1.21 Summary 24 References 24 2 Vanilla Diseases 27Juan Hernandez‐Hernández 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Root and Stem Rot (Fusarium oxysporum f. Sp. Vanillae) 27 2.2.1 Description 27 2.2.2 Damage 28 2.2.3 Control 28 2.3 Black Rot (Phytophtora Sp.) 29 2.3.1 Description 29 2.3.2 Damage 29 2.3.3 Control 29 2.4 Anthracnose (Colletotrichum Sp.) 30 2.4.1 Description 30 2.4.2 Damage 31 2.4.3 Control 31 2.5 Rust (Uromyces Sp.) 31 2.5.1 Description 31 2.5.2 Damage 2.5.3 Control 32 2.6 Rotting of Recently Planted Cuttings 32 2.6.1 Description 32 2.6.2 Damage 32 2.6.3 Control 33 2.7 Yellowing and Shedding of Young Fruits 33 2.7.1 Description 33 2.7.2 Damage 34 2.7.3 Control 34 2.8 Viral Diseases 35 2.8.1 Cymbidium Mosaic Virus (CYMV) 35 2.8.2 Vanilla Mosaic Virus (VMV) 35 2.8.3 Vanilla Necrosis Potyvirus (VNPV) 35 2.8.4 Odontoglossum Ringspot Virus (ORSV) 35 2.8.5 Prevention of Viral Diseases 36 2.9 Damage by Adverse Climatic Factors 36 2.9.1 Natural Pruning of the Apical Buds 36 2.9.1.1 Description 36 2.9.1.2 Damage 37 2.9.1.3 Control 37 2.10 Damage from Sunburn 37 2.10.1 Description 37 2.10.2 Damage 37 2.10.3 Control 38 2.11 Hurricanes 38 References 39 3 Vanilla Production in Costa Rica 41Elida Varela Quirós 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 History of Vanilla Production in Costa Rica 42 3.2.1 The First Phase of Large‐scale Cultivation in Costa Rica 42 3.2.2 The Second Phase of Vanilla Cultivation in Costa Rica 42 3.2.3 The Third Phase 43 3.3 Vanilla Production – The Traditional System 45 3.4 Vanilla Production – The Intensive System 47 3.5 Propagation 48 3.6 Diseases and Pests 49 3.7 Vanilla Bean Processing 50 3.8 Conclusions 50 References 51 4 Atypical Flowering of Vanilla planifolia in the Region of Junín, Peru 53Juan Hernández-Hernández 4.1 Preparation of the “Mother” Plant (Cuttings) 54 4.2 Planting Method 54 4.2.1 Weed Control 55 4.2.2 Shoot Management – Looping 55 4.2.3 Shoot Management – Rooting 55 4.3 Nutrition 55 4.4 Irrigation 55 4.5 Pests, Disorders, and Diseases 57 4.5.1 Vanilla Pest 57 4.5.2 Diseases 57 4.5.3 Intense Solar Radiation 57 4.5.4 New Pest 57 4.5.5 New Disease 58 4.6 Flowering Period 59 4.6.1 Atypical Vanilla Bloom in Peru 59 4.7 Hand Pollination 60 4.8 Harvesting 61 4.9 Vanilla Curing 62 4.10 Final Comments 62 References 63 5 Vanilla Production in the Context of Culture, Economics, and Ecology of Belize 65Nelle Gretzinger and Dawn Dean 5.1 Introduction 65 5.1.1 Toledo Agriculture and Socio‐demographics Today 66 5.1.2 Maya Mountain Research Farm 66 5.1.3 Agro‐ecological Systems 67 5.1.4 Maya Mountain Research Farm Vanilla Cultivation and Introduction Project 68 5.1.5 The Belize Organic Vanilla Association 69 5.1.6 OVA Description and Goals 69 5.1.7 Innovative Vanilla Plantation Establishment Method Pioneered by OVA Members Nicasio and Ophelia Chee Sanchez 71 5.1.8 Wild/Relic Vanilla Stands in Toledo District 72 5.1.9 Possibility of Wild Superior or Useful Genotypes/Species 74 5.1.10 Dr Pesach Lubinsky’s Research in Belize and Regarding Vanilla tahitensis 74 5.1.11 Manche Chol 76 5.2 Discussion 78 Acknowledgments 79 References 82 6 Conservation and Sustainable Use of Vanilla Crop Wild Relatives in Colombia 85Nicola S. Flanagan, Paul Chavarriaga, and Ana Teresa Mosquera‐Espinosa 6.1 Introduction 85 6.1.1 Low Genetic Diversity in the Vanilla Crop 85 6.1.2 The Importance of Crop Wild Relatives for Agriculture 85 6.2 Vanilla Crop Wild Relatives 86 6.2.1 Phylogenetic Diversity Within the Genus Vanilla 86 6.2.2 The Secondary Gene Pool for Vanilla 86 6.2.3 Vanilla Diversity in Colombia 87 6.3 Vanilla Species in the Wild 89 6.3.1 Vanilla Species are Rare in the Wild 89 6.3.2 Reproductive Biology of Vanilla Wild Species 91 6.3.2.1 Pollinators 91 6.3.2.2 Autogamy 91 6.3.3 Mycorrhizal Interactions 