Search results for """ "Consumers Guide to Radon Reduction""

Book SynopsisThis new book focuses on sampling and analysis, radon and radium in water supply wells, predictive models, geologic and hydrogeologic controls that influence radon occurrence, monitoring radon and other radioactivity from geologic sources and mining impacts on occurrence of radioactivity in ground water. Also discussed are occurrence, testing, treatment, and reduction of radon from groundwater. Because the most severe health hazard from indoor radioactivity results from inhalation of short-lived radioactive decay products of radon, the EPA scheduled a major conference early in 1987 on Radon, Radium, and Other Radioactivity in Ground Water-Hydrogeologic Impact and Application to Indoor Airborne Contamination. The result is this book.Table of ContentsPart I: Geologic and Hydrogeologic Controls Influencing Radon Occurrence 1. Geologic Controls and Radon Occurrence in New England 2. The Effect of Uranium Siting in Two-Mica Granites on Uranium Concentrations and Radon Activity in Ground Water 3. Source and Distribution of Natural Radioactivity in Ground Water of the Newark Basin, New Jersey Part II: Monitoring Radon, Radium and Other Radioactivity from Geologic and Hydrogeologic Sources 4. Elevated Levels of Radioactivity in Water Wells in Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California 5. A Preliminary Assessment of Factors Affecting Radon Levels in Idaho 6. Natural Radioactivity in Some Ground Waters of the Canadian Shield 7. Determination of Bulk Radon Emanation Rates by High Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy 8. Radon in Ground Water of the Long Valley Caldera, California Part III: Mining Impacts on the Occurrence of Radon, Radium and Other Radioactivity in Ground Water 9. Radioactivity in Hocking River Basin 10. Factors Controlling Uranium and Radium Isotopic Distributions in Ground Waters of the West Central Florida Phosphate District Part IV: Sampling and Analysis of Radon, Radium and other Radioactivity in Ground water 11. Sampling and Analysis of Dissolved Radon-222 in Surface and Ground Water 12. Radon-222 Concentrations of Ground Water from a Test Zone in a Shallow Alluvial Aquifer in the Santa Clara Valley,California 13. An Improved Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Radium-224, Radium-226, and Radium-228 in Water, Soils, and Sediments 14. Nationwide Distribution of Radium-228, Radium-226, Radon-222, and Uranium in Ground Water 15. Radon Measurement in Streams to Determine Location and Magnitude of Ground Water Seepage 16. Polonium in the Surficial Aquifer of West Central Florida 17. A Technique for the Rapid Extraction of Radon-222 from Water Samples and a Case Study 18. Relation Between Natural Radionuclide Activities and Chemical Constituents in Ground Water of the Newark Basin, New Jersey Part V: Radon and Radium in Water Supply Wells 19. Radon Survey of the American Water Works System 20. A Connecticut Radon Study—Using Limited Water Sampling and a Statewide Ground Gamma Radiation Survey to Help Guide an Indoor Air Testing Program: A Progress Report 21. Extreme Levels of Radon-222 and Uranium in a Private Water Supply 22. Radium-226 and Radon-222 in Domestic Water of Houston-Harris County, Texas 23. Radium, Radon and Uranium Isotopes in Ground Water from Cambrian-Ordovician Sandstone Aquifers in Illinois 24. Radon Production in Pumping Wells 25. Radium-228 and Radium-226 in the Ground Water of the Chickies Formation, Southeastern Pennsylvania 26. Hydrogeologic Controls on the Occurrence of Radionuclides in Ground Water of Southern Ontario Part VI: Predictive Models for the Occurrence of Radon and other Radioactivity 27. A Predictive Model for Indoor Radon Occurrences — A First Approximation Part VII: Remedial Actions for Radon, Radium and other Radioactivity 28. A Method of Radon Reduction for New Buildings 29. Treatment Scheme for Controlling the Migration of Radium from a Tailings Impoundment 30. Assessing the Potential Water Quality Hazards Caused by Disposal of Radium-Containing Waste Solids by SoiL Blending 31. Radon in Water Supply Wells: Treatment Facility Requirements and Costs 32. Occurrence and Treatment of Uranium in Point of Use Systems in Colorado

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Book SynopsisThe eighth edition of this highly readable book continues to cover the technical principles underlying the control of radiation hazards, radiation detection and measurement and the biological effects of radiation, followed by a consideration of radiation protection issues in the nuclear, non-nuclear and medical fields. Further specialised topics include safety and risk assessment, waste management and decommissioning of nuclear and radiation facilities, radiological emergencies, as well as relevant legislation and organizational issues.Key Features:â Essential reading â introduces all aspects of radiation protection in a single bookâ Accessible and concise â highly structured text supplemented by clear diagrams and photographs, summary sections and revision questions, suitable for the beginner and more advanced radiation practitionerâ Up to date â convenient âone stop shopâ, reflecting current national and international recommendations and requirementsâ New to this edition â radiation protection in space exploration and travelâ Online supplements â including an image library and sample lectures with worked examplesAn accessible account of the nature of the hazards presented by ionizing radiations and the methods of protection against such hazards, the book remains the ideal introductory text for those new to the field, and for the non-specialist, and a useful ready reference for more experienced radiation protection professionals.

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Book SynopsisRecognize, identify, and eliminate from your diet the most harmful ingredients, such as high fructose corn syrup, aluminum, carrageenan, and more, that you never knew you consumed every day! These days, the food on our tables is a far cry from what our grandparents ate. While it may look and taste the same and is often marketed under familiar bran

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Book SynopsisThis Safety Guide provides guidance on the implementation of the requirements in the International Basic Safety Standards, IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 3, in relation to protection of the public and the environment against radiation risks. It provides generic guidance on the application of the radiation protection principles of justification, of optimization of protection and safety, and of dose limits. The publication covers the protection of the public and the environment in all exposure situations — planned, emergency and existing.

