Description
Book Synopsis1 Structure of Glycoproteins and their Oligosaccharide Units.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Isolation and Structural Analysis of Glycopeptides.- 3. Glycopeptides Containing Oligosaccharides Linked O-Glycosidically to the Peptide.- 4. Glycopeptides Containing the N-Acetylglucosaminyl-Asparagine Linkage.- 5. Role of Oligosaccharides in Glycoprotein Synthesis.- 6. References.- 2 The Function of Saccharide-Lipids in Synthesis of Glycoproteins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Dolichol.- 3. Monoglycosyl Derivatives of Dolichol Phosphate.- 4. Assembly of Oligosaccharide-Lipids.- 5. Transfer of Oligosaccharide Chains to Endogenous Membrane Proteins.- 6. Transfer of the Oligosaccharide Chains from Oligosaccharide-Lipids to Exogenous, Soluble Proteins.- 7. A Model for Glycosylation of Membrane and Secretory Glycoproteins.- 8. Regulation of Glycoprotein Synthesis.- 9. Inhibitors of Glycosylation.- 10. References.- 3 Mammalian Glycosyltransferases: Their Role in the Synthesis and Function of Complex Carbohydrates a
Table of Contents1 Structure of Glycoproteins and their Oligosaccharide Units.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Isolation and Structural Analysis of Glycopeptides.- 2.1. Methods for Isolation of Glycopeptides.- 2.2. Methods Used in Determination of Oligosaccharide Structure.- 3. Glycopeptides Containing Oligosaccharides Linked O-Glycosidically to the Peptide.- 3.1. Oligosaccharides Linked through N-Acetylgalactosamine to Serine and Threonine.- 3.2. Oligosaccharides Linked to Serine and Threonine through Sugars Other Than N-Acetylgalactosamine.- 3.3. Oligosaccharides Linked to the Hydroxyl Group of Hydroxylysine and Hydroxyproline.- 4. Glycopeptides Containing the N-Acetylglucosaminyl-Asparagine Linkage.- 4.1. Structure of the Core Region.- 4.2. Structure of “Simple”-Type Oligosaccharides.- 4.3. Structure of “Complex”-Type Oligosaccharides.- 4.4. Structure of the Oligosaccharide-Lipid Intermediate.- 5. Role of Oligosaccharides in Glycoprotein Synthesis.- 6. References.- 2 The Function of Saccharide-Lipids in Synthesis of Glycoproteins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Dolichol.- 3. Monoglycosyl Derivatives of Dolichol Phosphate.- 3.1. Mannosylphosphoryldolichol and N-Acetylglucosaminyl-pyrophosphoryldolichol.- 3.2. Other Glycosyl Polyprenol Derivatives.- 4. Assembly of Oligosaccharide-Lipids.- 5. Transfer of Oligosaccharide Chains to Endogenous Membrane Proteins.- 6. Transfer of the Oligosaccharide Chains from Oligosaccharide-Lipids to Exogenous, Soluble Proteins.- 6.1. Existence of a Tripeptide Acceptor Sequence.- 6.2. In Vitro Glycosylation of Denatured Soluble Proteins.- 7. A Model for Glycosylation of Membrane and Secretory Glycoproteins.- 8. Regulation of Glycoprotein Synthesis.- 9. Inhibitors of Glycosylation.- 9.1. In Vivo Effects of Deoxy Sugars on Protein Glycosylation.- 9.2. Effect of Deoxy Sugars on the Secretion of Glycoproteins.- 9.3. Effect of Deoxy Sugars on Virus Replication.- 9.4. In Vitro Effect of Deoxy Sugars on Protein Glycosylation.- 9.5. Fluorodeoxy Sugars.- 9.6. Amino Sugars.- 9.7. Bacitracin.- 9.8. Tunicamycin.- 10. References.- 3 Mammalian Glycosyltransferases: Their Role in the Synthesis and Function of Complex Carbohydrates and Glycolipids.- A 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Sugar Nucleotides and Transglycosylation.- 1.2. Glycosyltransferases: General Comments.- 2. Glycosyltransferases Involved in Elongation of N-Glycosidically Linked Oligosaccharides of the N-Acetyllactosamine type.- 2.1. Processing of Protein-Bound Oligosaccharide Prior to Elongation.- 2.2. N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases and Control of Elongation.- 2.3. Fucosyltransferases.- 2.4. Galactosyltransferases.- 2.5..- 2.6. The Golgi Apparatus as the Major Subcellular Site of Elongation.- 3. Glycosyltransferases Involved in Synthesis of O-Glycosidically Linked Oligosaccharides.- 3.1. Synthesis of Serine(Threonine)-N-Acetyl-D-Galactosamine Linkage.- 3.2. Synthesis of Submaxillary Gland Mucins.- 3.3. Synthesis of Human Blood Group Oligosaccharides.- B 1. Introduction.- 2. New Gangliosides.