92 6.3.4 Further Interactions with the Microbiome 93 6.3.5 Bioclimatic and Biophysical Adaptations 94 6.4 Conservation of Vanilla Crop Wild Relatives 95 6.4.1 Threats to Conservation 95 6.4.2 Conservation In situ 96 6.4.3 Conservation Ex situ 96 6.4.4 Conservation Ex situ of the Vanilla Microbiome 98 6.4.5 Conservation of Circa situm and Sustainable Use 98 6.5 Biotechnological Approaches for Vanilla Genetic Resource Conservation and Utilization 100 6.5.1 Characterization and Utilization of Genetic Diversity 100 6.5.1.1 DNA Barcoding 100 6.5.1.2 Genomic Characterization of Vanilla 100 6.5.2 Application of Microorganisms in Vanilla Cultivation 101 6.6 An Integrated Strategy for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Vanilla Crop Wild Relatives 101 6.6.1 A Colombian National Strategy for Vanilla CWR 101 6.6.2 International Strategy for Conservation of Vanilla CWR 102 References 102 7 The History of Vanilla in Puerto Rico: Diversity, Rise, Fall, and Future Prospects 111Paul Bayman 7.1 Introduction 111 7.2 Diversity of Wild Vanilla in Puerto Rico 111 7.2.1 Species and Distributions 111 7.2.2 Flowering, Pollination, and Fruit Set 112 7.3 Rise and Fall: The History of Vanilla Cultivation in Puerto Rico 112 7.4 Socioeconomic Factors Contributing to the Decline of Vanilla 114 7.5 Diseases and Decline 114 7.5.1 Fusarium Root and Stem Rot (RSR) 115 7.5.1.1 The Pathogen 115 7.5.1.2 Symptoms of RSR 116 7.5.1.3 Other Fusarium Species 116 7.5.2 Other Diseases and Pests 116 7.5.3 Possible Solutions to RSR 116 7.5.3.1 Biological Control 116 7.5.3.2 Mycorrhiza 117 7.5.3.3 Chemical Control 117 7.5.3.4 Breeding 117 7.5.3.5 Cultural Control 117 7.6 Future Prospects 118 Acknowledgments 118 References 118 8 Origins and Patterns of Vanilla Cultivation in Tropical America (1500–1900): No Support for an Independent Domestication of Vanilla in South America 121Pesach Lubinsky, Gustavo A. Romero‐González, Sylvia M. Heredia, and Stephanie Zabel 8.1 Introduction 121 8.1.1 I. Pre‐Cultivation, ca. 1500–1750s 127 8.1.2 II. Papantla Monopoly, 1760s–1840s 131 8.1.3 III. The Vanilla Revolution, 1850s–1900, “… and we’ve never looked back” 135 8.2 The Vanilla Necklace 136 8.3 Summary 138 Acknowledgments 139 References 139 9 Vanilla Production in Australia 147Richard Exley 9.1 Introduction 147 9.2 History 147 9.3 Species 148 9.4 Climatic Regions of Australia Suitable for Vanilla 148 9.5 Climatic Conditions in the Vanilla Growing Regions 149 9.6 Soil and Nutrients 150 9.7 Watering 150 9.8 Fertilizing 150 9.9 Propagation 150 9.10 Support 151 9.11 Light/Shade 152 9.12 Spacing 153 9.13 Training 154 9.14 Flowering, Fruit Set, Growth, and Maturation 154 9.14.1 Flowering 154 9.14.2 Fruit Set (Pollination) 154 9.14.3 Growth and Maturation 155 9.15 Harvesting 155 9.16 Curing 155 9.16.1 Overview 155 References 156 10 Vanilla in Dutch Greenhouses: A Discovery – From Research to Production 157Filip van Noort 10.1 Introduction 157 10.1.1 Start of Research 157 10.2 Review of Literature 157 10.3 Flowering 159 10.3.1 Greenhouse 160 10.3.2 Sustainability 160 10.4 Varieties 161 10.5 Propagation 161 10.5.1 Cultivation 161 10.5.2 Growing Systems 162 10.6 Feasibility and Conclusions 162 References 163 11 Establishing Vanilla Production and a Vanilla Breeding Program in the Southern United States 165Alan H. Chambers 11.1 Introduction 165 11.2 Southern Florida Climate 165 11.2.1 Average Temperatures 166 11.2.2 Average Rainfall 166 11.2.3 Average Solar Radiation 166 11.2.4 Major Weather Events 168 11.3 Native and Naturalized Vanilla Species of South Florida 169 11.3.1 V. dilloniana 169 11.3.2 V. mexicana 169 11.3.3 V. barbellata 169 11.3.4 V. phaeantha 169 11.3.5 V. planifolia 171 11.4 Establishing Vanilla Production in Southern Florida 173 11.4.1 Shade House Cultivation 173 11.4.2 Tutor Tree