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Book SynopsisA practical guide to the basic physics that radiation protection professionals need A much-needed working resource for health physicists and other radiation protection professionals, this volume presents clear, thorough, up-to-date explanations of the basic physics necessary to address real-world problems in radiation protection. Designed for readers with limited as well as basic science backgrounds, Physics for Radiation Protection emphasizes applied concepts and carefully illustrates all topics through examples as well as practice problems. Physics for Radiation Protection draws substantially on current resource data available for health physics use, providing decay schemes and emission energies for approximately 100 of the most common radionuclides encountered by practitioners. Excerpts of the Chart of the Nuclides, activation cross sections, fission yields, fission-product chains, photon attenuation coefficients, and nuclear masses are also provided. Coverage includes: The atom as an energy system An overview of the major discoveries in radiation physics Extensive discussion of radioactivity, including sources and materials Nuclear interactions and processes of radiation dose Calculational methods for radiation exposure, dose, and shielding Nuclear fission and production of activation and fission products Specialty topics ranging from nuclear criticality and applied statistics to X rays Extensive and current resource data cross-referenced to standard compendiums Extensive appendices and more than 400 figures This complete discussion of the basic concepts allows readers to advance their professional skills.Trade Review“The book is intended as a comprehensive treatise about all the physics aspects upon which radiation protection is based.” (Health Physics, 1 March 2014) “A highly practical resource for health physicists and other professionals in radiation protection.” (ETDE Energy Database, 1 October 2013)Table of ContentsPreface xvii 1 Structure of Atoms 1 1.1 Atom Constituents 2 1.2 Structure, Identity, and Stability of Atoms 5 1.3 Chart of the Nuclides 6 1.4 Nuclear Models 8 Problems – Chapter 1 9 2 Atoms and Energy 11 2.1 Atom Measures 12 2.2 Energy Concepts for Atoms 14 2.2.1 Mass-energy 15 2.2.2 Binding Energy of Nuclei 16 2.3 Summary 18 Other Suggested Sources 18 Problems – Chapter 2 19 3 Radioactive Transformation 21 3.1 Processes of Radioactive Transformation 21 3.1.1 Transformation of Neutron-rich Radioactive Nuclei 23 3.1.2 Double Beta (ββ) Transformation 27 3.1.3 Transformation of Proton-rich Nuclei 27 3.1.4 Positron Emission 29 3.1.5 Average Energy of Negatron and Positron Emitters 32 3.1.6 Electron Capture (EC) 33 3.1.7 Radioactive Transformation of Heavy Nuclei by Alpha Particle Emission 35 3.1.8 Theory of Alpha Particle Transformation 38 3.1.9 Transuranic (TRU) Radionuclides 40 3.1.10 Gamma Emission 41 3.1.11 Internal Transition (Metastable or Isomeric States) 42 3.1.12 Internal Conversion 43 3.1.13 Multiple Modes of Radioactive Transformation 49 3.1.14 Transformation by Delayed Neutron Emission 51 3.1.15 Transformation by Spontaneous Fission 51 3.1.16 Proton Emission 53 3.2 Decay Schemes 54 3.3 Rate of Radioactive Transformation 57 3.3.1 Activity 58 3.3.2 Units of Radioactive Transformation 58 3.3.3 Mathematics of Radioactive Transformation 60 3.3.4 Half-Life 62 3.3.5 Mean Life 63 3.3.6 Effective Half-life 64 3.4 Radioactivity Calculations 65 3.4.1 Half-life Determination 68 3.5 Activity–mass Relationships 70 3.5.1 Specific Activity 70 3.6 Radioactive Series Transformation 73 3.6.1 Series Decay Calculations 73 3.6.2 Recursive Kinetics: the Bateman Equations 76 3.7 Radioactive Equilibrium 77 3.7.1 Secular Equilibrium 78 3.7.2 Transient Equilibrium 80 3.7.3 Radionuclide Generators 81 3.8 Total Number of Transformations (Uses of t and λEff) 84 3.9 Discovery of the Neutrino 86 Acknowledgments 87 Other Suggested Sources 87 Problems – Chapter 3 88 4 Interactions 91 4.1 Production of X-rays 91 4.2 Characteristic X-rays 93 4.2.1 X-rays and Atomic Structure 95 4.2.2 Auger Electrons 96 4.3 Nuclear Interactions 98 4.3.1 Cross-Section 100 4.3.2 Q-values for Nuclear Reactions 102 4.4 Alpha Particle Interactions 104 4.4.1 Alpha–Neutron Reactions 105 4.5 Transmutation by Protons and Deuterons 106 4.5.1 Proton–Alpha Particle (p,α) Reactions 108 4.5.2 Proton–Neutron (p,n) Reactions 109 4.5.3 Proton–Gamma (p,γ) Reactions 110 4.5.4 Proton–Deuteron Reactions 110 4.5.5 Deuteron–Alpha (d,α) Reactions 111 4.5.6 Deuteron–Proton (d,p) and Deuteron–Neutron (d,n) Reactions 111 4.6 Neutron Interactions 114 4.6.1 Radiative Capture (n,γ) Reactions 114 4.6.2 Charged Particle Emission (CPE) 115 4.6.3 Neutron–Proton (n,p) Reactions 116 4.6.4 Neutron–Neutron (n,2n) Reactions 116 4.7 Activation Product Calculations 117 4.7.1 Neutron Activation Product Calculations 119 4.7.2 Charged Particles Calculations 124 4.8 Medical Isotope Reactions 126 4.9 Transuranium Elements 128 4.10 Photon Interactions 130 4.10.1 Activation by Photons 130 4.11 Fission and Fusion Reactions 133 4.11.1 Fission 133 4.11.2 Fusion 134 4.12 Summary 138 Other Suggested Sources 139 Problems – Chapter 4 139 5 Nuclear Fission and its Products 143 5.1 Fission Energy 145 5.2 Physics of Sustained Nuclear Fission 147 5.3 Neutron Economy and Reactivity 152 5.4 Nuclear Power Reactors 154 5.4.1 Reactor Design: Basic Systems 155 5.5 Light Water Reactors (LWRs) 157 5.5.1 Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) 157 5.5.2 Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) 159 5.5.3 Inherent Safety Features of LWRs 161 5.5.4 Decay Heat in Power Reactors 163 5.5.5 Uranium Enrichment 164 5.6 Heavy Water Reactors (HWRs) 165 5.6.1 HWR Safety Systems 168 5.7 Breeder Reactors 169 5.7.1 Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) 171 5.8 Gas-cooled Reactors 174 5.8.1 High-temperature Gas Reactor (HTGR) 175 5.9 Reactor Radioactivity 176 5.9.1 Fuel Cladding 177 5.9.2 Radioactive Products of Fission 178 5.9.3 Production of Individual Fission Products 182 5.9.4 Fission Products in Spent Fuel 184 5.9.5 Fission Product Poisons 185 5.10 Radioactivity in Reactors 188 5.10.1 Activation Products in Nuclear Reactors 188 5.10.2 Tritium Production in Reactors 191 5.10.3 Low-level Radioactive Waste 192 5.11 Summary 193 Acknowledgments 194 Other Suggested Sources 195 Problems – Chapter 5 195 6 Naturally Occurring Radiation and Radioactivity 197 6.1 Discovery and Interpretation 197 6.2 Background Radiation 199 6.3 Cosmic Radiation 200 6.4 Cosmogenic Radionuclides 203 6.5 Naturally Radioacitve Series 207 6.5.1 Neptunium Series Radionuclides 214 6.6 Singly Occurring Primordial Radionuclides 214 6.7 Radioactive Ores and Byproducts 216 6.7.1 Resource Recovery 218 6.7.2 Uranium Ores 218 6.7.3 Water Treatment Sludge 219 6.7.4 Phosphate Industry Wastes 219 6.7.5 Elemental Phosphorus 220 6.7.6 Manhattan Project Wastes 221 6.7.7 Thorium Ores 223 6.8 Radioactivity Dating 224 6.8.1 Carbon Dating 224 6.8.2 Dating by Primordial Radionuclides 225 6.8.3 Potassium–Argon Dating 226 6.8.4 Ionium (230Th) Method 227 6.8.5 Lead-210 Dating 227 6.9 Radon and its Progeny 228 6.9.1 Radon Subseries 229 6.9.2 Working Level for Radon Progeny 232 6.9.3 Measurement of Radon 236 6.10 Summary 240 Acknowledgements 241 Other Suggested Sources 241 Problems – Chapter 6 242 7 Interactions of Radiation with Matter 245 7.1 Radiation Dose and Units 245 7.1.1 Radiation Absorbed Dose 246 7.1.2 Radiation Dose Equivalent 246 7.1.3 Radiation Exposure 247 7.2 Radiation Dose Calculations 249 7.2.1 Inverse Square Law 249 7.3 Interaction Processes 250 7.4 Interactions of Alpha Particles and Heavy Nuclei 252 7.4.1 Recoil Nuclei and Fission Fragments 254 7.4.2 Range of Alpha Particles 254 7.5 Beta Particle Interactions and Dose 257 7.5.1 Energy Loss by Ionization 258 7.5.2 Energy Losses by Bremsstrahlung 258 7.5.3 Cerenkov Radiation 259 7.5.4 Attenuation of Beta Particles 261 7.5.5 Range Versus Energy of Beta Particles 262 7.5.6 Radiation Dose from Beta Particles 264 7.5.7 Beta Dose from Contaminated Surfaces 267 7.5.8 Beta Contamination on Skin or Clothing 268 7.5.9 Beta Dose from Hot Particles 269 7.6 Photon Interactions 270 7.6.1 Photoelectric Interactions 271 7.6.2 Compton Interactions 272 