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Book SynopsisThis book is focused on the theoretical and practical design of reinforced concrete beams, columns and frame structures. It is based on an analytical approach of designing normal reinforced concrete structural elements that are compatible with most international design rules, including for instance the European design rules – Eurocode 2 – for reinforced concrete structures. The book tries to distinguish between what belongs to the structural design philosophy of such structural elements (related to strength of materials arguments) and what belongs to the design rule aspects associated with specific characteristic data (for the material or loading parameters). Reinforced Concrete Beams, Columns and Frames – Mechanics and Design deals with the fundamental aspects of the mechanics and design of reinforced concrete in general, both related to the Serviceability Limit State (SLS) and the Ultimate Limit State (ULS). A second book, entitled Reinforced Concrete Beams, Columns and Frames – Section and Slender Member Analysis, deals with more advanced ULS aspects, along with instability and second-order analysis aspects. Some recent research results including the use of non-local mechanics are also presented. This book is aimed at Masters-level students, engineers, researchers and teachers in the field of reinforced concrete design. Most of the books in this area are very practical or code-oriented, whereas this book is more theoretically based, using rigorous mathematics and mechanics tools. Contents 1. Design at Serviceability Limit State (SLS). 2. Verification at Serviceability Limit State (SLS). 3. Concepts for the Design at Ultimate Limit State (ULS). 4. Bending-Curvature at Ultimate Limit State (ULS). Appendix 1. Cardano’s Method. Appendix 2. Steel Reinforcement Table. About the Authors Charles Casandjian was formerly Associate Professor at INSA (French National Institute of Applied Sciences), Rennes, France and the chairman of the course on reinforced concrete design. He has published work on the mechanics of concrete and is also involved in creating a web experience for teaching reinforced concrete design – BA-CORTEX. Noël Challamel is Professor in Civil Engineering at UBS, University of South Brittany in France and chairman of the EMI-ASCE Stability committee. His contributions mainly concern the dynamics, stability and inelastic behavior of structural components, with special emphasis on Continuum Damage Mechanics (more than 70 publications in International peer-reviewed journals). Christophe Lanos is Professor in Civil Engineering at the University of Rennes 1 in France. He has mainly published work on the mechanics of concrete, as well as other related subjects. He is also involved in creating a web experience for teaching reinforced concrete design – BA-CORTEX. Jostein Hellesland has been Professor of Structural Mechanics at the University of Oslo, Norway since January 1988. His contribution to the field of stability has been recognized and magnified by many high-quality papers in famous international journals such as Engineering Structures, Thin-Walled Structures, Journal of Constructional Steel Research and Journal of Structural Engineering.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Design at Serviceability Limit State (SLS) 1 1.1. Nomenclature 1 1.1.1. Convention with the normal vector orientation 1 1.1.2. Vectorial notation 1 1.1.3. Part of the conserved reference section 2 1.1.4. Frame 2 1.1.5. Compression stress σc,sup in the most compressed fiber 2 1.2. Bending behavior of reinforced concrete beams – qualitative analysis 3 1.2.1. Framework of the study 3 1.2.2. Classification of cross-sectional behavior 5 1.2.3. Parameterization of the response curves by the stress σs1 of the most stressed tensile reinforcement 5 1.2.4. Comparison of σs1 of the tensile reinforcement for a given stress in the most compressed concrete fiber σc,sup 6 1.2.5. Comparison of the bending moments 8 1.3. Background on the concept of limit laws 10 1.3.1. Limit law for material behavior 10 1.3.2. Example of limit laws in physics, case of the transistor 11 1.3.3. Design of reinforced concrete beams in bending at the stress Serviceability Limit State 12 1.4. Limit laws for steel and concrete at Serviceability Limit State 13 1.4.1. Concrete at the cross-sectional SLS 13 1.4.2. Steel at the cross-sectional SLS 13 1.4.3. Equivalent material coefficient 14 1.5. Pivots notion and equivalent stress diagram 14 1.5.1. Frame and neutral axis 14 1.5.2. Conservation of planeity of a cross-section 15 1.5.3. Planeity conservation law in term of stress 17 1.5.4. Introduction to pivot concepts 18 1.5.5. Pivot rules 19 1.6. Dimensionless coefficients 20 1.6.1. Goal 20 1.6.2. Total height of the cross-section 21 1.6.3. Relative position of the neutral axis 21 1.6.4. Shape filling coefficient 22 1.6.5. Dimensionless formulation for the position of the center of pressure 23 1.7. Equilibrium and resolution methodology 24 1.7.1. Equilibrium equations 24 1.7.2. Discussion on the resolution of equations with respect to the number of unknowns 26 1.7.3 Reduced moments 27 1.7.4. Case of a rectangular section 29 1.8. Case of pivot A for a rectangular section 30 1.8.1. Studied section 30 1.8.2. Shape filling coefficient 30 1.8.3. Dimensionless coefficient related to the center of pressure 31 1.8.4. Equations formulation 32 1.8.5. Resolution 33 1.9. Case of pivot B for a rectangular section 35 1.9.1. Studied section 35 1.9.2. Shape filling coefficient 35 1.9.3. Dimensionless coefficient related to the center of pressure 35 1.9.4. Equations formulation 36 1.9.5. Resolution 37 1.9.6. Synthesis 38 1.10. Examples – bending of reinforced concrete beams with rectangular cross-section 39 1.10.1. A design problem at SLS – exercise 39 1.10.2. Resolution in Pivot A – Mser = 225 kN.m 42 1.10.3. Resolution in Pivot B – Mser = 405 kN.m 45 1.10.4. Resolution in pivot AB 47 1.10.5. Design of a reinforced concrete section, an optimization problem 50 1.10.6. General design at Serviceability Limit State with tensile and compression steel reinforcements 54 1.11. Reinforced concrete beams with T-cross-section 58 1.11.1. Introduction 58 1.11.2. Decomposition of the cross-section 60 1.11.3. Case of pivot A for a T-cross-section 61 1.11.4. Case of pivot B for a T-cross-section 63 1.11.5. Example – design of reinforced concrete beams composed of T-cross-section 65 Chapter 2. Verification at Serviceability Limit State (SLS) 69 2.1. Verification of a given cross-section – control design 69 2.1.1. Position of the neutral axis 69 2.1.2. Equation of static moments for the determination of the position of neutral axis 70 2.1.3. Stress calculation – general case 72 2.1.4. Rectangular cross-section – verification of a given cross-section 74 2.1.5. T-cross-section – verification of a given cross-section 76 2.1.6. Example – verification of a reinforced T-cross-section 79 2.1.7. Determination of the maximum resisting moment 80 2.2. Cross-section with continuously varying depth 81 2.2.1. Triangular or trapezoidal cross-section 81 2.2.2. Equilibrium equations – normal force resultant 82 2.2.3. Equilibrium equations – bending resultant moment 84 2.2.4. Case of pivot A for a triangular cross-section 86 2.2.5. Case of pivot B for a triangular cross-section 87 2.2.6. Static moment equation for a triangular cross-section 87 2.2.7. Design example of a triangular cross-section 88 2.3. Composed bending with combined axial forces 90 2.3.1. Steel reinforcement design for a given reinforced concrete section 90 2.3.2. Determination of the position of the neutral axis – simple bending 91 2.3.3. Determination of the position of the neutral axis – composed bending with normal force solicitation 92 2.3.4. Exercises for composed bending with normal force solicitation 96 2.4. Deflection at Serviceability Limit State 107 2.4.1. Effect of crack on the bending curvature relationship 107 2.4.2. Simply supported reinforced concrete beam 112 2.4.3. Calculation of deflection – safe approach 113 2.4.4. Calculation of deflection – a more refined approach; tension stiffening neglected 114 2.4.5. Calculation of deflection – a more refined approach; tension stiffening included 116 2.4.6. Approximated approach 118 2.4.7. Calculation of deflection – a structural example 119 Chapter 3. Concepts for the Design at Ultimate Limit State (ULS) 123 3.1. Introduction to ultimate limit state 123 3.1.1. Yield design 123 3.1.2. Application of yield design to the cantilever beam 125 3.1.3. Inelastic (plasticity or continuum damage mechanics) bending-curvature constitutive law 129 3.2. Postfailure analysis 133 3.2.1. Historical perspective 133 3.2.2. Wood’s paradox 135 3.2.3. Non-local hardening/softening constitutive law, a variational principle 137 3.2.4. Non-local softening constitutive law: application to the cantilever beam 144 3.2.5. Some other structural cases – the simply supported beam 149 3.2.6. Postfailure of reinforced concrete beams under distributed lateral load 152 3.3. Constitutive laws for steel and concrete 156 3.3.1. Steel behavior 156 3.3.2. Concrete behavior 160 3.3.3. Dimensionless parameters at ULS 170 3.3.4. Calculation of the concrete resultant for the rectangular simplified diagram 174 3.3.5. Calculation of the concrete resultant for the bilinear diagram 174 3.3.6. Calculation of the concrete resultant for the parabola–rectangle diagram 179 3.3.7. Calculation of the concrete resultant for the law of Desayi and Krishnan 183 3.3.8. Calculation of the concrete resultant for Sargin’s law of Eurocode 2 187 3.3.9. On the use of the reduced moment parameter 191 Chapter 4. Bending-Curvature at Ultimate Limit State (ULS) 193 4.1. On the bilinear approximation of the moment-curvature relationship of reinforced concrete beams 193 4.1.1. Phenomenological approach 193 4.1.2. Moment-curvature relationship for concrete – brief overview 196 4.1.3. Analytical moment-curvature relationship for concrete 198 4.1.4. A model based on the bilinear moment-curvature approximation 222 4.2. Postfailure of reinforced concrete beams with the initial bilinear moment-curvature constitutive law 226 4.2.1. Elastic-hardening constitutive law 226 4.2.2. Plastic hinge approach 230 4.2.3. Elastic-hardening constitutive law and local softening collapse: Wood’s paradox 235 4.2.4. Elastic-hardening constitutive law and non-local local softening collapse 238 4.3. Bending moment-curvature relationship for buckling and postbuckling of reinforced concrete columns 242 4.3.1. A continuum damage mechanics-based moment curvature relationship 242 4.3.2. Governing equations of the problem and numerical resolution 245 4.3.3. Second-order analysis – some analytical arguments 251 4.3.4. Postfailure of the non-local continuum damage mechanics column 258 Appendix 1. Cardano’s Method 267 A1.1. Introduction 267 A1.2. Roots of a cubic function – method of resolution 268 A1.2.1. Canonical form 268 A1.2.2. Resolution – one real and two complex roots 269 A1.2.3. Resolution – two real roots 271 A1.2.4. Resolution – three real roots 271 A1.3. Roots of a cubic function – synthesis 273 A1.3.1. Summary of Cardano’s method 273 A1.3.2. Resolution of a cubic equation – example 274 A1.4. Roots of a quartic function – principle of resolution 275 Appendix 2. Steel Reinforcement Table 277 Bibliography 279 Index 293