Cultivation 173 11.4.3 Substrate Considerations 174 11.4.4 Local Economics and Niche Opportunities 174 11.5 Vanilla Breeding 175 11.5.1 Establishing a Vanilla Breeding Program in the United States 175 11.5.2 Acquiring Diverse Vanilla Accessions 176 11.5.3 Creating Diversity in Vanilla 176 11.5.4 Identifying the Primary Gene Pool 177 11.5.5 Target Traits 177 11.5.6 A Case for a Publically Available Vanilla Genome 178 11.6 Conclusions 178 References 178 12 In vitro Propagation of Vanilla 181Rebeca Alicia Menchaca García 12.1 Methods 182 12.1.1 In vitro Germination 182 12.1.2 Tissue Culture 182 12.2 Results and Discussion 183 12.2.1 Germination 183 12.2.2 Seed Maturity 183 12.2.3 Time for Germination 183 12.2.4 Scarification 183 12.2.5 Tissue Culture 183 12.2.6 Hybridization 184 12.2.7 In vitro Germplasm Bank 185 12.2.8 Repatriation and Recovery of Mexican Species 185 12.2.9 Method of Ex vitro Adaptation 186 12.2.10 Greenhouse Collection 186 12.2.11 Social Linkage 186 12.2.12 Human Resource Training and International Interaction 187 12.3 Conclusions 187 References 188 13 Curing of Vanilla 191Chaim Frenkel, Arvind S. Ranadive, Javier Tochihuitl Vázquez, and Daphna Havkin‐Frenkel 13.1 Introduction 191 13.2 Botany of the Vanilla Pod 192 13.2.1 Two Fruit Regions 192 13.2.2 Fruit Components 192 13.2.3 Fruit Anatomy 193 13.2.4 Pollination Initiates Ovary and Fruit Development 193 13.2.5 Mature Fruit 194 13.3 On‐the‐vine Curing Process in a Vanilla Pod 195 13.4 Off‐the‐vine Curing Process of Vanilla Beans 196 13.4.1 Purpose of Curing 198 13.4.2 Traditional Methods of Curing 199 13.4.2.1 Killing 199 13.4.2.2 Sweating 200 13.4.2.3 Drying and Conditioning 201 13.5 Activity of Hydrolytic Enzymes Occurring in a Curing Vanilla Pod 202 13.5.1 Protease Activity 202 13.5.2 Cell Wall Hydrolyzing Enzymes 204 13.5.3 Glycosyl Hydrolases 204 13.6 Activity of Oxidative Enzymes Occurring in a Curing Vanilla Pod 209 13.7 Vanilla Products 212 13.8 Summary and Conclusions 212 13.9 Addendum: Commercial Curing Methods of Green Vanilla Bean 213 13.9.1 Traditional Methods 213 13.9.1.1 Mexican Curing Method 213 13.9.1.2 The Bourbon Curing Method 214 13.9.1.3 The Tahitian Curing Method 214 13.9.1.4 Other Traditional Curing Methods 214 13.9.1.5 Indonesian Curing of Vanilla Bean 215 13.9.2 Refinement of Traditional Curing Methods 215 13.9.3 Novel Curing Methods 215 References 216 14 Fair Trade – The Future of Vanilla? 223Richard J. Brownell Jr 14.1 The Crisis 223 14.2 The Farmer 224 14.3 Fast Forward 226 14.4 Fair Trade – Background 226 14.4.1 Fair Trade Principles 227 14.4.2 Vanilla and Fair Trade 228 14.5 Commodity Cycles 229 14.6 Issues 230 14.6.1 The Price Differential 230 14.6.2 Vanilla Quality 231 14.6.3 Limited Availability 231 14.6.4 Ensuring that Farmers are Paid the FT Price 232 14.6.5 Consumer Acceptance 232 14.7 Conclusions 233 14.7.1 Update 2017 – Fair Trade Vanilla: Today 233 14.7.2 Update 2017 – Fair Trade Vanilla: The Future 234 Part II Authentication and Flavor Analysis 237 15 Quality Control of Vanilla Beans and Extracts 239Arvind S. Ranadive 15.1 Introduction 239 15.2 Quality Control of Vanilla Beans 239 15.2.1 Grading of Vanilla Beans 240 15.2.1.1 Vanilla Grading in Mexico 241 15.2.1.2 Vanilla Grading in Madagascar 241 15.2.1.3 Vanilla Grading in Indonesia 241 15.2.1.4 Vanilla Grading in Uganda 241 15.2.1.5 Vanilla Grading in Tahiti 242 15.2.2 Aroma of Vanilla Beans 243 15.2.3 Moisture Content of Vanilla Beans 246 15.2.4 Vanillin Content 246 15.2.4.1 Vanilla Bean Extraction 247 15.2.4.2 Vanillin Determination 247 15.2.4.3 Vanillin Determination in Vanilla Extracts and Other Vanilla Products 248 15.2.4.4 HPLC Method 248 15.2.5 Microbial Contaminant Limits 249 15.3 Quality Control of Commercial Vanilla Products 249 15.3.1 Definition of Vanilla Products 249 15.3.1.1 