7.6.3 Pair Production 274 7.6.4 Photodisintegration 276 7.7 Photon Attenuation and Absorption 277 7.7.1 Attenuation (μ) and Energy Absorption (μEn) Coefficients 280 7.7.2 Effect of E and Z on Photon Attenuation/Absorption 284 7.7.3 Absorption Edges 286 Checkpoints 288 7.8 Energy Transfer and Absorption by Photons 288 7.8.1 Electronic Equilibrium 293 7.8.2 Bragg–Gray Theory 295 7.9 Exposure/Dose Calculations 296 7.9.1 Point Sources 297 7.9.2 Gamma Ray Constant, Γ 298 7.9.3 Exposure and Absorbed Dose 300 7.9.4 Exposure, Kerma, and Absorbed Dose 301 7.10 Summary 303 Acknowledgments 303 Other Suggested Sources 304 Problems – Chapter 7 304 8 Radiation Shielding 307 8.1 Shielding of Alpha-Emitting Sources 307 8.2 Shielding of Beta-Emitting Sources 308 8.2.1 Attenuation of Beta Particles 308 8.2.2 Bremsstrahlung Effects for Beta Shielding 311 8.3 Shielding of Photon Sources 314 8.3.1 Shielding of Good Geometry Photon Sources 315 8.3.2 Half-Value and Tenth-Value Layers 322 8.3.3 Shielding of Poor Geometry Photon Sources 324 8.3.4 Use of Buildup Factors 330 8.3.5 Effect of Buildup on Shield Thickness 331 8.3.6 Mathematical Formulations of the Buildup Factor 333 8.4 Gamma Flux for Distributed Sources 338 8.4.1 Line Sources 339 8.4.2 Ring Sources 341 8.4.3 Disc and Planar Sources 342 8.4.4 Shield Designs for Area Sources 343 8.4.5 Gamma Exposure from Thick Slabs 350 8.4.6 Volume Sources 355 8.4.7 Buildup Factors for Layered Absorbers 356 8.5 Shielding of Protons and Light Ions 357 8.6 Summary 360 Acknowledgments 360 Other Suggested Sources 361 Problems – Chapter 8 361 9 Internal Radiation Dose 365 9.1 Absorbed Dose in Tissue 365 9.2 Accumulated Dose 366 9.2.1 Internal Dose: Medical Uses 369 Checkpoints 369 9.3 Factors In The Internal Dose Equation 370 9.3.1 The Dose Reciprocity Theorem 377 9.3.2 Deposition and Clearance Data 378 9.3.3 Multicompartment Retention 378 9.4 Radiation Dose from Radionuclide Intakes 383 9.4.1 Risk-Based Radiation Standards 384 9.4.2 Committed Effective Dose Equivalent (CEDE) 385 9.4.3 Biokinetic Models: Risk-Based Internal Dosimetry 386 9.4.4 Radiation Doses Due to Inhaled Radionuclides 388 9.4.5 Radiation Doses Due to Ingested Radionuclides 398 9.5 Operational Determinations of Internal Dose 405 9.5.1 Submersion Dose 406 Checkpoints 406 9.6 Tritium: a Special Case 408 9.6.1 Bioassay of Tritium: a Special Case 410 9.7 Summary 411 Other Suggested Sources 412 Problems – Chapter 9 412 10 Environmental Dispersion 415 10.1 Atmospheric Dispersion 417 10.1.1 Atmospheric Stability Effects on Dispersion 420 10.1.2 Atmospheric Stability Classes 422 10.1.3 Calculational Procedure: Uniform Stability Conditions 424 10.1.4 Distance xmax of Maximum Concentration (Xmax) 426 10.1.5 Stack Effects 427 Checkpoints 429 10.2 Nonuniform turbulence: Fumigation, Building Effects 429 10.2.1 Fumigation 429 10.2.2 Dispersion for an Elevated Receptor 431 10.2.3 Building Wake Effects: Mechanical Turbulence 432 10.2.4 Concentrations of Effluents in Building Wakes 433 10.2.5 Ground-level Area Sources 435 10.2.6 Effect of Mechanical Turbulence on Far-field Diffusion 436 10.3 Puff Releases 438 10.4 Sector-Averaged X/Q Values 439 10.5 Deposition/Depletion: Guassian Plumes 443 10.5.1 Dry Deposition 443 10.5.2 Air Concentration Due to Resuspension 447 10.5.3 Wet Deposition 449 10.6 Summary 452 Other Suggested Sources 452 Problems – Chapter 10 453 11 Nuclear Criticality 455 11.1 Nuclear Reactors and Criticality 456 11.1.1 Three Mile Island Accident 456 11.1.2 Chernobyl Accident 458 11.1.3 NRX Reactor: Chalk River, Ontario, December 1952 461 11.1.4 SL-1 Accident 461 11.1.5 K-reactor, Savannah River Site, 1988 462 11.1.6 Fukushima-Daichi Plant—Japan, March 11, 2011 463 11.2 Nuclear Explosions 464 11.2.1 Fission Weapons 464 11.2.2 Fusion Weapons 465 11.2.3 Products of Nuclear Explosions 466 11.2.4 Fission Product Activity and Exposure 467 Checkpoints 469 11.3 Criticality Accidents 470 11.3.1 Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN: June 16, 1958 470 11.3.2 Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, NM: December 30, 1958 471 11.3.3 Idaho Chemical Processing Plant: October 16, 1959, January 25, 1961, and October 17, 1978 472 11.3.4 Hanford Recuplex Plant: April 7, 1962 473 11.3.5 Wood River Junction RI: July 24, 1964 473 11.3.6 UKAEA Windscale Works, UK: August 24, 1970 474 11.3.7 Bare and Reflected Metal Assemblies 474 11.4 Radiation Exposures in Criticality Events 475 11.5 Criticality Safety 476 11.5.1 Criticality Safety Parameters 478 11.6 Fission Product Release in Criticality Events 482 11.6.1 Fast Fission in Criticality Events 483 11.7 Summary 485 Acknowledgments 486 Other Suggested Sources 486 Problems – Chapter 11 486 12 Radiation Detection and Measurement 489 12.1 Gas-Filled Detectors 489 12.2 Crystalline Detectors/Spectrometers 493 12.3 Semiconducting Detectors 494 12.4 Gamma Spectroscopy 495 12.4.1 Gamma-Ray Spectra: hv ≤ 1.022 MeV 495 12.4.2 Gamma-Ray Spectra: hv ≥ 1.022 MeV 500 12.4.3 Escape Peaks and Sum Peaks 502 12.4.4 Gamma Spectroscopy of Positron Emitters 503 12.5 Portable Field Instruments 504 12.5.1 Geiger Counters 504 12.5.2 Ion Chambers 505 12.5.3 Microrem Meters 506 12.5.4 Alpha Radiation Monitoring 506 12.5.5 Beta Radiation Surveys 507 12.5.6 Removable Radioactive Surface Contamination 508 12.5.7 Instrument Calibration 509 12.6 Personnel Dosimeters 509 12.6.1 Film Badges 509 12.6.2 Thermoluminescence Dosimeters (TLDs) 510 12.6.3 Pocket Dosimeters 511 12.7 Laboratory Instruments 511 12.7.1 Liquid Scintillation Analysis 511 12.7.2 Proportional Counters 515 12.7.3 End-window GM Counters 517 12.7.4 Surface Barrier Detectors 518 12.7.5 Range Versus Energy of Beta Particles 519 Other Suggested Sources 520 Problems – Chapter 12 521 13 Statistics in Radiation Physics 523 13.1 Nature of Counting Distributions 523 13.1.1 Binomial Distribution 525 13.1.2 Poisson Distribution 525 13.1.3 Normal Distribution 527 13.1.4 Mean and Standard Deviation of a Set of Measurements 530 13.1.5 Uncertainty in the Activity of a Radioactive Source 531 13.1.6 Uncertainty in a Single Measurement 533 Checkpoints 533 13.2 Propagation of Error 534 13.2.1 Statistical Subtraction of a Background Count or Count Rate 535 13.2.2 Error Propagation of Several Uncertain Parameters 537 13.3 Comparison of Data Sets 538 13.3.1 Are Two Measurements Different? 538 13.4 Statistics for the Counting Laboratory 541 13.4.1 Uncertainty of a Radioactivity Measurement 541 13.4.2 Determining a Count Time 542 13.4.3 Efficient Distribution of Counting Time 544 13.4.4 Detection and Uncertainty for Gamma Spectroscopy 545 13.4.5 Testing the Distribution of a Series of Counts (the Chi-square Statistic) 547 13.4.6 Weighted Sample Mean 548 13.4.7 Rejection of Data 549 13.5 Levels of Detection 551 13.5.1 Critical Level 552 13.5.2 Detection Limit (Ld) or Lower Level of Detection (LLD) 554 13.6 Minimum Detectable Concentration or Contamination 558 13.6.1 Minimum Detectable Concentration (MDConc.) 558 13.6.2 Minimum Detectable Contamination (MDCont.) 560 13.6.3 Less-than Level (Lt) 561 13.6.4 Interpretations and Restrictions 561 13.7 Log Normal Data Distributions 562 13.7.1 Particle Size Analysis 565 Acknowledgment 569 Other Suggested Sources 569 Chapter 13 – Problems 569 14 Neutrons 571 14.1 Neutron Sources 571 14.2 Neutron Parameters 573 14.3 Neutron Interactions 575 14.3.1 Neutron Attenuation and Absorption 576 14.4 Neutron Dosimetry 578 14.4.1 Dosimetry for Fast Neutrons 581 14.4.2 Dose from Thermal Neutrons 583 14.4.3 Monte Carlo Calculations of Neutron Dose 585 14.4.4 Kerma for Neutrons 588 14.4.5 Dose Equivalent Versus Neutron Flux 588 14.4.6 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) 591 14.5 Neutron Shielding 591 14.5.1 Neutron Shielding Materials 591 14.5.2 Neutron Shielding Calculations 593 14.5.3 Neutron Removal Coefficients 594 14.5.4 Neutron Attenuation in Concrete 597 14.6 Neutron Detection 598 14.6.1 Measurement of Thermal Neutrons 599 14.6.2 Measurement of Intermediate and Fast Neutrons 600 14.6.3 Neutron Foils 602 14.6.4 Albedo Dosimeters 604 14.6.5 Flux Depression of Neutrons 604 14.7 Summary 605 Acknowledgment 605 Other Suggested Sources 605 Problems – Chapter 14 606 Answers to Selected Problems 607 Appendix A 613 Appendix B 615 Appendix C 625 Appendix D 629 Index 657