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Book SynopsisSeismic Retrofit of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings Understand the complexities and challenges of retrofitting building infrastructure Across the world, buildings are gradually becoming structurally unsound. Many were constructed before seismic load capacity was a mandatory component of building standards, and were often built with low-quality materials or using unsafe construction practices. Many more are simply aging, with materials degrading, and steel corroding. As a result, efforts are ongoing to retrofit existing structures, and to develop new techniques for assessing and enhancing seismic load capacity in order to create a safer building infrastructure worldwide. Seismic Retrofit of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings provides a thorough book-length discussion of these techniques and their applications. Balancing theory and practice, the book provides engineers with a broad base of knowledge from which to approach real-world seismic assessments and retrofitting projeTable of ContentsForeword by Rui Pinho xvii Acknowledgments xvix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General 1 1.2 Why Do Old RC Buildings Need Strengthening? 3 1.3 Main Differences Between Assessment and Design Methodologies 4 1.4 Whom Is this Book For? 7 1.5 Main Standards for the Seismic Evaluation of Existing Structures 8 References 12 2 Know Your Building: The Importance of Accurate Knowledge of the Structural Configuration 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 What Old RC Buildings Are Like 16 2.2.1 Lack of Stirrups 17 2.2.2 Unconventional Reinforcement in the Members 18 2.2.3 Large, Lightly Reinforced Shear Walls or Lack of Shear Walls 19 2.2.4 Lap Splices 22 2.2.5 Corrosion 22 2.2.6 Geometry: Location of Structural Members 25 2.2.7 Geometry: Bad Alignment of the Columns 25 2.2.8 Geometry: Arbitrary Alterations During Construction or During the Building’s Lifetime 26 2.2.9 Bad Practices with Respect to the Mechanical and Electrical Installations 26 2.2.10 Soft Ground Stories 28 2.2.11 Short Columns 28 2.2.12 Different Construction Methods 30 2.2.13 Foundation Conditions 30 2.2.14 Discussion 32 2.2.15 One Final Example 34 2.3 How Come Our Predecessors Were So Irresponsible? 34 2.4 What the Codes Say – Knowledge Level and the Knowledge Factor 36 2.5 Final Remarks 39 References 39 3 Measurement of Existing Buildings, Destructive and Nondestructive Testing 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Information Needed for the Measured Drawings 41 3.3 Geometry 44 3.4 Details – Reinforcement 46 3.5 Material Strengths 52 3.6 Concrete Tests – Destructive Methods 54 3.7 Concrete Tests – Nondestructive Methods, NDT 55 3.7.1 Rebound Hammer Test 56 3.7.2 Penetration Resistance Test 56 3.7.3 Pull-Off Test 57 3.7.4 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test, UPV 57 3.8 Steel Tests 58 3.9 Infill Panel Tests 58 3.10 What Is the Typical Procedure for Monitoring an Existing Building? 59 3.11 Final Remarks 61 References 62 4 Methods for Strengthening Reinforced Concrete Buildings 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Literature Review 64 4.3 Reinforced Concrete Jackets 67 4.3.1 Application 67 4.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 74 4.3.3 Design Issues: Modeling, Analysis, and Checks 76 4.4 Shotcrete 77 4.4.1 Introduction 77 4.4.2 Dry Mix vs. Wet Mix Shotcrete 79 4.4.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Shotcrete 80 4.4.4 What Is It Actually Called – Shotcrete or Gunite? 81 4.4.5 Materials, Proportioning, and Properties 81 4.4.5.1 Cement 81 4.4.5.2 Pozzolans 82 4.4.5.3 Silica Fume 82 4.4.5.4 Aggregates 82 4.4.5.5 Water 83 4.4.5.6 Fiber Reinforcement 83 4.4.5.7 Chemical Admixtures and Accelerators 85 4.4.5.8 Reinforcing Steel 85 4.4.6 Mix Proportions for the Dry-Mix Process 85 4.4.7 Equipment and Crew 86 4.4.7.1 Dry-Mix Process 86 4.4.7.2 Wet-Mix Process 87 4.4.8 Curing and Protection 87 4.4.9 Testing and Evaluation 88 4.5 New Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls 89 4.5.1 Application 89 4.5.2 Foundation Systems of New Shear Walls 97 4.5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 98 4.5.4 Design Issues: Modeling and Analysis 98 4.6 RC Infilling 99 4.6.1 Application 99 4.6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 100 4.7 Steel Bracing 101 4.7.1 Application 101 4.7.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 105 4.7.3 Design Issues: Modeling, Analysis, and Checks 106 4.8 Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) 106 4.8.1 FRP Composite Materials 106 4.8.2 FRP Composites in Civil Engineering and Retrofit 107 4.8.3 FRP Composite Materials 109 4.8.4 FRP Wrapping 110 4.8.5 FRP Laminates 115 4.8.6 Near Surface Mounted FRP Reinforcement 119 4.8.7 FRP Strings 120 4.8.8 Sprayed FRP 122 4.8.9 Anchoring Issues 123 4.8.10 Advantages and Disadvantages of FRP Systems 123 4.8.11 Design Issues 125 4.9 Steel Plates and Steel Jackets 127 4.9.1 Advantages and Disadvantages 130 4.9.2 Design Issues 131 4.10 Damping Devices 131 4.11 Seismic Isolation 133 4.11.1 Type of Base Isolation Systems 136 4.11.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 138 4.11.3 Design Issues 138 4.12 Selective Strengthening and Weakening Through Infills 139 4.13 Strengthening of Infills 141 4.13.1 Glass or Carbon FRPs 142 4.13.2 Textile Reinforced Mortars TRM 143 4.13.3 Shotcrete 145 4.14 Connecting New and Existing Members 145 4.14.1 Design Issues 147 4.15 Strengthening of Individual Members 148 4.15.1 Strengthening of RC Columns or Walls 148 4.15.2 Strengthening of RC Beams 149 4.15.3 Strengthening of RC Slabs 153 4.15.4 Strengthening of RC Ground Slabs 154 4.16 Crack Repair – Epoxy Injections 157 4.17 Protection Against Corrosion, Repair Mortars, and Cathodic Protection 158 4.18 Foundation Strengthening 160 4.19 Concluding Remarks Regarding Strengthening Techniques 163 4.20 Evaluation of Different Seismic Retrofitting Solutions: A Case Study 164 4.20.1 Building Configuration 164 4.20.2 Effects of the Infills on the Structural Behavior 170 4.20.3 Strengthening with Jacketing 175 4.20.4 Strengthening with New RC Walls (Entire Building Height) 177 4.20.5 Strengthening with New RC Walls (Ground Level Only) 182 4.20.6 Strengthening with Braces 189 4.20.7 Strengthening with FRP Wrapping 192 4.20.8 Strengthening with Seismic Isolation 195 4.20.9 Comparison of the Methods 198 References 200 5 Criteria for Selecting Strengthening Methods – Case Studies 221 5.1 Things Are Rarely Simple 221 5.2 Criteria for Selecting Strengthening Method 222 5.3 Basic Principles of Conceptual Design 224 5.4 Some Rules of Thumb 226 5.5 Case Studies 231 5.5.1 Case Study 1: Seismic Upgrade of a Five-Story Hotel 232 5.5.2 Case Study 2: Seismic Upgrade of a Four-Story Hotel 236 5.5.3 Case Study 3: Seismic Upgrade of a Four-Story Hotel 237 5.5.4 Case Study 4: Seismic Upgrade of a Three-Story Residential Building 241 5.5.5 Case Study 5: Seismic Upgrade of a Three-Story Residential Building for the Addition of Two New Floors 241 5.5.6 Case Study 6: Seismic Strengthening of an 11-Story Building 244 5.5.7 Case Study 7: Seismic Strengthening of a Five-Story Building 247 5.5.8 Case Study 8: Seismic Strengthening of a Three-Story Building 247 5.5.9 Case Study 9: Strengthening a Building Damaged by a Severe Earthquake 248 5.5.10 Case Study 10: Strengthening of an 11-Story Building 251 5.5.11 Case Study 11: Strengthening of a Two-Story Building with Basement 253 5.5.12 Case Study 12: Strengthening of a Weak Ground Story with FRP Wraps 255 5.5.13 Case Study 13 (Several Examples): Strengthening of RC Slabs 257 5.5.14 Case Study 14: Strengthening of a Ground Slab 260 5.5.15 Case Study 15: Strengthening of Beam That Has Failed in Shear 260 5.5.16 Case Study 16: Demolition and Reconstruction of a RC Beam 260 5.5.17 Bonus Case Study 1: Strengthening of an Industrial Building 261 5.5.18 Bonus Case Study 2: Strengthening of an Industrial Building 262 5.5.19 Bonus Case Study 3: Strengthening of a Residential Building 263 References 268 6 Performance Levels and Performance Objectives 269 6.1 Introduction 269 6.1.1 Selection of Performance Objectives in the Design of New Buildings 269 6.1.2 Selection of Performance Objectives in the Assessment of Existing Buildings 270 6.2 Seismic Assessment and Retrofit Procedures 270 6.2.1 Seismic Assessment Procedures 270 6.2.2 Seismic Retrofit Procedures 