Vanilla Extracts 249 15.3.1.2 Vanilla Flavoring 250 15.3.1.3 Vanilla‐Vanillin Extract and Flavoring 250 15.3.1.4 Concentrated Vanilla Extract and Flavoring 250 15.3.1.5 Vanilla Oleoresin 250 15.3.1.6 Vanilla Absolute 250 15.3.1.7 Vanilla Powder And Vanilla‐Vanillin Powder 251 15.3.1.8 Vanilla Tincture for Perfumery 251 15.3.2 Vanilla Extract Quality Parameters 251 15.3.2.1 Appearance: Color and Clarity 251 15.3.2.2 Flavor 251 15.3.2.3 Soluble Solids Content 252 15.3.2.4 Vanillin Content 252 15.3.2.5 Organic Acids – (Wichmann) Lead Number 253 15.3.2.6 Resin Content 253 15.3.2.7 Microbial Limits 253 15.4 Determination of Authenticity of Vanilla Extracts 254 15.4.1 Guidelines for Determination of Authenticity 254 15.4.1.1 Evaluation of the Ratios Between Specific Components 255 15.4.1.2 Isotope‐ratios Mass Spectrometry 255 15.4.1.3 Site‐specific Quantitative Deuterium NmR 255 15.4.2 Other Methods to Determine Authenticity 256 15.4.2.1 Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis (SIRA) 256 15.4.2.2 SNIF‐NMR Technique 258 15.5 Summary 259 Acknowledgment 259 References 259 16 Flavor, Quality, and Authentication 261Patrick G. Hoffman and Charles M. Zapf 16.1 Introduction 261 16.2 Vanilla Flavor Analyses 262 16.3 Biochemistry and Genetic Research on Vanilla 266 16.4 Vanilla Quality and Authentication Analyses 267 16.4.1 Liquid Chromatographic Methods 268 16.4.2 Isotopic Techniques 272 16.4.3 Radiometric and Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis 272 16.4.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 274 16.4.5 Isotopic Techniques Summary 274 16.4.6 Integrated and Miscellaneous Methodologies 275 16.5 Conclusion 277 References 279 17 Volatile Compounds in Vanilla 285Stephen Toth, Keun Joong Lee, Daphna Havkin‐Frenkel, Faith C. Belanger, and Thomas G. Hartman 17.1 Lexicon of Vanilla Aroma/Flavor Descriptors 285 References 345 18 A Comprehensive Study of Composition and Evaluation of Vanilla Extracts in US Retail Stores 349Daphna Havkin‐Frenkel, Faith C. Belanger, Debra Y.J. Booth, Kathryn E. Galasso, Francis P. Tangel, and Carlos Javier Hernández Gayosso 18.1 History 349 18.2 Uses of Vanilla in the Industry 349 18.2.1 Household Products 350 18.2.2 Dairy Products 350 18.2.3 Ice Cream (Frozen Dairy Products) 350 18.2.4 Yogurt 350 18.2.5 Puddings 351 18.2.6 Chocolate 351 18.2.7 Confections 351 18.2.8 Baked Goods 351 18.2.9 Beverages 351 18.2.10 Pet Products 352 18.2.11 Pharmaceutical Products 352 18.2.12 Oral Care 352 18.2.13 Perfume 352 18.2.14 Toys 352 18.3 Major US Vanilla Companies 353 18.4 Introduction to the Study 353 18.5 Materials and Methods 353 18.6 Results and Discussion 354 18.6.1 Labeling of Retail Vanilla Extracts 354 18.6.2 Flavor Components in the Retail Vanilla Extracts 359 18.6.3 Total Phenol Content of the Retail Vanilla Extracts 363 18.7 Conclusion and Recommendation 363 References 365 19 Vanilla in Perfumery and Beverage Flavors 367Felix Buccellato 19.1 Earliest Recorded Use of Vanilla 367 Reference 373 Part III Biology of Vanilla 375 20 Vanilla Phylogeny and Classification 377Kenneth M. Cameron 20.1 Vanilloideae Among Orchids 381 20.2 Diversity Within Vanilloideae 381 20.2.1 Tribe Pogonieae 382 20.2.2 Tribe Vanilleae 383 20.3 Origins and Age of Vanilloideae 384 20.4 Diversity Within Vanilla 385 20.5 Systematic Conclusions and Implications 388 References 389 21 Molecular Analysis of a Vanilla Hybrid Cultivated in Costa Rica 391Faith C. Belanger and Daphna Havkin‐Frenkel 21.1 Methods 392 21.1.1 PCR Amplification, Cloning, and DNA Sequencing 392 21.1.2 Phylogenetic Analysis 393 21.1.3 Preparation of Vanilla Extracts 393 21.2 Results and Discussion 393 References 399 22 Root Cause: Mycorrhizal Fungi of Vanilla and Prospects for Biological Control of Root Rots 403Paul Bayman, María del Carmen A. Gonzalez‐Chávez, Ana