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Book SynopsisThis easy-to-read guide links the regulatory and technical aspectsof air quality compliance in one self-contained volume. This unique handbook explains air quality compliance in plainlanguage, free of legalese. Russell E. Erbes draws on twenty yearsof industrial air quality compliance experience as he clarifies thecomplex regulatory and technical issues facing industry in the wakeof the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. He guides the reader througha labyrinth of demanding regulations, rising costs, and complexprocedures. A Practical Guide to Air Quality Compliance, Second Edition, sortsthrough requirements and helps environmental professionals managecompliance effectively and efficiently--whatever the needs of theirfacilities. Filled with real-world examples that illustrate bothproblems and solutions, it features: * Unwritten applicability guidelines known only by technicalexperts in air compliance. * Tips on obtaining permits and variances, and monitoring andensTable of ContentsHistory of Air Quality Legislation. Legislative and Regulatory Concepts. Ambient Air Quality Standards and Atmospheric Dispersion. Risk Assessment and Management. Emission Standards for Criteria Pollutants. Hazardous Air Pollutants. New Source Review. Nonattainment. Permits and the New National Operating Permits Program. Acid Rain Provisions of the 1990 CAA. Stratospheric Ozone Protection. Enforcement. Transportation and General Conformity. Future Implementation of the 1990 CAA. Summary. References. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisUsing images and anatomic illustrations, Rad Tech''s Guide to MRI: Imaging Procedures, Patient Care, and Safety provides the reader with a quick overview of MRI for quick reference and examination preparation. As part of the Rad Tech''s Guide Series, this volume features an overview of anatomy, imaging tips, scanning procedures, and the latest information on protocols--all in the context of patient care and safety. Each book in the Rad Tech''s Guide Series covers the essential basics for those preparing for their certifying examinations and those already in practice.Table of Contents1 Patient Care and Safety for Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1 Introduction to Patient Care and Safety for MRI 3 Screening Patients and Personnel 3 Ancillary Equipment and Implants 8 Assessing and Monitoring 19 Contrast Agents for MRI 21 Life-Threatening Situations 24 Safety Precautions for Placement of Electrical Conductors 24 Environmental Considerations Temperature and Humidity 25 Gauss Line and Magnetic Field Strength 25 Emergency Procedures 27 Quench 27 Evacuation 29 Biologic Considerations 29 Radio Frequency Fields 29 Static Field Strength 32 FDA Guidelines for State Magnetic Fields 35 Gradient Magnetic Fields (Time-Varying Magnetic Fields) 35 Future Safety Considerations 38 2 Introduction to Clinical MRI Procedures 41 Introduction to Clinical MR. 41 Patient Preparation for Clinical: MRI 42 Special Considerations for Pediatric Patients 43 Choosing the Right Protocol 43 Parameters for Image Contrast in MRI 44 Pulse Sequences 47 Parameters for Signal-to-Noise and Resolution 51 Creating Artifact-Free Images 53 Types of FDA-Approved Contrast Agents 55 3 Imaging Procedures: Head and Neck Imaging. 57 Introduction of Head and Neck MRI 57 Standard Protocols for Imaging of the Brain 58 Anatomy and Physiology of the Brain 60 Patient Set-Up and Positioning for Brain Imaging 64 Indicators for Contrast Agents for Brain Imaging 65 Indicators for High-Resolution Brain Imaging 67 4 Spine Imaging Procedures 71 Introduction to Spine Magnetic Resonance Imaging 71 Standard Protocols for Imaging the Spine 72 Additional Spine Sequences for High Resolution 74 Anatomy and Physiology of the Spine 74 Patient Set-Up and Positioning for Spine Imaging 76 Indicators for Contrast Agents for Spine Imaging 79 Cervical Spine Imaging 80 Thoracic Spine Imaging 80 Lumber Spine Imaging 82 5 Musculoskeletal Imaging Procedures 85 Introduction to Musculoskeletal Magnetic Resonance Imaging 86 Standard Protocols for Imaging the Musculoskeletal System 86 Patient Set-Up and Positioning for Musculoskeletal Imaging 90 Indicators for Contrast for Musculoskeletal Imaging 92 Standard Dose and Administration for Gadolinium 92 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Temporomandibular joint 93 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Upper Extremities 94 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Lower Extremities 101 6 Thorax Imaging Procedures. 111 Introduction to Thorax Magnetic Resonance Imaging 111 Standard Protocols for Imaging the Thorax 112 Patient Set-Up and Positioning for Thorax Imaging 116 Indicators for Contrast Agents for Thorax Imaging 121 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Breast 123 7 Abdomen Imaging Procedures 131 Introduction to Abdomen Magnetic Resonance Imaging 131 Standard Protocols for Imaging the Abdomen 132 Anatomy and Physiology of the Abdomen 136 Patient Set-Up and Positioning for Abdomen Imaging 138 Indicators for Contrast Agents for Abdomen Imaging 140 8 Pelvis Imaging Procedures 143 Introduction to Pelvis Magnetic Resonance Imaging 143 Standard Protocols for Imaging the Pelvis 144 Patient Set-Up and Positioning for Pelvis Imaging 144 Indicators for Contrast Agents for Pelvis Imaging 146 Standard Dose and Administration for Gadolinium 147 Standard Protocols for Female Pelvis MRI 147 Standard Protocols for Male Pelvis MRI 152 9 Vascular Imaging Procedures 155 Introduction to Vascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging 156 Flow Imaging: An Overview 156 Magnetic Resonance Angiography: An Overview 158 Body Magnetic Resonance Angiography Changes 163 Anatomy and Physiology of the Vascular System 166