271 6.3 Understanding Performance Objectives 272 6.3.1 Target-Building Performance Levels 272 6.3.1.1 Structural Performance Levels 273 6.3.1.2 Nonstructural Performance Levels 276 6.3.1.3 Target Building Performance Levels 279 6.3.2 Seismic Hazard Levels 280 6.3.3 Performance Objectives 282 6.3.4 Eurocode 8, Part 3, and Other Standards 284 6.3.5 The Rationale for Accepting a Lower Performance Level for Existing Buildings 286 6.4 Choosing the Correct Performance Objective 287 References 289 7 Linear and Nonlinear Methods of Analysis 291 7.1 Introduction 291 7.2 General Requirements 294 7.2.1 Loading Combinations 294 7.2.2 Multidirectional Seismic Effects 295 7.2.3 Accidental Torsional Effects 295 7.3 Linear Static Procedure 296 7.4 Linear Dynamic Procedure 296 7.5 Nonlinear Structural Analysis 298 7.5.1 Nonlinear Structural Analysis in Engineering Practice 298 7.5.2 Challenges Associated with Nonlinear Analysis 300 7.5.3 Some Theoretical Background 301 7.5.3.1 Introduction 301 7.5.3.2 Sources of Nonlinearity 301 7.5.3.3 Solving Nonlinear Problems in Structural Analysis 302 7.5.3.4 Convergence Criteria 305 7.5.3.5 Numerical Instability, Divergence, and Iteration Prediction 306 7.5.4 Implications from the Basic Assumptions of Nonlinear Analysis 307 7.5.5 How Reliable Are Numerical Predictions from Nonlinear Analysis Methods? 309 7.5.6 Final Remarks on Nonlinear Analysis 310 7.6 Nonlinear Static Procedure 311 7.6.1 Pushover Analysis 311 7.6.2 Information Obtained with Pushover Analysis 312 7.6.3 Theoretical Background on Pushover Analysis 313 7.6.4 Target Displacement 314 7.6.5 Applying Forces vs. Applying Displacements 316 7.6.6 Controlling the Forces or the Displacements 317 7.6.6.1 Load Control 317 7.6.6.2 Response Control 318 7.6.7 Control Node 318 7.6.8 Lateral Load Patterns 319 7.6.9 Pushover Analysis Limitations 319 7.7 Nonlinear Dynamic Procedure 320 7.7.1 Information Obtained with Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis 322 7.7.2 Selecting and Scaling Accelerograms 322 7.7.2.1 Natural Scaled and Matched Accelerograms 324 7.7.2.2 Artificial and Synthetic Accelerograms 326 7.7.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis 327 7.8 Comparative Assessment of Analytical Methods 328 7.8.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Analytical Methods 328 7.8.2 Selection of the Best Analysis Procedure for Structural Assessment 329 References 330 8 Structural Modeling in Linear and Nonlinear Analysis 333 8.1 Introduction 333 8.2 Mathematical Modeling 333 8.3 Modeling of Beams and Columns 334 8.3.1 Material Inelasticity 334 8.3.2 Geometric Nonlinearities 336 8.3.3 Modeling of Structural Frame Elements 337 8.3.3.1 Concentrated Plasticity Elements 338 8.3.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Concentrated Plasticity Models 339 8.3.3.3 Distributed Plasticity Elements – Fiber Modeling 339 8.3.3.4 Types of Distributed Plasticity Elements 340 8.3.3.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Distributed Plasticity Models 341 8.3.3.6 Considerations Regarding the Best Frame Model for Structural Members 342 8.4 Modeling of Shear Walls 344 8.5 Modeling of Slabs 345 8.6 Modeling of Stairs 347 8.7 Modeling of Infills 348 8.7.1 A Simple Example: Infilled Frame vs. Bare Frame 349 8.7.2 Another Example: Partially Infilled Frame (Soft Story) vs. Bare Frame 351 8.7.3 Problems in the Modeling of Infills 354 8.8 Modeling of Beam-Column Joints 356 8.9 Modeling of Bar Slippage 358 8.10 Shear Deformations 359 8.11 Foundation Modeling 359 8.12 How Significant Are Our Modeling Decisions? 359 References 360 9 Checks and Acceptance Criteria 363 9.1 Introduction 363 9.2 Primary and Secondary Members 364 9.3 Deformation-Controlled & Force-Controlled Actions 365 9.4 Expected Vs. Lower-Bound Material Strengths 366 9.5 Knowledge Level and Knowledge Factor 368 9.6 Capacity Checks 369 9.6.1 Capacity Checks for Linear Methods – ASCE 41 369 9.6.1.1 Component Demands 369 9.6.1.2 Component Capacities 370 9.6.2 Capacity Checks for Nonlinear Methods – ASCE 41 372 9.6.2.1 Component Demands 372 9.6.2.2 Component Capacities 372 9.6.3 Capacity Checks for Linear Methods – Eurocode 8, Part 3 372 9.6.3.1 Component Demands 372 9.6.3.2 Component Capacities 372 9.6.4 Capacity Checks for Nonlinear Methods – Eurocode 8, Part 3 374 9.6.4.1 Component Demands 374 9.6.4.2 Component Capacities 374 9.7 Main Checks to Be Carried Out in an Assessment Procedure 374 9.7.1 Bending Checks 375 9.7.1.1 Eurocode Framework (EC8: Part 1 and EC8: Part 3) – Nonlinear Methods 375 9.7.1.2 US Framework (ASCE 41 and ACI 318) – Nonlinear Methods 376 9.7.2 Shear Checks 376 9.7.2.1 Eurocodes Framework (EC8, Part 1, and EC8, Part 3) 376 9.7.2.2 US Framework (ASCE 41 and ACI 318) 378 9.7.3 Beam-Column Joints 378 References 378 10 Practical Example: Assessment and Strengthening of a Six-Story RC Building 381 10.1 Introduction 381 10.2 Building Description 381 10.3 Knowledge of the Building and Confidence Factor 383 10.3.1 Geometry 383 10.3.2 Reinforcement 383 10.3.3 Material Strengths 384 10.4 Seismic Action and Load Combinations 386 10.5 Structural Modeling 387 10.6 Eigenvalue Analysis 391 10.7 Nonlinear Static Procedure 393 10.7.1 Lateral Load Patterns 393 10.7.2 Selection of the Control Node 394 10.7.3 Capacity Curve and Target Displacement Calculation 394 10.7.4 Safety Verifications 398 10.7.5 Chord Rotation Checks 398 10.7.6 Example of the Calculation of Chord Rotation Capacity 399 10.7.7 Shear Checks 400 10.7.8 Example of the Calculation of Shear Capacity 401 10.7.9 Beam-Column Joint Checks 403 10.7.10 Example of the Checks for Beam-Column Joints 403 10.8 Strengthening of the Building 406 10.8.1 Strengthening with Jackets 406 10.8.2 Designing the Interventions 407 10.8.3 Deliverables 415 10.8.4 Strengthening with Shear Walls 415 References 421 Appendix A Standards and Guidelines 423 A.1 Eurocodes 423 A.1.1 Performance Requirements 423 A.1.1.1 Limit State of Near Collapse (NC) 423 A.1.1.2 Limit State of Significant Damage (SD) 423 A.1.1.3 Limit State of Damage Limitation (DL) 423 A.1.2 Information for Structural Assessment 424 A.1.2.1 KL1: Limited Knowledge 424 A.1.2.2 KL2: Normal Knowledge 424 A.1.2.3 KL3: Full Knowledge 425 A.1.2.4 Confidence Factors 425 A.1.3 Safety Factors 425 A.1.4 Capacity Models for Assessment and Checks 425 A.1.4.1 Deformation Capacity 425 A.1.4.2 Shear Capacity 428 A.1.4.3 FRP Wrapping 429 A.1.5 Target Displacement Calculation in Pushover Analysis 429 A.1.5.1 Transformation to an Equivalent Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) System 430 A.1.5.2 Determination of the Idealized Elasto-Perfectly Plastic Force-Displacement Relationship 430 A.1.5.3 Determination of the Period of the Idealized Equivalent SDOF System 431 A.1.5.4 Determination of the Target Displacement for the Equivalent SDOF System 431 A.1.5.5 Determination of the Target Displacement for the MDOF System 432 A.2. ASCE 41-17 432 A.2.1 Performance Requirements 432 A.2.1.1 Performance Level of Operational Level (1-A) 433 A.2.1.2 Performance Level of Immediate Occupancy (1-B) 433 A.2.1.3 Performance Level of Life Safety (3-C) 433 A.2.1.4 Performance Level of Collapse Prevention (5-D) 433 A.2.2 Information for Structural Assessment 433 A.2.2.1 Minimum Knowledge 434 A.2.2.2 Usual Knowledge 434 A.2.2.3 Comprehensive Knowledge 434 A.2.3 Safety Factors 434 A.2.4 Capacity Models for Assessment and Checks 434 A.2.4.1 Deformation Capacity 435 A.2.4.2 Shear Capacity 435 A.2.4.3 FRP Wrapping 441 A.2.5 Target Displacement Calculation in the Nonlinear Static Procedure 441 A.2.5.1 Determination of the Idealized Elasto-Perfectly Plastic Force-Displacement Relationship 443 A.2.5.2 Determination of the Fundamental Period 444 References 444 Appendix B Poor Construction and Design Practices in Older Buildings 445 B.1 Stirrup Spacing 445 B.2 Lap Splices 445 B.3 Member Alignment 445 B.4 Pipes inside RC Members 445 B.5 Bad Casting of Concrete 449 B.6 Footings 449 Appendix C Methods of Strengthening 455 C.1 Reinforced Concrete Jackets 455 C.2 New Shear Walls 465 C.3 Fiber-Reinforced Polymers 468 C.3.1 FRP Wrapping of Columns 468 C.3.2 FRP Fabrics in Slabs 473 C.3.3 FRP Wraps for Shear Strengthening 473 C.3.4 FRP Laminates 476 C.3.5 FRP Strings 482 C.4 Steel Braces 485 C.5 Steel Jackets 487 C.6 Steel Plates 488 C.7 Infills 491 C.8 Foundations 493 C.9 Dowels and Anchorages 500 C.10 Demolition with Concrete Cutting 502 C.11 Reinforcement Couplers 506 C.12 Epoxy Injections 507 Index 509