T. Mosquera‐Espinosa, and Andrea Porras‐Alfaro 22.1 Introduction 403 22.1.1 Orchids and Their Mycorrhiza 403 22.1.2 The Fungi: Rhizoctonia and Related Taxa 404 22.2 Phylogenetic Diversity of Mycorrhizal Fungi of Vanilla 406 22.2.1 Methods 406 22.2.2 Diversity of Mycorrhizal Fungi 408 22.2.3 Fusarium 409 22.2.4 Distribution of Mycorrhiza and Colonization of Roots 409 22.2.5 Roots in Soil vs. Roots on Bark 410 22.2.6 Differences in Mycorrhiza Among Agrosystems 410 22.2.7 Limitations of Methods and Sources of Bias 410 22.3 Mycorrhizal Fungi of Vanilla Stimulate Seed Germination and Seedling Growth 411 22.3.1 Seedling Germination Experiments 411 22.3.2 Seedling Growth and Survival Experiments 411 22.4 Can Mycorrhizal Fungi Protect Vanilla Plants from Pathogens? 414 22.4.1 Biocontrol of Plant Diseases Using Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi 414 22.4.2 Biocontrol of Plant Diseases Using Ceratobasidium 415 22.4.3 Are Rhizoctonia Strains Used for Biocontrol also Potential Pathogens? 416 22.4.4 Fusarium Species as Potential Biocontrol Agents to Protect Vanilla from Fusarium oxysporum Root Rots 417 22.5 Conclusions 417 References 418 23 Enzymes Characterized From Vanilla 423Andrzej Podstolski 23.1 L‐Phenylalanine Ammonia‐Lyse (Pal) and Cinnamate‐4‐Hydroxylase (C4h) 423 23.2 Chain-shortening Enzymes 424 23.3 4‐Coumaric Acid 3‐Hydroxylase (C3H) 427 23.4 O‐Methyltransferase (OMT) 428 23.5 Benzyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase (Bad) 428 23.6 Glycosyltransferases (GTS) 429 23.7 β‐Glycosyl Hydrolases and Curing 430 References 431 24 Vanillin Biosynthesis – Still not as Simple as it Seems? 435Richard A. Dixon 24.1 Introduction 435 24.2 Multiple Pathways to Vanillin Based on Biochemistry? 438 24.3 Elucidation of Vanillin Biosynthesis via Molecular Biology? 440 References 442 25 Vanilla planifolia – The Source of the Unexpected Discovery of a New Lignin 447Fang Chen and Richard A. Dixon 25.1 Introduction 447 25.2 Identification of C‐lignin in V. planifolia 449 25.3 Identification of Genes Potentially Involved in Lignin and Vanillin Biosynthesis 451 25.4 C‐Lignin Biosynthesis in Other Plants 452 25.5 Commercial Value of C‐Lignin as a Novel Natural Polymer 453 References 454 Part IV Biotechnological Production of Vanillin 457 26 Biotechnology of Vanillin: Vanillin from Microbial Sources 459Ivica Labuda 26.1 Introduction 459 26.1.1 Why? 459 26.1.2 How? 460 26.2 Substrates 460 26.2.1 Ferulic Acid (4‐Hydroxy 3‐Methoxy Cinnamic Acid) 460 26.2.1.1 Non‐β‐oxidative Deacetylation (CoA‐dependent) 462 26.2.1.2 β‐Oxidative Deacetylation (CoA‐Dependent) 463 26.2.1.3 Non‐Oxidative Decarboxylation 464 26.2.1.4 CoA‐Independent Deacetylation 465 26.2.1.5 Side‐Chain Reductive Pathway 466 26.2.2 Eugenol and Isoeugenol 467 26.2.3 Lignin 468 26.2.4 Sugars 469 26.3 Microorganisms 470 26.3.1 Bacteria 470 26.3.1.1 Pseudomonas 470 26.3.1.2 Streptomyces 470 26.3.1.3 Bacillus 471 26.3.1.4 Corynebacterium 472 26.3.1.5 Escherichia coli 472 26.3.1.6 Amycolatopsis sp. 473 26.3.1.7 Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) 473 26.3.1.8 Clostridium 474 26.3.2 Fungi and Yeasts 474 26.4 Processes 477 26.4.1 Direct Bioconversion Process 477 26.4.2 Bi‐Phasic Fermentation 480 26.4.3 Mixed Culture Fermentation 480 26.4.4 Continuous Fermentation with Immobilized Cells 481 26.4.5 Enzymes 481 26.4.6 Cofactors 482 26.5 Downstream Processing and Recovery 482 26.6 Conclusions 482 References 483 Index 489