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Book SynopsisAn easy-to-use pocket guide that provides detailed information on all 189 hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) regulated under the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments. These include such data as CAS number, emission factors, measurement methods and health risks.Table of ContentsHazardous air pollutant entries; CAS number index; synonym index.

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Book SynopsisThe expanded seventh edition, complete with new materials and updated information on existing materials for chemical protective clothing The revised and updated seventh edition of Quick Selection Guide to Chemical Protective Clothing contains the most recent information on the selection, use, and care of chemical protective clothing, such as protective gloves, suits, and other garments. The seventh edition includes new selection recommendations, new materials and chemicals tested, and updated information on existing products. This accessible guide also contains the popular color-coded selection grid. The grid system indicates which materials offer protection against specific chemicals, and which do not. Selecting the most appropriate chemical protective clothing is essential for the prevention of illnesses and injures from hazardous chemical exposure, especially where other control measures are not feasible. Written by noted experts on the topic, thTable of ContentsImportant Instructions and Limitations vii Preface ix Section I Introduction to the Quick Selection Process 1 How to Use This Guide 1 Section II Selection and Use of Chemical Protective Clothing 5 Chemical Resistance of Protective Clothing: What Does It Mean and How to Evaluate It 5 Standards and Requirements Related to CPCs 10 The Selection Process 16 Correct Use, Care, Maintenance, and Disposal of CPCs 25 Checklist for Selection, Use, Care and Maintenance, and Disposal of Chemical Protective Clothing 29 Section III Chemical Index 31 Chemical Class Numbers 31 Chemical Names 32 Synonyms 32 Chemical Abstract Service Number: CAS # 32 Risk Codes 33 Chemical Warfare Agents 35 Section IV Selection Recommendations 107 Color Codes Used in the Tables 107 Introduction to the Trade Name Table 109 Barriers Related to the Master Chemical Resistance Table 122 Master Chemical Resistance Table 126 Section V Glossary 267 Section VI Standards for Chemical Protective Clothing 283 Section VII Manufacturers of Chemical Protective Clothing 291 Introduction 291

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Book SynopsisA fascinating journey through the atmosphere that will leave you breathless. Every Breath You Take combines scientific evidence with Mark's personal stories and advice on what you can do to improve air quality, giving us the low-down on what's up high.Trade Review'Written in an easily accessible style yet get across important facts about the world and what we are doing to it' Peter Wadhams, author of A Farewell to Ice'Not without raising a wry smile, the author takes us from the atmospheres of the planets to the air outside our front door... a fascinating read' Professor Duncan Laxen, Associate of Air Quality Consultants'Mark Broomfield’s writing is just the breath of fresh air needed to lift the fog on atmospheric sciences' Piers Forster, Professor of Physical Climate Change, University of Leeds

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Book SynopsisPublic misperception of radiological risk consistently directs limited resources toward managing minimal or even phantom risks at great cost to government and industry with no measurable benefit to overall public health. The public's inability to comprehend small theoretical risks arrived at through inherently uncertain formulae, coupled with an irrational push to eliminate all risk with no contextual understanding of overall benefit, results in a forfeiture of valuable advances in technology in favor of an illusion of safety. Radiation Risks in Perspective uses general concepts underlying radiological risk as a model to illuminate the fundamental problems in public perception, reaction, and policy when faced with possible health risks. Presenting three distinct themes, the author summarizes the causes for the failure of the current system and proposes methods for correction. Beginning with a discussion of the methods used to measure threat, the author weighs the nebulousTrade Review“… the book provides a useful source of information on how risks, and especially radiological risks, are assessed, evaluated and communicated by/to a variety of stakeholders including scientists, legislators, pressure groups and the public. … The book contains a great deal of interesting information and is certainly thought-provoking. It also contains some useful cross-references to chemical risks and how these are addressed. … The book is intended for scientists, lawyers, engineers, policy makers and public health professionals … ”— Ron Brown, in the Journal of Radiological Protection“The book is written in a spirited tone…. It imposes a minimum burden of mathematical symbols, freshens graphs from the older literature to make them easy for a broad audience to understand, and provides simply formatted tables that list the main concepts as they are introduced. …notes following every chapter…deepen the exposition…. The mixing of a studied description of risk management with advocacy, debate, and some stridency makes for an exciting read. …gives anyone interested in risk management policy the perspective of a well-read, involved, and spirited actor in the field.” —Mark P. Langer, Indiana University School of Medicine, writing in the American Journal of Roentgenology, (189) 1Table of ContentsIntroduction. Risky Business. Scientific Guesswork. No Safe Dose. Uncertain Risk. Zero or Bust. Misplaced Priorities. Avoiding Risk. Radiation from the Gods. Hold the Phone. PR Campaign: Proportion, Prioritization and Precaution. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisAs radiological residue, both naturally occurring and technologically driven, works its way through the ecosystem, we see its negative effects on the human population. Radionuclide Concentrations in Food and the Environment addresses the key issues concerning the relationship between natural and manmade sources of environmental radioactivity, their transportation through the ecosystem, and the subsequent radionuclide concentrations in foods and the human population. The book discusses the negative effects of environmental radioactivity on plants and animals, as well as the effects of radiocontaminated food on human health, and perspectives for transfer prevention.Beginning with the fundamentals of matter and the behavior of particles, the text lays a solid foundation for discussions on the source of radionuclides and their concentrations in air, water, and soil. Using predictive modeling, the authors examine the transfer of radionuclides through ecosystems and their efTable of ContentsIntroduction: What are Radionuclides? Radionuclides: Sources. Radionuclide Concentrations in Air. Radionuclide Concentrations in Water. Radionuclide Concentrations in Soils. Radionuclide Transport Processes and Modeling. Effects of Radioactivity on Plants and Animals. Radionuclide Concentrations in Foodstuffs and Food Raw Materials. Health Effect of Radionuclides in Food on Humans. Analysis and Detection Methods. Unmasking Nuclear Smugglers. Radiation Safety Programs. Regulations.

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Book SynopsisThis one-of-a-kind resource gives you all the practical and insightful information you need to find your ideal home and get it at a great price. You'll avoid common mistakes with step-by-step guidance on the buying process, as well as useful tools like checklists and guidelines and vital information on everything from financing to negotiations.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments. Introduction. CHAPTER 1. When Is It Time to Consider Owning Your Own Home? CHAPTER 2. Working with Professionals. CHAPTER 3. Planning Your Home Buying Adventure. CHAPTER 4. Mortgage Alternatives. CHAPTER 5. Types of Homes—Which Fits Your Needs Best? CHAPTER 6. Location, Location, Location. CHAPTER 7. Buying a Newly Constructed Home. CHAPTER 8. Buying an Existing Home. CHAPTER 9. Making Your Choice. CHAPTER 10. Making Your Offer. CHAPTER 11. Home Inspections, Appraisals, Title Policies, and Homeowner’s Insurance. CHAPTER 12. Homeowners Associations and Management Companies. CHAPTER 13. The Final Walk-Through and Closing. CHAPTER 14. Planning a Stress-Free Move. Conclusion. Home Buyer’s Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis Safety Guide provides recommendations on radiation protection and radioactive waste management in the design and operation of research reactors, to meet the relevant requirements of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-3, Safety of Research Reactors. It identifies important components that should be considered at the design stage with regard to facilitating radiation protection and radioactive waste management. It also recommends good practices in implementing operational radiation protection and radioactive waste management programmes, and in their optimization. This Safety Guide is a revision of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. NS-G-4.6, which it supersedes.