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Book SynopsisThe third edition of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete continues to be the most comprehensive text for engineering students, instructors and practising engineers. Theoretical and practical aspects of analysis and design are presented in a clear, easy-to-follow manner and are complemented by numerous illustrative and design examples to aid students'' comprehension of complex concepts. This edition has been fully updated to reflect recent amendments and addenda to the Australian Standard for Concrete Structures AS36002009 and allied standards. Two new chapters, covering T-beams, irregular-shaped sections and continuous beams, and strut-and-tie modelling have been added as discrete modules to enhance the progression of topics. Additional information is provided on fire resistance, detailing and covering, long-term deflection and design for torsion. An expanded collection of end-of-chapter tutorial problems consolidate student learning and develop problem-solving skills. Reinforced and PTable of ContentsPart I. Reinforced Concrete: 1. Introduction; 2. Design properties of materials; 3. Analysis and design of rectangular beams for bending; 4. T-beams and irregular-shaped sections; 5. Deflection of beams and crack control; 6. Ultimate strength design for shear; 7. Ultimate strength design for torsion; 8. Bond and stress development; 9. Slabs; 10. Columns; 11. Walls; 12. Footings, pile caps and retaining walls; 13. Strut-and-tie modelling of concrete structures; Part II. Prestressed Concrete: 14. Introduction to prestressed concrete; 15. Critical stress stat analysis of beams; 16. Critical stress state design of beams; 17. Ultimate strength analysis of beams; 18. End blocks for prestressing anchorages; Appendices.

