Description
Book SynopsisVitamins in Animal and Human Nutrition contains concise, up-to-date information on vitamin nutrition for both animals and humans. The author defines these nutrients and describes their fascinating discovery, history and relationship to various diseases and deficiencies. Discussion of vitamins also includes their chemical structure, properties and antagonists; analytical procedures; metabolism; functions; requirements; sources; supplementation and toxicity. Vitamin-like substances, essential fatty acids and vitamin supplementation considerations are also examined.
This book will be useful worldwide as a textbook and as an authoritative reference for research and extension specialists, feed manufacturers, teachers, students and others. It provides a well-balanced approach to both animal and clinical human nutrition and compares chemical, metabolic and functional aspects of vitamins and their practical and applied considerations. A unique feature of the book is it
Table of Contents
Preface xv
1. Introduction and Historical Considerations
Definition of Vitamins 3
Classification of Vitamins 4
Vitamin Nomenclature 5
Vitamin Requirements 6
Vitamin Occurrence 7
History of the Vitamins 7
References 13
2. Vitamin A
Introduction 15
History 16
Chemical Structure and Properties 18
Analytical Procedures 21
Metabolism 22
Functions 28
Requirements 39
Natural Sources 43
Deficiency 48
Supplementation 69
B-Carotene Function Independent of Vitamin A 75
Toxicity 78
References 82
3. Vitamin D
Introduction 91
History 91
Chemical Structure Properties and Antagonists 94
Analytical Procedures 95
Metabolism 97
Functions 103
Requirements 111
Natural Sources 115
Deficiency 117
Supplementation 134
Toxicity 140
References 147
4. Vitamin E
Introduction 155
History 155
Chemical Structure and Properties 157
Analytical Procedures 160
Metabolism 161
Functions 164
Requirements 170
Natural Sources 174
Deficiency 178
Supplementation 207
Toxicity 216
References 217
5. Vitamin K
Introduction 227
History 227
Chemical Structure Properties and Antagonists 229
Analytical Procedures 231
Metabolism 232
Functions 235
Requirements 239
Natural Sources 242
Deficiency 244
Supplementation 254
Toxicity 258
References 259
6. Thiamin
Introduction 265
History 265
Chemical Structure Properties and Antagonists 267
Analytical Procedures 269
Metabolism 269
Functions 271
Requirements 274
Natural Sources 278
Deficiency 280
Supplementation 301
Toxicity 305
References 305
7. Riboflavin
Introduction 311
History 311
Chemical Structure Properties and Antagonists 312
Analytical Procedures 314
Metabolism 315
Functions 317
Requirements 321
Natural Sources 324
Deficiency 326
Supplementation 340
Toxicity 342
References 342
8. Niacin
Introduction 347
History 347
Chemical Structure Properties and Antagonists 350
Analytical Procedures 350
Metabolism 351
Functions 355
Requirements 357
Natural Sources 360
Deficiency 362
Supplementation 376
Toxicity 379
References 380
9. Vitamin B6
Introduction 385
History 385
Chemical Structure Properties and Antagonists 386
Analytical Procedures 388
Metabolism 389
Functions 391
Requirements 394
Natural Sources 397
Deficiency 399
Supplementation 409
Toxicity 412
References 413
10. Pantothenic Acid
Introduction 419
History 419
Chemical Structure Properties and Antagonists 420
Analytical Procedures 422
Metabolism 423
Functions 424
Requirements 426
Natural Sources 429
Deficiency 430
Supplementation 439
Toxicity 441
References 441
11. Biotin
Introduction 445
History 445
Chemical Structure Properties and Antagonists 446
Analytical Procedures 448
Metabolism 448
Functions 450
Requirements 452
Natural Sources 454
Deficiency 455
Supplementation 471
Toxicity 474
References 475
12. Folacin
Introduction 479
History 480
Chemical Structure Properties and Antagonists 481
Analytical Procedures 484
Metabolism 485
Functions 487
Requirements 490
Natural Sources 494
Deficiency 495
Supplementation 512
Toxicity 515
References 516
13. Vitamin B12
Introduction 523
History 523
Chemical Structure Properties and Antagonists 526
Analytical Procedures 528
Metabolism 529
Functions 532
Requirements 535
Natural Sources 538
Deficiency 540
Supplementation 555
Toxicity 558
References 559
14. Choline
Introduction 565
History 565
Chemical Structure and Properties 566
Analytical Procedures 567
Metabolism 568
Functions 571
Requirements 574
Natural Sources 576
Deficiency 578
Supplementation 588
Toxicity 592
References 592
15. Vitamin C
Introduction 597
History 597
Chemical Structure Properties and Antagonists 600
Analytical Procedures 601
Metabolism 602
Functions 604
Requirements 609
Natural Sources 611
Deficiency 613
Supplementation 627
Toxicity 633
References 634
16. Carnitine
Introduction 641
History 641
Chemical Structure and Properties 641
Analytical Procedures 642
Metabolism 642
Functions 644
Requirements 645
Natural Sources 646
Deficiency 647
Supplementation 653
Toxicity 655
References 655
17. Vitamin-like Substances
Introduction 659
Myo-Inositol (Inositol) 660
Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) 666
p-Aminobenzoic Acid (PABA) 667
Flavonoids (Polyphenols) 668
Lipoic Acid (Thioctic Acid) 669
Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinones) 669
Vitamin B13 (Orotic Acid) 670
Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid) 670
Vitamin B17 (Laetrile) 670
Vitamin H3 (Gerovital) 671
Vitamin U (Cabagin) 671
Glucose Tolerance Factor 671
Other Vitamin-like Factors 671
References 673
18. Essential Fatty Acids
Introduction 675
History 675
Chemical Structure and Properties 676
Analytical Procedures 678
Metabolism and Functions 679
Requirements 689
Natural Sources 693
Deficiency 695
Supplementation 704
Toxicity 708
References 708
19. Vitamin Supplementation
Introduction 713
Factors Resulting in Inadequate Dietary Intakes of Vitamins 714
Factors Affecting Vitamin Requirements and Utilization 720
Optimum Vitamin Allowances 723
Vitamin Supplementation Most Needed by Livestock 727
Vitamin Supplementation for Humans 732
Providing Vitamin Supplements 735
Formulating Vitamin Premixes 741
References 742
Appendix: Vitamin Requirements of Livestock and Humans; Feed Composition; Metric Conversions
A1a: Vitamin Requirements for Ruminants and Horses 748
A1b: Vitamin Requirements for Monogastric Animals 750
A1c: Vitamin Requirements for Humans 756
A2: Composition of Important Feeds 758
A3: Metric Weights and Measures with Customary Equivalents 762
Index 763