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Book SynopsisChoice Recommended Title, July 2020Bringing together material scattered across many disciplines, Semiconductor Radiation Detectors provides readers with a consolidated source of information on the properties of a wide range of semiconductors; their growth, characterization and the fabrication of radiation sensors with emphasis on the X- and gamma-ray regimes. It explores the promise and limitations of both the traditional and new generation of semiconductors and discusses where the future in semiconductor development and radiation detection may lie. The purpose of this book is two-fold; firstly to serve as a text book for those new to the field of semiconductors and radiation detection and measurement, and secondly as a reference book for established researchers working in related disciplines within physics and engineering. Features: The onlTrade Review "In this work, Owens (Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Czech Republic) offers an up-to-date, encyclopedic assessment of modern radiation detection. Following a succinct historical retelling of the discovery of radiation and radiation detectors in chapter 1, chapters 2 and 3 present an exhaustive review of solid state physics at the upper-division undergraduate level, similar to material encountered in a one-semester course using C. Kittel’s Introduction to Solid State Physics (8th ed., 2005). However, Owens prefers to use the relevant quantum mechanical results (e.g., Bloch functions) rather than their derivations. The core of this volume discusses in detail the materials, fabrication, and characterization of semiconductor devices, including growth techniques and contact characteristics (electrode deposition), going far beyond the typical silicon and gallium arsenide examples. The final chapter explores the future of detector materials including nanoscintillators and biological detectors, as well as radiation detection using spintronics. The addition of extensive references after each chapter and a useful set of appendixes (including calibration sources and a handy table of radionuclides) assures that this volume is well suited for senior engineering and physics students and researchers alike. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through faculty and professionals. —J. F. Burkhart, emeritus, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs" Table of Contents 1. Introduction to Radiation and Its Detection: An Historical Perspective 2. Semiconductors 3. Crystal Structure 4. Growth Techniques 5. Contacting Systems 6. Detector Fabrication 7. Detector Characterization 8. Radiation Detection and Measurement 9. Materials Used for General Radiation Detection 10. Current Materials Used for Neutron Detection 11. Performance Limiting Factors 12. Improving Performance 13. Future Directions in Radiation Detection Appendix A: Supplementary Reference Material and Further Reading List Appendix B: Table of Physical Constants Appendix C: Units and Conversions Appendix D: Periodic Table of the Elements Appendix E: Properties of the Elements Appendix F: General Properties of Semiconducting Materials Appendix G: Radiation Environments Appendix H: Table of Radioactive Calibration Sources

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Book SynopsisThis Safety Report has been developed as part of the IAEA programme on occupational radiation protection to provide for the application of its safety standards in implementing a graded approach to the protection of workers against exposures associated with uranium mining and processing. The publication describes the methods of production associated with the uranium industry and provides practical information on the radiological risks to workers in the exploration, mining and processing of uranium. It is a compilation of detailed information on uranium mining and processing stages and techniques, general radiation protection considerations in the relevant industry, general methodology applicable for control, monitoring and dose assessment, exposure pathways, and radiation protection programs for the range of commonly used mining and processing techniques.

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Book SynopsisChoice Recommended Title, July 2020Bringing together material scattered across many disciplines, Semiconductor Radiation Detectors provides readers with a consolidated source of information on the properties of a wide range of semiconductors; their growth, characterization and the fabrication of radiation sensors with emphasis on the X- and gamma-ray regimes. It explores the promise and limitations of both the traditional and new generation of semiconductors and discusses where the future in semiconductor development and radiation detection may lie. The purpose of this book is two-fold; firstly to serve as a text book for those new to the field of semiconductors and radiation detection and measurement, and secondly as a reference book for established researchers working in related disciplines within physics and engineering. Features: The only comprehensive book covering this topic FTrade Review "In this work, Owens (Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Czech Republic) offers an up-to-date, encyclopedic assessment of modern radiation detection. Following a succinct historical retelling of the discovery of radiation and radiation detectors in chapter 1, chapters 2 and 3 present an exhaustive review of solid state physics at the upper-division undergraduate level, similar to material encountered in a one-semester course using C. Kittel’s Introduction to Solid State Physics (8th ed., 2005). However, Owens prefers to use the relevant quantum mechanical results (e.g., Bloch functions) rather than their derivations. The core of this volume discusses in detail the materials, fabrication, and characterization of semiconductor devices, including growth techniques and contact characteristics (electrode deposition), going far beyond the typical silicon and gallium arsenide examples. The final chapter explores the future of detector materials including nanoscintillators and biological detectors, as well as radiation detection using spintronics. The addition of extensive references after each chapter and a useful set of appendixes (including calibration sources and a handy table of radionuclides) assures that this volume is well suited for senior engineering and physics students and researchers alike. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through faculty and professionals. —J. F. Burkhart, emeritus, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs" Table of Contents 1. Introduction to Radiation and Its Detection: An Historical Perspective 2. Semiconductors 3. Crystal Structure 4. Growth Techniques 5. Contacting Systems 6. Detector Fabrication 7. Detector Characterization 8. Radiation Detection and Measurement 9. Materials Used for General Radiation Detection 10. Current Materials Used for Neutron Detection 11. Performance Limiting Factors 12. Improving Performance 13. Future Directions in Radiation Detection Appendix A: Supplementary Reference Material and Further Reading List Appendix B: Table of Physical Constants Appendix C: Units and Conversions Appendix D: Periodic Table of the Elements Appendix E: Properties of the Elements Appendix F: General Properties of Semiconducting Materials Appendix G: Radiation Environments Appendix H: Table of Radioactive Calibration Sources

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Book SynopsisAn Essential Household Reference…Revised and Updated With our culture’s growing interest in organic foods and healthy eating, it is important to understand what food labels mean and to learn how to read between the lines. This completely revised and updated edition of A Consumer’s Dictionary of Food Additives gives you the facts about the safety and side effects of more than 12,000 ingredients–such as preservatives, food-tainting pesticides, and animal drugs–that end up in food as a result of processing and curing. It tells you what’s safe and what you should leave on the grocery-store shelves. In addition to updated entries that cover the latest medical and scientific research on substances such as food enhancers and preservatives, this must-have guide includes more than 650 new chemicals now commonly used in food. You’ll also find information on modern food-production technologies such as bovine growth hormone and genetically engineered vegetables. Alphabetically organized, cross-referenced, and written in everyday language, this is a precise tool for understanding food labels and knowing which products are best to bring home to your family.

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Book SynopsisTo meet the demands of practicing radiologic technologist and students in training, Blackwell introduces the latest volume of the Rad Tech''s Guide Series. Rad Tech''s Guide to Equipment Operation and Maintenance promises a clinically-relevant introductory review of radiographic imaging systems. This condensed handbook is both a concise review for board preparation exams, as well as handy reference guide for the busy rad tech. This on the spot reference features: *Content based on material found on the AART Entry to Practice Exam *Easy to read text for quick referencing and smooth navigation *Presents the most current and informative material on the technical aspects of radiographic equipment and total quality management *Pocket size -- take it anywhere!Table of Contents1. X-Ray Imaging Systems for Diagnostic Radiology.Imaging Systems Overview.Main Components of an Imaging System.Quality Management: An Overview.Nature of Quality Control.2. Radiographic Imaging Systems.Major components of a Radiographic Imaging System.Image Receptor: Film-Based Radiography.Film Processing.Radiographic Image Quality.3. X-Ray Generators.Purpose of the X-Ray Generator.X-Ray Generator Circuit.Rectifiers and Rectification.Types of X-Ray Generators.Power Rating of an X-Ray Generator.4. X-Ray Tubes for Diagnostic Radiology.Production of X-Rays.Components of X-Ray Tubes.Metal-Ceramic Tube with Double Bearings.X-Ray Tube Heat Capacity.Preventing X-Ray Tube Failure: Practical Considerations.5. Filtering the X-Ray Beam.What is a Filter?.Types of Filtration.Effects of Filtration on X-Ray Tube Output.Heavy Metal Filters.Compensating Filters.Image Dose Dodging.6. Exposure Timers for Radiographic Systems.Location of the Timer Circuitry.Main Function of the Timer.Types of Exposure Timers.Automatic Exposure Control.Practical Considerations.Advantages of Automatic Exposure Control.Quality Control for Exposure Timers.Exposure Time and Radiation Protection.7. Equipment for Controlling Scattered Radiation.Origin of Scattered Radiation.Factors Affecting the Amount of Scatter Production.Sources of Scattered Radiation.Improving Contrast: Antiscatter Techniques.Antiscatter Grids: Design and Performance.Scanning Slit Assemblies.8. Fluoroscopic Imaging Systems.Elements of a Fluoroscopic Examination.Conventional Fluoroscopy: Equipment Components.X-Ray Image Intensifier Tube.Closed-Circuit X-Ray Television.Automatic Brightness Control.Recording the Fluoroscopic Image: Spot-Filming.Digital Fluoroscopy.9. Mobile Imaging Systems.Radiographic Systems.Accessory Equipment.Fluoroscopic Systems.Mini C-Arm Fluoroscopic Systems.Equipment Maintenance: Continuous Quality Improvement.Definitions.Format of a QC Test.Tools for QC Testing.Parameters for QC Monitoring.Acceptance Criteria-Tolerance Limits.Control Charts.Basic QC Tests for Radiography.Basic QC Tests for Conventional Tomography.Basic QC Tests for Fluoroscopic Systems.QC for X-Ray Film Processors.Repeat Film Analysis.Record Keeping.Benefits of a CQI Program