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Book SynopsisSets out basic theory for the behavior of reinforced concrete structural elements and structures in considerable depth. Emphasizes behavior at the ultimate load, and, in particular, aspects of the seismic design of reinforced concrete structures. Based on American practice, but also examines European practice.Table of ContentsThe Design Approach. Stress-Strain Relationships for Concrete and Steel. Basic Assumptions of Theory for Flexural Strength. Strength of Members with Flexure. Strength of Members with Flexure and Axial Load. Ultimate Deformation and Ductility of Members with Flexure. Strength and Deformation of Members with Torsion. Bond and Anchorage. Service Load Behavior. Strength and Ductility of Frames. Shear Walls of Multistory Buildings. The Art of Detailing.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook describes the design of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures according to the latest advances both in the field of materials, concrete and steel, and in the field of structural analysis. These advances have been included in current version of Eurocode 2, which is taken as reference. All subjects are presented starting from their theoretical bases and passing to corresponding EC2 formulations. A large part of the book is concerned with the most innovative EC2 parts, like nonlinear structural analyses, second-order effects, punching and strut-and-tie models. The textbook is equipped with numerous worked examples, useful for the reader who is not familiar with the design of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures by the Limit State Method. Examples have been chosen among the most frequent cases of the professional practice. Thanks to this structure, it can be of interest both to structural designers for their professional training and to students of engineering and architecture schools for their studies. The volume contains twelve chapters, which follow the same structure of EC2, except for chapter 6 (dealing with prestressed concrete structures), which does not match any chapter of EC2, as prestressed concrete is considered in EC2 as a particular case of reinforced concrete, and corresponding formulations are shed over different chapters.Table of ContentsGeneral structural design criteria.- Materials.- Durability and cover to reinforcement.- Structural analysis.- Analysis of second order effects with axial load.- Prestressed concrete.- Ultimate limit state for bending with or without axial force.- Shear and torsion at ultimate limit state.- Punching shear.- Strut and tie models.- Serviceability limit states (SLS).- Detailing of reinforcement and structural members for buildings.- Tables and Diagrams.

