Description
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsList of Figures and Tables
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Authors
1 Introduction and Theoretical Framework
History and Women’s Political Interests
Women’s Representation
Part I: Women’s Paths to Power
2 Women’s Paths to Power
Women in Social Movements and Interest Groups
Early Women Activists and the Fight for Suffrage
Feminism, the Second Wave (1960s-Present)
The Rebirth of the Feminist Movement
The Emergence of the Older and Younger Branches of the Feminist Movements
The Equal Rights Amendment
Women and Interest Groups
Conservative Women’s Groups Fight Back
Reinvigoration of the Feminist Movement and Conservative Women’s Activism
Conclusion
3 The Gender Gap in Elections and Public Opinion
Courting the Women’s Vote: The Early Years
The Emergence of the Modern Gender Gap
The Gender Gaps: Voting Trends Across Different Groups of Women
Issues That Explain the Gender Gap
Courting the Women’s Vote in a Competitive Political Climate
Does the Gender Gap Bring Women Political Power?
Do Women Vote for Women?
Hillary Clinton and the Women’s Vote
Conclusion
4 Gender and the Decision to Run for Office
A Confidence Gap: Women Underestimate Their Political Abilities
Political Parties’ Efforts to Incorporate Women
Family Constraints
Symbolic Representation: Does It matter if Women Run for Office?
Conclusion
5 Women on the Campaign Trail
Challenges on the Campaign Trail
Voter Stereotypes About Female Candidates
Media Coverage of Female Candidates
Female Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates
Navigating Gender on the Campaign Trail: The 2016 Elections
Conclusion
Part II: Women in Power
6 Women in Local Politics and Government
Descriptive Representation: Women Serving in Local Government
The Numbers: Women as Mayors and Local Executives
The Numbers: Women on City and County Councils
The Numbers: Women Serving as School Board Members, Clerks, Sheriffs, and Other Local Officers
What Determines Women’s Representation in Such Offices?
Local Office as Stepping Stones: Filling the Pipeline?
Substantive Representation: Does Having Women in Local Government Matter?
Women as Political Actors Outside of Government
Conclusion
7 Women in Congress and the State Legislatures
Women and Representation
Women’s Representation in Legislative Bodies Around the World
Women’s Representation in Congress and the State Legislatures across Time
The Advancement of Women in Congress
Women in Congress and State Legislatures: A Distinctive Impact on Policy?
Party, Ideology, and Constituent Interests
Race, Ethnicity, and Social Class
Institutional Position
Gender, Race, and Institutional Norms
Critical Mass and Policy Influence
Women in Leadership
Conclusion
8 Women in the Executive Branch
Women’s Access to the Executive Branch: Masculinity, Power, and the Executive Branch
Descriptive Representation
Presidential and Gubernatorial Cabinets
Career Civil Service/State and Local Bureaucracies
Linking Descriptive and Substantive Representation: Do Women Make a Difference?
Challenges to Providing Substantive Representation
Power and Leadership Style
Conclusion
9 Women in the Judiciary
Why the Courts are Important
Women in the Judiciary
Women on the Supreme Court
O’Connor, Ginsburg, and Beyond: Gender and the Supreme Court
Women in the State Judiciary
The Difference Women Judges Make
Do Women Judges Use A “Different Voice”?
Empirical Studies: The Impact of Sex on JurisprudenceGender and the Supreme Court: Why Gender MattersBeyond the Essentialist Argument: Why Gender Still Matters
Conclusion
Appendix A: “Declaration of Sentiments” and “Resolutions”
Adopted by the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848
Appendix B: National Organization for Women’s Bill of Rights
and Redstockings Manifesto
References
Index