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Book SynopsisIntended as a reference handbook of quantities used in dosimetry of ionizing radiations. Fields of application are radiological protection, environmental radiation, health physics, nuclear medicine and radiotherapy, radiobiology, radiopharmacy and radiation chemistry. The book is in three parts. The first part deals with electrons, X-rays and gamma-rays. The second part contains data for heavy charged particles ranging from protons to uranium ions, and the final part is concerned with neutrons. Quantities tabulated include quality paramenters recommended by the International Commissions of Radiological Protection and of radiation quantities units and measurements.Table of ContentsElectrons and photons in liquid water; heavy charged particles in liquid water - 100 eV/A to 1 GeV/A; neutrons - 0.5 keV to 100 MeV.

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Book SynopsisThis IAEA Safety Report describes neutron monitoring procedures and equipment that may be used for radiation protection in nuclear power production, medical and industrial applications, research institutions and civil air service. It provides guidance on measuring operational quantities of neutron radiation and practical advice for safely carrying out neutron radiation protection dosimetry, including methods for establishing traceability of those measurements to national standards. This publication is intended for designers and manufacturers of radiation monitors and personal dosimeters and radiation protection professionals who develop radiation protection standards or neutron monitoring programmes.

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Book SynopsisThis 1986 book is an introduction to the then commonly used types of detectors of nuclear radiation. The author opens with an introduction to the properties and characteristics of ionising radiations. The main body of text, however, comprises a description of the construction, operation and main applications of gas-filled, scintillation and semiconductor detectors.Table of ContentsPreface; 1. Ionising radiations; 2. Statistics of particle counting and dead-time; 3. Gas-filled detectors; 4. The Geiger–Mueller counter; 5. The scintillation counter; 6. Semiconductor detectors; 7. Electronics for nuclear detectors; 8. Radiation doses and their measurement; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive introduction for students and researchers explores Radon transforms and related operators when the basic manifolds are the real Euclidean space, the unit sphere, and the real hyperbolic space. Applications include analysis, integral and convex geometry, and medical imaging. Open problems and recent results are also presented.Table of Contents1. Preliminaries; 2. Fractional integration: functions of one variable; 3. Riesz potentials; 4. The Radon transform on Rn; 5. Operators of integral geometry on the unit sphere; 6. Operators of integral geometry in the hyperbolic space; 7. Spherical mean Radon transforms.

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Book SynopsisRadioisotopes are used worldwide in a range of medical, industrial, research and academic applications. A large proportion of these radioisotopes are produced in particle accelerators, and the number of institutions that operate linear accelerators or cyclotrons and manufacture and distribute radiopharmaceuticals, for example, is significant and increasing. The production of radioisotopes using particle accelerators poses significant radiation hazards to workers, members of the public, and the environment when accelerators are operated without adequate radiation safety measures. This Safety Guide provides practical guidance for implementing radiation protection and safety measures in such facilities involved in the production and use of radioisotopes.

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Book SynopsisThis publication has been developed to assist IAEA Member States in establishing and maintaining regulatory control through notification, authorization, inspection and enforcement in relation to facilities and activities with radiation sources, in order to achieve the fundamental safety and security objectives. The publication addresses the implementation of the requirements for safety and security in a harmonized way, taking into account differences in the requirements as well as differences in States' regulatory infrastructures. For example, in some States the same regulatory body is responsible for the control of safety and security, while in others, safety and security are controlled by separate regulatory bodies. A harmonized approach for notification, authorization, inspection and enforcement is intended to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of regulatory control through concurrent inspection for safety and security.

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Book SynopsisThe initial Layer of protection analysis (LOPA) book published in 2001 set the rules and approaches for using LOPA as an intermediate method between purely qualitative hazards evaluation/analysis and more quantitative analysis methods. Basic LOPA provides an order-of-magnitude risk estimate of risk with fairly reproducible results. LOPA results are considered critical in determining safety integrity level for design of safety instrumented systems. This guideline clarifies key concepts and reinforces the limitations and the requirements of LOPA. The main scope of the guideline is to provide examples of CMs and ECs and to provide concrete guidance on the protocols that must be followed to use these concepts. The bookpresents a brief overview of Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) and its variations, and summarizes terminology used for evaluating scenarios in the context of a typical incident sequence. It defines and illustrates the most common types of ECs and CMs and shows how theyTable of ContentsList of Tables ix List of Figures xi Abbreviations and Acronyms xiii Glossary xv Acknowledgements xxiii Preface xxv 1 Context 1 1.1 LOPA Overview 1 1.2 Pertinent LOPA Variations 10 1.3 When to Use Enabling Conditions and Conditional Modifiers 13 1.4 Risk Criteria Endpoints 16 2 LOPA Enabling Conditions 23 2.1 Definition and Defining Characteristics 23 2.2 Interrelationship with Initiating Event 23 2.3 Time-At-Risk Enabling Conditions 23 2.4 Campaign Enabling Conditions 30 2.5 Other Possible Enabling Conditions 34 2.6 Documenting and Validating Enabling Conditions 34 3 LOPA Conditional Modifiers 37 3.1 Definition and Defining Characteristics 37 3.2 Probability of a Hazardous Atmosphere 42 3.3 Probability of Ignition or Initiation 44 3.4 Probability of Explosion 49 3.5 Probability of Personnel Presence 55 3.6 Probability of Injury or Fatality 60 3.7 Probability of Equipment Damage or Other Financial Impact 65 3.8 Documenting, Managing and Validating Conditional Modifiers 69 4 Application to Other Methods 71 4.1 Quantitative Risk Analysis 71 4.2 Use of Enabling Conditions and Conditional Modifiers with Scenario Identification Methods 75 4.3 Barrier Analysis and Diagrams 79 Appendices 81 A Simultaneous Failures and “Double Jeopardy” 83 B Peak Risk Concepts 91 C Example Rule Set for LOPA Enabling Conditions 95 Example Rule Set for LOPA Enabling Conditions 95 References 99 Index 103

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Book SynopsisThe transport of radioactive material is an essential activity worldwide. Both safety and security during transport are matters of national and international importance. This publication is the latest edition of the IAEA Safety Requirements for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material. It is supported by six IAEA Safety Guides which provide explanation and guidance for the SSR-6 requirements to facilitate harmonized implementation. The SSR-6 Regulations apply to the transport of radioactive material by all modes on land, water, or in the air, including transport that is incidental to the use of the radioactive material. Transport comprises all operations and conditions associated with, and involved in, the movement of radioactive material; these include the design, manufacture, maintenance and repair of packaging, and the preparation, consigning, loading, carriage including in-transit storage, unloading and receipt at the final destination of loads of radioactive material and packages. These requirements form an integral part of regulations worldwide, therefore SSR-6 and its associated guidance documents are a requisite source of guidance information for governments, regulators, and all individuals involved in the aforementioned activities of transport of radioactive material.