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Book SynopsisUsed in floors, roofs, ceilings, roadways, and walls, and in almost every built structure, reinforced concrete is concrete that has been combined with another substance (often steel) to enhance its strength.Table of ContentsBasis of Elastic Theory Analysis. Results of Elastic Theory Analysis. Background of 1971 and 1995 ACI Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Slab Design. General Lower Bound Limit Analysis and Design. Design by the Strip Method and Other Equilibrium Methods. Basis of Yield Line Theory. Design by Yield Line Theory. Serviceability of Slabs. Shear Strength of Slabs. Prestressed Concrete Slabs. Membrane Action in Slabs. Fire Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Slabs. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis Fifth Edition maintains the basic Ferguson approach in which design procedures stem from and provide the basis for a clear understanding of the behavior of reinforced concrete. Behavior of reinforced concrete members and assemblages at every load stage is illustrated with illustrations and photos, and calculation models that relate to the physical behaviors are provided to help students and practitioners recognize and assess various design situations. To avoid confusion, many of the examples now use customary or English units, rather than SI units as in the Fourth Edition. This edition conforms to the technical changes in the ''83 and ''86 revisions to the ACI Building Code. In this edition, service load analysis of stresses, computuations of deflection and distribution of reinforcement to control crack widths have been incorporated with the sections that treat analysis and design of flexural members. Material relating to seismic design has been revised and expanded, and more emphTable of ContentsIntroduction. Materials. Flexural Analysis and Serviceability of Beams. Design for Flexure. Shear and Torsion. Axial Load Plus Bending--Short Columns. Slender Columns. Development and Slicing of Reinforcement. Continuous Beams and One-Way Slabs. Detailing of Joints. Limit Design. Two-Way Slabs on Stiff Beams. Yield Line Theory for Slabs. Strip Method for Slab Design. Flat Plates and Flat Slabs. Interaction of Two-Way Slab Systems with Beams and Columns. Distribution of Concentrated Loads and Other SpecialProblems. Cantilever Retaining Wall Design. Footings. Prestressed Concrete Analysis. Composite Beams. Shear Walls. Detailing for Seismic Resistance. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book, based on proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Structures, includes contributions on current research in composite design, fire engineering, light gauge construction, advanced structural analysis, concrete filled tubes and seismic retrofit.Table of ContentsComposite 1. Partial interaction behaviour of continuous composite steel-concrete beams 2. Evaluation of finite elements for the study of the ultimate behaviour of steel-concrete composite beams 3. Effects of partial shear connection in semi-continuous composite beams 4. Double skin composite panels subject to static and impact loads 5. Local and post-local buckling of steel-concrete composite panels under combined states of stresses 6. Shear resisting mechanism and shear strength equation for full and open sandwich beams 7. Experimental behaviour of composite beams under hogging bending 8. Modeling of semi-rigid composite joints 9. Systemic improvements to structural steel decking 10. Built-up columns encased in concrete 11. Testing elements of moment resisting connections for composite frames 12. Ultimate shear strength of perforated rib shear connector 13. Web-side-plate steel and composite framing connections 14. Development of bolted end plate connections for steel reinforced concrete composite structures 15. Experimental study on steel-concrete composite plate girders 16. Experiments on prestressed concrete decks in two-girder composite bridges 17. Girders with corrugated steel webs: Buckling modes and numerical modelling 18. Experimental study on open box bridges with precast decks 19. A study on global and local behavior in continuous composite girder bridge and its analysis by multi-scale method 20. Analysis of variability of the long-term deflection of a new kind of composite bridge deck 21. Fatigue durability of composite girder bridge with channel-shaped precast PC deck slabs 22. Advances in prestressed concrete bridges with external prestressing Concrete filled tubes 23. Research study on the structural performance of concrete filled steel tubular beam-columns 24. Locally unstable tubular columns with concrete in-fill 25. Interaction buckling of concrete filled columns using high strength steel 26. Structural behavior of slender steel tubular columns infilled with fiber reinforced concrete 27. Experimental study on concrete filled double tubular steel columns under axial loading 28. Concrete filled steel tubes: Determination and visualization of cross-section behavior 29. Investigation into the behavior of a novel steel section for concrete filled tubular columns under axial and cyclic loadings 30. Tests and mechanics model for concrete-filled double skin steel tubular stub columns 31. Recent developments in concrete-filled steel tubular structures in China 32. Rapid development of CFST arch bridges in China 33. The advantages of concrete filled steel tubes (CFST) applied in residential buildings 34. Behavior of steel beam to circular CFT column connections 35. Load-deformation relations of diaphragm-stiffened connections between H-shaped beams and circular CFT columns 36. A moment-rotation curve for CFT square columns and steel beams according to reliability analysis 37. A moment-rotation curve for CFT square columns and steel beams 38. Flexibility of beam to column connections in hollow construction 39. Strengthen behaviour of reinforcing bar in CFT structures 40. Eccentricity ratio effects on the behavior of eccentrically loaded CFST columns 41. Equation of ultimate N-M interaction curve of circular CFT column 42. Eccentrically loaded high strength concrete-filled square steel tubes Concrete 43. Design of RC solids using stress analysis 44. Mesomechanical model for the fracture process of concrete 45. Properties of adjusted density high-performance concrete 46. Parametric study on the computational behaviour of hollow beams designed using the Direct Design Method - numerical factors 47. Effect of longitudinal steel on ductility of a R.C. flexural member: A direct approach 48. Slab cracking control in composite decks by means of fractionated castings 49. Bond test of lapped rebars and concrete: Some preliminary results 50. Effects of high strength concrete and reinforcement on column slenderness 51. Examination of cover spalling in high strength columns 52. Behavior of high-strength concrete columns subjected to blast loading 53. Shrinkage cracking in restrained reinforced concrete members 54. Time-dependent cracking and deformation in reinforced concrete structures - a numerical model 55. Numerical simulation of performance of concrete structures as a function of service time 56. Tensile creep study of repair material at early age 57. Non-conventional structural forms for concrete sludge digesters 58. Behaviour of fibre reinforced RPC deep panels 59. Additional CFRP non-prestressed reinforcement in concrete structures Seismic 60. Experiments and analytical simulation of bare-type CFT column bases 61. The effect of cyclic loading on the bond strength of concrete plugs embedded in tubular steel piles 62. Seismic retrofit for rectangular R/C columns by steel and CF jackets 63. The influence of distribution of masonry infill panels on the seismic response of R.C. framed structures 64. Study on behavior of twin-column RCFT pier under horizontal cycling load 65. Rectangular reinforced concrete columns subjected to simulated seismic displacements 66. Nonlinear seismic response of reinforced concrete structures 67. Strength and deformation characteristics of slender SRC beam-column frames 68. Importance of composite steel concrete structures in earthquake resistant design - a critical review 69. An advanced seismic protection technology: The damped cable system 70. Energy limit method for strength design of reinforced concrete beams 71. Seismic behavior of steel encased reinforced concrete beam-columns 72. Method of judging collapse of SRC and RC columns failed by shear and axial force 73. Experimental behaviour of end plate minor-axis steel and composite joints under cyclic loading 74. Application of rational end cross members consisting of composite structure for seismic restrainers in earthquake to steel girder bridges 75. Large scale tests on composite beam-to-column connections under cyclic loading 76. Behavior of bare type column base connection in steel reinforced concrete structures 77. Study on two types of joints of steel-concrete composite beam and reinforced concrete column 78. Cyclic analysis of PR steel frames with composite reinforced concrete infill walls 79. Influence of partially-restrained connections on the overall seismic behavior of steel-concrete composite frames: A mechanical modeling approach 80. Analytical design model for seismic shear strength of beam-column joints in reinforced concrete buildings 81. Earthquake resistance performance of flexible-stiff mixed structure for effective use of high-strength steel 82. Seismic behaviour and design procedures for steel V-braced frames 83. Probabilistic displacement-based seismic design of SDOF system 84. Seismic torsional response of single-storey steel structures with flexible roof diaphragms 85. Cyclic behavior of buckling-restrained brace members - numerical study and experiment 86. Brittle fracture of beam-column welded joints containing defects 87. Reliability of full-strength end-plate connections: Design criteria and Monte Carlo simulation 88. Experimental study on the cyclic behavior of bolted end-plate connections 89. Seismic performance of multi-story frames incorporating composite shear walls 90. Seismic behavior of composite shear walls failed in overturning collapse mechanism 91. The cyclic response of reinforced concrete shear walls 92. Damage analysis of reinforced concrete panels under cyclic shear 93. Seismic performance of cold-formed steel framed houses with wall-stud shear walls Retrofitting 94. Strengthening steel sections using carbon fibre reinforced polymers laminates 95. Flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams retrofitted using CFRP strips 96. Experimental study on seismic retrofit for existing R/C building by using CHS bracing 97. Ductility improvement mechanism of concrete columns by wrapping of FRP sheets