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Book SynopsisThis volume represents the social constructivist turn of the field. It is evident that social constructivism made a major impact on the field during the 1970s and 1980s. The diverse papers included here highlight the role of ethnography in STS. In addition, we are exposed to new perspectives of the multicultural and gendered nature of knowledge production. Science, Technology, and Society For the most current, comprehensive resource in this rapidly evolving field, look no further than the Revised Edition of the Handbook of Science and Technology Studies. This masterful volume is the first resource in more than 15 years to define, summarize, and synthesize this complex multidisciplinary, international field. Tightly edited with contributions by an internationally recognized team of leading scholars, this volume addresses the crucial contemporary issuesboth traditional and nonconventionalsocial studies, political studies, and humanistic studies in this changing field. Containing theoretical essays, extensive literature reviews, and detailed case studies, this remarkable volume clearly sets the standard for the field. It does nothing less than establish itself as the benchmark, one that will carry the field well into the next century. The long-awaited Handbook of Science and Technology Studies sponsored by the Society for Social Studies of Science is a truly substantial work, both in size and in the breadth of its many contributions. It is a rich and valuable guide to much that is transpiring in the field of Science and Technology Studies. In the editors' words, it is 'an unconventional but arresting atlas of the field at a particular moment in its history.' Science, Technology & Society This book is not only an important resource for practitioners, but it also may help to spark the curiosity of those who are outside the fieldincluding scientists and engineers themselvesand so pull the 'half-seen world' of science and technology studies even more fully into the light of day. American Scientist The book as a whole is an impressive testimony to the vitality of a burgeoning field. New Scientist It reflects the international and interdisciplinary nature of the society. An excellent resource ChoiceTrade Review"This volume represents the social constructivist turn of the field. It is evident that social constructivism made a major impact on the field during the 1970s and 1980s. The diverse papers included here highlight the role of ethnography in STS. In addition, we are exposed to new perspectives of the multicultural and gendered nature of knowledge production." * SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY *"The long-awaited Handbook of Science and Technology Studies sponsored by the Society for Social Studies of Science is a truly substantial work, both in size and in the breadth of its many contributions. It is a rich and valuable guide to much that is transpiring in the field of Science and Technology Studies. In the editors’ words, it is ′an unconventional but arresting atlas of the field at a particular moment in its history.′" * SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY *"This book is not only an important resource for practitioners, but it also may help to spark the curiosity of those who are outside the field—including scientists and engineers themselves—and so pull the ‘half-seen world′ of science and technology studies even more fully into the light of day." * AMERICAN SCIENTIST *"The book as a whole is an impressive testimony to the vitality of a burgeoning field." * NEW SCIENTIST *"It reflects the international and interdisciplinary nature of the society. An excellent resource" * CHOICE *Table of ContentsForeword Introduction PART I. OVERVIEW 1. Reinventing the Wheel - D. Edge PART II. THEORY AND METHODS 2. Four Models for the Dynamics of Science - M. Callon 3. Coming of Age in STS: Some Methodoligical Musings - G. Bowden 4. The Origin, History, and Politics of the Subject Called "Gender and Science": A First Person Account - E. Fox Keller 5. The Theory Landscape in Science Studies: Sociological Traditions - S. Restivo PART III. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL CULTURES 6. Science and Other Indigenous Knowledge Systems - H. Watson-Verran & D. Turnbull 7. Laboratory Studies: The Cultural Approach to the Study of cience - k. Knorr Cetina 8. Engineering Studies - G. Lee Downey & J. C. Lucena 9. Feminist Theories of Technology - J. Wajcman 10. Women and Scientific Careers - M. Frank Fox PART IV. CONSTRUCTING TECHNOLOGY 11. Sociohistorical Technology Studies - W. E. Bijker 12. From "Impact" to Social Process: Computers in Society and Culture - P. N. Edwards 13. Science Studies and Machine Intelligence - H. M. Collins 14. The Human Genome Project - S. Hilgartner PART V. COMMUNICATING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 15. Discourse, Rhetoric, Reflexivity: Seven Days in the Library - M. Ashmore, G. Myers, & J. Potter 16. Science and the Media - B. V. Lewenstein 17. Public Understanding of Science - B. Wynne PART VI. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND CONTROVERSY 18. Boundaries of Science - T. F. Gieryn 19. Science Controversies: The Dynamics of Public Disputes in the United States - D. Nelkin 20. The Environmental Challenge to Science Studies - S. Yearley 21. Science as Intellectual Property - H. Etzkowitz & A. Webster 22. Scientific Knowledge, Controversy, and Public Decision Making - B. Martin & E. Richards PART VII. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND THE STATE 23. Science, Government, and the Politics of Knowledge - S. E. Cozzens & E. J. Woodhouse 24. Politics by the Same Means: Government and Science in the United States - B. Bimber & D. H. Guston 25. Changing Policy Agendas in Science and Technology - A. Elzinga & A. Jamison 26. Science, Technology, and the Military: Relations in Transition - W. A. Smit 27. Science and Technology in Less Developed Countries - W. Shrum & Y. Shenhav 28. Globalizaing the World: Science and Technology in International Relations - V. Ancarani References Further Reading Index About the Authors

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Book SynopsisWritten by a plethora of expert contributors from a range of institutions, the Handbook of Technology Transfer provides an engaging deep-dive review of technology transfer as a complex and dynamic process, applying different mechanisms characterising activities in a variety of countries.The Handbook takes a fresh look at how technology transfer comprises at least four dimensions: the underlying mechanism of transferring knowledge; the role of individuals that trigger the transfer; the role of institutions where the transfer takes place, and lastly the role of governments and politics. Split into four distinct parts, this insightful Handbook fully examines each of these dimensions and the roles that each of them play in technology transfer, highlighting university institutions in Europe and North America in particular. Forward-thinking, it also delves into future innovation implementation in emerging economies where resources are limited, and the challenges faced as a result.This enlightening Handbook will be an excellent resource for scholars of business management, economics and information technology. It will also be of great interest to policy-makers of innovation and entrepreneurship given its in-depth look at technology transfer and innovation.Trade Review‘This Handbook edited by David Audretsch, Erik Lehmann, and Albert Link is an important contribution to the canon on university technology transfer. Written by well-known academics, each of the chapters examines either vital issues in technology transfer or national technology transfer recipes. It will be essential reading for scholars, policy-makers, and practitioners interested in the current state of thinking about technology transfer.’ -- Martin Kenney, University of California, Davis, US‘This timely and important Handbook should be on the bookshelf of any scholar interested in the managerial or public policy implications of technology transfer. Its global scope and blending of new developments in both theory and practice are especially attractive. The editors have assembled a distinguished, interdisciplinary group of scholars, which is entirely appropriate, given the nature of the topic. Technology transfer spans a number of fields within the social sciences, business administration, and engineering, including management, economics, geography, sociology, and public policy studies. Each of these fields is represented in this cross-cutting volume. A “must-read” for anyone interested in this topic.’ -- Donald Siegel, Arizona State University, US‘This Handbook edited by David Audretsch, Erik Lehmann, and Albert Link is an important contribution to the canon on university technology transfer. Written by well-known academics, each of the chapters examines either vital issues in technology transfer or national technology transfer recipes. It will be essential reading for scholars, policy-makers, and practitioners interested in the current state of thinking about technology transfer.’ -- Martin Kenney, University of California, Davis, USTable of ContentsContents: Introduction to the Handbook of Technology Transfer 1 David B. Audretsch, Erik E. Lehmann and Albert N. Link PART I KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER 1 The limited transferability of knowledge 11 Cristiano Antonelli 2 The impact of knowledge transfer on innovation: exploring the cross-fertilization of basic and applied research 25 Dennis P. Leyden and Matthias Menter 3 The role of public finance in knowledge transfer and innovation 39 David B. Audretsch and Maksim Belitski PART II INDIVIDUALS 4 Principal investigators and knowledge management: a micro-foundational conceptual framework 57 James A. Cunningham, Manlio Del Giudice, Melita Nicotra, Conor O’Kane and Marco Romano 5 Factors facilitating the inventing academics’ transition from nascent entrepreneurs to business owners 75 Joao Ricardo Faria, Rajeev K. Goel and Devrim Göktepe-Hultén 6 The role of work-family initiatives in fostering technology transfer: research opportunities on family and non-family SMEs 103 Katerina Vasilevska Mara Brumana and Tommaso Minola PART III INSTITUTIONS 7 University-industry collaboration: drivers and barriers 124 Thomas Lauvås and Einar Rasmussen 8 Contextualizing technology transfer: a review of university-industry transfer in the construction industry 138 Laís Bandeira Barros, Mirjam Knockaert and Laura Lecluyse 9 The role of Universities of Applied Sciences in technology transfer: the case of Germany 159 Alexander Starnecker and Katharine Wirsching 10 The role of university in a time of crisis: learn from the past to shape the future 175 Henry Etzkowitz, Chunyan Zhou and Rosa Caiazza PART IV COUNTRIES 11 Academic entrepreneurship in Italy 197 Alice Civera, Michele Meoli and Silvio Vismara 12 Academic entrepreneurship: the performance and impacts of academic spin-offs in Norway 216 Marius Tuft Mathisen and Einar Rasmussen 13 Universities’ ownership of intellectual property: focus on Canada 237 Shiri M. Breznitz, Samaa Kazerouni and Qiantao Zhang 14 Technology transfer and frugal social innovations: looking inside an emerging economy 250 Claudia Yañez-Valdés and Maribel Guerrero Index

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Book SynopsisBitumen.- Aggregates.- Asphalt Mixture Design.- Asphalt Production.- Asphalt delivery, laying, and compaction.- Asphalt quality control and quality assurance.- Types of Asphalt Concrete Surfacing.

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