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. General notes 2. Intravascular contrast media 3. Paediatrics 4. Gastrointestinal system 5. Liver, biliary tract and pancreas 6. Urinary tract 7. Ablation techniques 8. Reproductive system 9. Respiratory system 10. Cardiac 11. Arterial system 12.Venous system 13. Radionuclide imaging in oncology and infection 14. Bones and joints 15. Spine 16. Brain/Neuro 17. ENT 18. Breast 19. Role of the radiographer and the nurse in interventional radiology 20 Consent 21 Sedation and monitoring 22 Medical emergencies Appendix I Dose limits: from The Ionising Radiations Regulations 2017 Appendix II The Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations 2017 with the Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) (Amendment) Regulations 2018 and the Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) (Amendment) Regulations 2011

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Book SynopsisPhase 3 of the overall WERF project was developed to study eight Phase 2 hypotheses in more depth, beginning in the laboratory (bench-scale) studies and continuing on to targeted investigations where the WERF team manipulated plant parameters at full scale to identify the best means of reducing biosolids cake odors. The Phase 3 research specifically sought ways to enhance anaerobicly digested and dewatered biosolids to reduce the odor levels in the biosolids end product, thereby reducing negatively perceived impacts on the environment or to the public when beneficially used on land. The goal of the Phase 3 study was to provide a general application of findings to WERF subscribers who are seeking ways to reduce odors produced by anaerobicly-digested biosolids. The Phase 3 options summary presents a general roadmap for wastewater treatment plant operators seeking to optimize biosolids processing and reduce biosolids cake odors. Biosolids cakes with minimal odors lead to better public acceptance near biosolids management sites and in neighborhoods adjacent to WWTPs. Reduced odors also could open the WWTP dewatered biosolids cake to other recycling or disposal opportunities that are currently not used due to odor and other concerns (including on-plant site composting or storage). Additionally, significant cost savings could be realized by not requiring extensive odor control or other expensive options for containment and management of biosolids.

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Book SynopsisThis Safety Guide provides recommendations on how to meet the requirements of the IAEA International Basic Safety Standards with regard to irradiation facilities. It gives practical information on the safe design and operation of gamma, electron and X ray irradiators in accordance with these requirements, and discusses the beneficial applications of ionizing irradiation and how to avoid potential radiation hazards at industrial irradiators, including contamination arising from damaged radioactive sources. The Safety Guide is intended for use by the designers and operating organizations of these facilities and also by regulatory bodies.

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Book SynopsisA fear of contamination drives the most common manifestation of obsessive compulsive disorders(OCD), compulsive washing. OCD is a distressing anxiety disorder that affects 1-2 percent of the population and can be disabling. Intense and complex forms of the disorder benefit from advanced analyses of contamination and its treatment. This book, part of a series on modern psychological treatments published by OUP, provides a detailed account of the nature and causes of the various forms of a fear of contamination and their consequences. Methods of treatment are described and fully illustrated by case histories. The inclusion of original analyses and explanations of a newly recognised form of the fear, mental contamination, is an important feature of the book and will enable therapists to expand their ability to assess and treat the abnormal fears of contamination.Written by clinicians with extensive experience, this volume is valuable for all clinical psychologists and psychotherapists witTrade ReviewThe definitive guide to mental contamination. The author's careful analysis clarifies this puzzling condition and opens the avenue for a new treatment approach. Thoroughly recommended for clinicians and researchers alike * Professor David M. Clark, Psychology Department, Oxford University, UK *I find mental contamination to be of the most interesting, yet least understood manifestations of OCD. This book - written by THE leading experts on the topic - will provide you with a clear understanding of mental contamination, along with guidance for implementing effective CBT strategies. The many clinical case examples and practical vignettes, along with a "Toolkit" of highly useful materials for use in therapy, make this an essential resource for any clinician and student working with OCD patients. * Jonathan S. Abramowitz, Professor and Associate Chair of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA *The concept of mental contamination, first introduced by Rachman and colleagues, represents one of the most significant developments in our understanding of compulsive cleaning in decades. Now this research team has produced the first authoritative, detailed treatment manual for mental contamination. It is rich in clinical insights and case illustrations, informative in its detailed instructions on assessment, case formulation and treatment, and well-grounded in empirical research. It is packed with clinical resource materials for the practitioner, offering a new cognitive-behavioral approach to contamination fear. This how-to book is "vintage Rachman" and a must read for any student. researcher or clinician interested in the latest treatment innovations for OCD. This book will transform how you understand and treat contamination OCD. * David A. Clark, Professor of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, Canada *Table of ContentsPART 1: PHENOMENA OF CONTAMINATION FEARS; PART 2: COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL TREATMENT OF MENTAL CONTAMINATION

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Book SynopsisAdvancing patient care, this book focuses on a wealth of hybrid IGRT technologies and devices for coupled imaging and treatment inside the radiation treatment room. Expert authors explore the decades-long technological developments that have occurred in the realm of image-guided conformal, customized radiation treatment. They thoroughly cover thTrade ReviewImage-Guided Radiation Therapy contains valuable information on the history of image-guided radiation treatment (IGRT), imaging systems, and secondary technologies. It is extensive in the explanation of how such systems are used clinically, and it covers most of the devices offered by manufacturers today. It is truly a remarkable compilation of focused and detailed chapters that span the art of image-guided radiation therapy.—Michael S. Gossman, Medical Physics, June 2012Table of ContentsOptical and Remote Monitoring IGRT. Ultrasound-Guided Radiation Therapy. In-Room CT System for IGRT. Megavoltage Fan-Beam CT IGRT. Kilovoltage Cone-Beam CT Guidance of Radiation Therapy. Megavoltage Cone-Beam IGRT. Kilovoltage X-Ray IMRT and IGRT. Kilovoltage Radiography for Robotic Linac IGRT. Respiratory-Correlated CT. 4D PET/CT in Radiotherapy. On-Board Digital Tomosynthesis: An Emerging New Technology for IGRT. Image Registration and Segmentation in Radiation Therapy.

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Book SynopsisPraise for the Second Edition . . . A basic, how-to guide . . . for all those involved in the construction industry.--The Construction Lawyer This book is indispensable for any contractor who, against his better judgment, bids a fixed price contract . . . highly recommended.--David S. Thaler, The Daily Record Particularly useful to the construction contractor [and] also instructive to owners and design professionals.--Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities Practical advice on how to prevent a dispute--from the moment that the contract preparation begins through performance by the contractor and administration by the owner.--Concrete International Over two successful editions, Construction Claims has become the sourcebook of choice on the subject for construction professionals from all areas of the industry. Now extensively updated, the Third Edition includes new material on design/build implications for construcTable of ContentsCLAIMS--UNDERSTANDING AND AVOIDING THEM. The Groundwork: The Contract. Red Flag Clauses. Differing Site Conditions/Changed Conditions/Geotechnical Baseline Reports. Changes. Environmental Regulation and Contract Claims. Delays. Contractor's Costs of Delays. Owner's Damages for Delays. Bonding. PROSECUTING AND DEFENDING CLAIMS. Documentation and Record Keeping. Claims Presentation. Formal Dispute Resolution. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis concisely written book introduces radioisotopes, ionising radiations and their numerous applications. Explanation is provided by selected examples, including methods for the accurate monitoring of sealed and complex systems. The book is particularly useful to engineers, scientists, teachers and students who work with nuclear radiations.Trade Review'One can hope that this book contributes to a wider understanding and acceptance of radioactivity and nuclear radiations and convinces sceptics with an anti-nuclear attitude of the useful aspects of radioactivity and ionising radiation.' K. Debertin, Applied Radiation and IsotopesTable of Contents1. Atoms, nuclides and radionuclides; 2. Units and standards for radioactivity and radiation dosimetry and rules for radiation protection; 3. Properties of radiations emitted from radionuclides; 4. Nuclear radiations from a user's perspective; 5. Ionising radiation detectors; 6. Radioactivity and countrate measurements and the presentation of results; 7. Industrial applications of radioisotopes and radiation; 8. Application of tracer technology to industry and the environment; 9. Radionuclides to protect the environment.

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Book SynopsisThis 1979 volume presents an elementary and, as far as is practicable, non-mathematical introduction to radiation dosimetry. It treats dosimetry from first principles, dealing with the interaction of the various radiations with matter, then defining dosimetric quantities and units and showing how the more important ones are measured.Table of ContentsPreface; 1. Some introductory ideas; 2. Ionizing radiations and their interaction with matter at the atomic level; 3. The effects of ionizing radiation on matter in bulk; 4. Dosimetric quantities and units; 5. The measurement of exposure; 6. Methods of measuring dose; 7. Thermoluminescent and photographic dosimetry; 8. Radiation protection; Bibliography; Index.

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