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Book SynopsisPrecast concrete and reinforced concrete are two common building materials and both are used in areas where seismic effects must be considered when designing and constructing buildings. This book provides cutting-edge guidance on designing seismicresistant structures built with precast and reinforced concrete.Table of ContentsPreface. Nomenclature. Introduction. Chapter 1. Basic Concepts. 1.1 Ductility - A System Behavior Enhancer. 1.2 Confinement - A Component Behavior Enhancement. 1.3 Shear. Chapter 2. Component Behavior and Design. 2.1 Beams. 2.2 The Beam Column. 2.3 Beam-Column Joints. 2.4 Shear Dominated Systems. Chapter 3. Systems Design. 3.1 Shear Wall Braced Buildings. 3.2 Frame Braded Buildings. 3.3 Diaphragms. 3.4 Design Process Overview. Chapter 4. Design Confirmation. 4.1 Response of Shear Wall Braced Buildings to Ground Motion. 4.2 Frame Braced Buildings. 4.3 Behavior Imponderables. Index.

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Book SynopsisEncouraging creative uses of reinforced concrete, Principles of Reinforced Concrete Design draws a clear distinction between fundamentals and professional consensus. It presents a mixture of fundamentals along with practical methods and provides the basic concepts required for designing reinforced concrete (RC) structures, emphasizing principles based on mechanics, experience, and experimentation, while encouraging practitioners to consult their local building codes. It includes applications for both building and bridge structural design, and it is applicable worldwide, as it is not dependent upon any particular codes. This new edition includes updated material on slabs, ranging from pragmatic recommendations to detailed solutions based on mechanics and geometry. New examples, illustrations, and exercises have also been added to aid instructors and students. SI units have also been added to help broaden the reach of the bookâs coverage. Contains concise coverage that can be taught in one semester. Underscores the fundamental principles of behavior. Provides students with an understanding of the principles upon which codes are based. Assists in navigating the labyrinth of ever-changing codes. Fosters an inherent understanding of design.

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Materials and Mechanics of Bending, Concrete Slab Systems and Gravity Load Distribution in Concrete Slab Systems 2. Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Beams and Slabs: Tension Steel Only, Slabs-on-Grade 3. Reinforced Concrete Beams: T-Beams and Doubly Reinforced Beams 4. Shear and Torsion in Beams, and Corbels and Brackets 5. Development, Splices, and Simple Bar Cut-offs, Structural Integrity Reinforcement 6. Continuous Construction Design Considerations 7. Serviceability: Deflections, Cracking, and Floor Vibrations 8. Structural Walls — Retaining Walls, Basement Walls, Bearing Walls, and Shear Walls 9. Columns: Axial Load plus Bending, Biaxial Bending, and Slender Columns 10. Foundations: Spread Footings, Strip Footings, Combined Footings, Eccentrically Loaded Footings, Strap Footings 11. Prestressed Concrete Fundamentals 12. Concrete Formwork 13. Detailing Reinforced Concrete Structures 14. Practical Considerations in the Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings

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Book SynopsisThis book is intended to establish a bridge between the GB 50010, Fib MC2010, BS 8110 and ACI 318 or EC2. The respective pros and cons of different theories and methods according to various standards are compared or analyzed. Undergraduate and graduate students, foreign exchange students of international classes at Chinese universities who desire to work in China, or who are willing to work abroad in the field of civil engineering can benefit from the book. As such, this book provides valuable knowledge and useful design methods based on the different theories or guidelines.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. Mechanical Behaviour of Materials.- Chapter 3. Limit State Design.- Chapter 4. Steel Reinforced Concrete Beams.- Chapter 5. Diagonal Section Strength subjected to Bending.- Chapter 6. Torsion Members.- Chapter 7. Compression Members – Columns.- Chapter 8. Tension Members.- Chapter 9. Limit State of Serviceability.- Chapter 10. Girder-Beam-Slab System.- Chapter 11. Prestressed Concrete.

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: The Design Process Chapter 3: Materials Chapter 4: Flexure: Behavior and Normal Strength of Beam Sections Chapter 5: Flexural Design of Beam Sections Chapter 6: Shear in Beams Chapter 7: Torsion Chapter 8: Development, Anchorage, and Splicing of Reinforcement Chapter 9: Serviceability Chapter 10: Continuous Beams and One-Way Slabs Chapter 11: Columns: Combined Axial Load and Bending Chapter 12: Slender Columns Chapter 13: Two-Way Slabs: Behavior, Analysis, and Design Chapter 14: Two Way Slabs: Elastic and Yield-Line Analyses Chapter 15: Footings Chapter 16: Shear Friction, Horizontal Shear Transfer, and Composite Concrete Beams Chapter 17: Discontinuity Regions and Strut-and-Tie Models Chapter 18: Walls and Shear Walls Chapter 19: Design for Earthquake Resistance Appendix A: Design Aids Appendix B: Notation Index

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Book SynopsisHigh strength fibre composites (FRPs) have been used with civil structures since the 1980s, mostly in the repair, strengthening and retrofitting of concrete structures. This has attracted considerable research, and the industry has expanded exponentially in the last decade. Design guidelines have been developed by professional organizations in a number of countries including USA, Japan, Europe and China, but until now designers have had no publication which provides practical guidance or accessible coverage of the fundamentals. This book fills this void. It deals with the fundamentals of composites, and basic design principles, and provides step-by-step guidelines for design. Its main theme is the repair and retrofit of un-reinforced, reinforced and prestressed concrete structures using carbon, glass and other high strength fibre composites. In the case of beams, the focus is on their strengthening for flexure and shear or their stiffening. The main interest with columns is tTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Constituent Materials 3. Fabrication Techniques 4. Common Repair Systems 5. Flexure: Reinforced Concrete 6. Flexure: Prestressed Concrete 7. Shear in Beams 8. Columns 9. Load Testing

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Book SynopsisThis established and popular textbook has now been extensively rewritten and expanded in line with the current Eurocodes. It presents the principles of the design of concrete elements and also the design of complete structures, and provides practical illustrations of the theory. It explains the background to the Eurocode rules and goes beyond the core topics to cover the design of foundations, retaining walls, water retaining structures.Reinforced Concrete Design to Eurocodes includes more than sixty worked out design examples and over six hundred diagrams, plans and charts. The chapters are fully revised to the Eurocodes and the most commonly encountered design problems in structural concrete are covered.It is written for students on civil engineering degree courses and undergraduate level and higher levels, and is also a useful reference for practising engineers. Trade Review"The fourth edition of Reinforced Concrete Design to Eurocodes is a radical rewrite of a student classic; this edition has been brought up to date by its strong link to the Eurocodes and the design processes within them. The Eurocodes are strongly based on conceptual modes and this book provides an excellent way of understanding the background and derivation, allowing a researcher to be able to see exactly how a new research topic may fit into practice. As a student text, this work is systematic and thorough, and is likely to provide a relevant and useful source of reference during the development of a design-based career. …Dr Bhatt has done great service in bringing this classic – from its first edition in 1978, now to the fourth revision – completely up to date."—Magazine of Concrete Research"The main strengths of this publication are the illustration of key concepts and approaches with numerous worked examples. … The contents deal with the fundamental material required for students of structural design. Additionally, more in-depth coverage of structure-specific design is presented which will be of benefit to practicing engineers. … This book presents the fundamentals of reinforced concrete behavior and design to the Eurocodes in a clear and concise manner. All the key concepts and design procedures are well illustrated with worked examples and as such the content will be invaluable to students of structural design. The in-depth coverage of specific applications such as water retaining structures, make this book a useful reference for practicing engineers. …" ––Dr Lee Cunningham, Lecturer, University of Manchester School of Mechanical, Aerospace & Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, UK"I do not know of an equivalent textbook that has the scope of this one. …The list of topics is very comprehensive. …This would be a very good book to recommend for a course in the structural design of concrete. …This book is a one stop shop for the structural design of concrete structures - the book for structural concrete designers to have 'at their elbow' and students to have to when learning about the design of concrete structure. I know of no other book that covers such a range of topics including: water retaining structures, comprehensive treatment of the Strut-tie method with a link to finite element output. Proper background to design of statically indeterminate structures with a proper treatment of joint rotation capacity, comprehensive treatment of: yieldline method, Hillerborg's strip method, design using elastic stress fields, etc and the design of whole structure as opposed to individual elements only. …The explanations of the theory are clearly expressed and there are lots of good examples. Of special importance are the examples that cover complete systems and components rather than just single topics." ––Iain MacLeod, Emeritus Professor, University of Strathclyde, UKTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Materials, Structural Failures and Durability 3. Limit State Design and Structural Analysis 4. Section Design for moment 5. Shear, bond and torsion 6. Servicability limit state checks, deflection and cracking 7. Simply Supported Beams 8. Reinforced Concrete Slabs 9. Columns 10. Walls in Buildings 11. Foundations 12. Retaining Walls 13. Design of Statically Indeterminate Structures 14. Reinforced Concrete Framed Buildings 15. Tall Buildings 16. Prestressed Concrete 17. Design of Structures Retaining Aqueous Liquids

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Book SynopsisConcise Guide to Reinforced Concrete Design to Eurocode 2 explains the principles of limit state design in Eurocode 2 by means of simple worked examples of reinforced concrete design.

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Book SynopsisBILL MOSLEY was formerly Senior Teaching Fellow at the School of Civil and Structural Engineering at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.RAY HULSE was formerly Associate Dean, Faculty of Engineering and Computing, Coventry University, UK.JOHN BUNGEY is Emeritus Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Liverpool, UK.Trade ReviewOn the 6th edition: 'Reinforced Concrete Design is a well-written update to a popular text book. It is comprehensive and will be a useful resource for students and practitioners alike.' Civil Engineering 'Well written, well presented. Good use of worked examples.' Philip Garrison, Department of Civil Engineering, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK 'Nice book with good examples and illustrations. Liked by students.' Dr Messaoud Saidani, School of Science and the Environment, Coventry University, UK 'Excellent text for all levels of undergraduate reinforced concrete design courses.' Dr Clare Wood, Faculty of Engineering, Swansea University, UKTable of ContentsNotation Introduction to design and Properties of Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design Analysis of the Structure at the Ultimate Limit State Analysis of the Section Shear, Bond and Torsion Serviceability, Durability and Stability Requirements Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs Column Design Foundations and Retaining Walls Prestressed Concrete Water Retaining Structures Composite Construction.

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Book SynopsisThis undergraduate textbook presents a comprehensive guide to the design of reinforced concrete structures in accordance with the latest edition of the American Concrete Institute code, ACI 318-25, and adopting SI units throughout. It combines fundamental theory with practical design methodology, using clear language, a logical structure, and code-based calculation procedures. As well as the core topics it includes chapters on torsion, serviceability, and staircases. It features over seventy fully worked examples, detailed reinforcement layouts consistent with ACI provisions, and end-of-chapter problems and learning outcomes. It highlights current code provisions, best practices in detailing, and design compliance.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the latest research development on fibre reinforced cementitious materials, especially those related to ageing and durability. The book forms the Proceedings of the International Symposium held at Sheffield in July 1992, the latest in a series of RILEM symposia on this subject, organised by RILEM Technical Committee 102-AFC Ageing and Durability to Fibre Cement Composites.Trade Review"This book provides a comprehensive updating on recent research and development into these materials from over 100 leading specialists from all parts of the world." - Concrete AbstractsTable of ContentsPreface. Keynote papers: Fibre reinforced concrete - where do we go from here? - B I G Barr, UK. Performance driven design of fibre reinforced cementitious composites - V C Li, USA. "From forest to factory to fabrication" - R S P Coutts, Australia. Part titles: New fibres, fabrication, early age and strength properties. Engineering properties, dynamic behaviour. Fracture behaviour. Modelling. Structural behaviour. Applications. Ageing and durability. Special fibres, natural fibres. Synthetic fibres and reinforcement. Ferrocement. Author index. Subject index.

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Book SynopsisConcrete is the most used building material. Its main component, cement, however, accounts production- related for up to 10 % of global CO2 emissions and is therefore a major contributor to human-induced climate change. Due to its low tensile strength, concrete must be further enhanced in tension with adequate reinforcement, such as steel. Producing the latter therefore additionally impacts the environment. Consequently, reducing the material amount for design and construction of structures, thus lowering material- and transport-induced emissions, represents a key element to climate protection. In this context, meeting the essential requirements ? sustainability, serviceability, durability ? is yet indispensable. The book presents innovative optimization aided design methods for concrete structures. Mathematical optimization is applied to practical problems of structural concrete at each level: from external, through internal structure identification to cross-section design. It is shown how to design resource-efficient structures following the flux of forces, how to optimally adapt reinforcement layouts to the internal force flow, and how to efficiently cope with demanding cross-sectional design tasks such as biaxial bending. The optimization aided design methods are discussed in detail and described vividly. They are independent of standards, concrete material (normal to ultra-high performance) and reinforcement type (steel fibers to carbon bars), thus universally applicable. The book illustrates the different approaches with numerous figures and calculation examples. Existing applications in structural engineering are presented to demonstrate the potential of optimization aided design concepts, including ultra-lightweight hybrid beams, thin concrete solar collectors, and improved reinforcement layouts for tunnel lining segments.Trade ReviewThere is hardly a topic among building professionals that is discussed more intensively than sustainable construction. (?) In view of the continuing increase in the world's population, we will not build less, but more. Contrary to this, we need to radically limit resource consumption and CO2 emissions. It is obvious that in the future, building will have to be completely different, not just marginally, but fundamentally. (?) The methods, procedures and calculations described in this book represent an important step towards a kind of building that has little to do with the way we know it today. And this is a good thing. (Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing. E. h. Manfred Curbach in his foreword.) The introduction of state-of-the-art optimization methods [to concrete design] and the resulting minimum-material component shapes, which also have a minimized need for reinforcing steel (?), promote construction with concrete that is characterized by considerable material savings and thus considerable emission savings for the same utility value and durability. Supported by clearly understandable descriptions and a large number of examples, readers will find their way around quickly and easily. This makes it much easier to understand the subject matter, which is not always simple. This book provides a significant contribution to establishing a new foundation for building with concrete, this wonderful building material for everyone and for almost everything. (Prof. em. Dr. Dr. E. h. Dr. h. c. Werner Sobek in his foreword.)Table of ContentsForeword Preface Acknowledgments Acronyms List of Examples 1 INTRODUCTION 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 2.1 Basic Principles 2.2. Verification Concept 2.3 Safety Concept 2.4 Materials 2.5 Load-bearing Behavior 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 3.1 Structural Optimization Approaches 3.2 Problem Statement 3.3 Lagrange Function 3.4 Sensitivity Analysis 3.5 Solution Methods 4 IDENTIFICATION OF STRUCTURES 4.1 One-material Structures 4.2 One-material Stress-biased Structures 4.3 Bi-material Structures 4.4 Examples 4.5 Applications 5 INTERNAL FORCE FLOW 5.1 Preliminaries 5.2 Continuum Topology Optimization (CTO) Approach 5.3 Truss Topology Optimization (TTO) Approach 5.4 Continuum-Truss Topology Optimization (CTTO) Approach 5.5 Examples 5.6 Applications 6 DESIGN OF CROSS-SECTIONS 6.1 Problem Statement 6.2 Equilibrium Iteration 6.3 Sectional Optimization 6.4 Solving 6.5 Parameterization 6.6 Examples BIBLIOGRAPHY

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