- 3. Occurrence and Subcellular Distribution.- 4. Gangliosides as Membrane Components.- 5. Biosynthesis and Degradation.- 6. Effect of Cell Transformation on Ganglioside Synthesis.- 7. Gangliosides in Development and Differentiation.- 8. Gangliosides as Membrane Receptors for Toxins and Hormones.- 9. References.- 4 Surface Carbohydrate Alterations of Mutant Mammalian Cells Selected for Resistance to Plant Lectins.- 1. Selection of Cells with Altered Surface Carbohydrate.- 2. Biochemical Basis of a Surface Carbohydrate Alteration.- 3. Genetic and Biochemical Properties of Glt1? CHO Cells.- 3.1. Localization of the Mutated Gene Product.- 3.2. Altered Membrane Properties.- 4. Surface Carbohydrate Alterations of Other Lectin-Resistant (LecR) Cell Lines.- 4.1. Ricin-Resistant (RicR) Mouse L Cells.- 4.2. Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Resistant (WgaR) CHO Cells.- 4.3. Concanavalin A-Resistant (ConAR) CHO Cells.- 5. Membrane Properties of LecR Cells Possessing Specific Carbohydrate Alterations.- 5.1. Lectin Binding and Cytotoxicity.- 5.2. Lectin Agglutination and Capping.- 5.3. Membrane Glycoproteins and Glycolipids.- 6. Properties of Other LecR Cell Lines.- 7. Mechanisms of Lectin Cytotoxicity.- 8. Glycosylation Mutants Selected Without the Use of Lectins.- 9. Concluding Remarks.- 10. References.- 5 Alterations in Glycoproteins of the Cell Surface.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Growth-Dependent Changes in Asparagine-Linked Oligosaccharides of Membrane Glycoproteins.- 2.1. Glycopeptides of Class B.- 2.2. Glycopeptides of Class A.- 3. Transformation-Dependent Changes in Asparagine-Linked Glycopeptides.- 3.1. Comparison Systems.- 3.2. Difference in Sialoglycopeptides (Class B Glycopeptides).- 3.3. Carbohydrate Content.- 3.4. Alterations and Relation to in Vitro and in VivoTumor Cells.- 3.5. Microheterogeneity in Oligosaccharides.- 3.6. Class A Glycopeptides.- 3.7. Changes in Oligosaccharides Derived from Single Glycoproteins.- 4. Changes in Serine- (Threonine-) Linked Oligosaccharides of Membrane Glycoproteins.- 5. Alterations in Glycosaminoglycans.- 6. Use of Endoglycosidases for Detecting Alterations in Cell Surface Glycopeptides.- 6.1. Class A and B Glycopeptides.- 6.2. Endoglycosidases Useful in Structural Analysis of Class C Glycopeptides.- 7. References.- 6 Carbohydrate Recognition Systems for Receptor-Mediated Pinocytosis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Galactose-Binding Receptor of Mammalian Hepatocytes.- 2.1. Development of the Problem.- 2.2. Binding by Plasma Membranes.- 2.3. Isolation of Binding Protein.- 2.4. Nature of the Binding Mechanism.- 2.5. Specificity of Binding.- 2.6. Circulating Asialoglycoproteins.- 2.7. Subcellular Loci of Binding Protein.- 2.8. Membrane Topology.- 2.9. Regeneration of Binding Protein.- 3. N-Acetylglucosamine-Binding Receptor of Avian Hepatocytes.- 3.1. Historical.- 3.2. Isolation of Binding Protein.- 3.3. Physical and Chemical Properties.- 3.4. Kinetics of Binding.- 3.5. Comparison of Avian N-Acetylglucosamine and Mammalian Galactose-Binding Proteins.- 4. Mannose-6-Phosphate Recognition System of Human Fibroblasts.- 4.1. Recognition of Lysosomal Enzymes—Historical.- 4.2. Recognition Signal.- 4.3. function.- 4.4. Generality.- 4.5. Binding Protein.- 5. Mannose/N-Acetylglucosamine Recognition System of Reticuloendothelial Cells.- 5.1. Clearance of Injected Lysosomal Enzymes.- 5.2. Recognition of Two Carbohydrate Termini.- 5.3. Isolation of a Binding Protein with Dual Specificity.- 5.4. Function.- 6. Fucose Recognition System of Mammalian Hepatocytes.- 7. Concluding Remarks.- 8. References.- 7 Structure and Metabolism of Connective Tissue Proteoglycans.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Structure of Proteoglycans and Their Polysaccharide Components.- 1.2. Mechanisms of Biosynthesis.- 1.3. Catabolic Pathways.- 2. Hyaluronic Acid.- 2.1. Structure of Hyaluronic Acid.- 2.2. Biosynthesis of Hyaluronic Acid.- 2.3. Catabolism of Hyaluronic Acid.- 3. Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans.- 3.1. Structure of Chondroitin Sulfates (Linkage Units 3-10).- 3.2. Aggregates of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans.- 3.3. Biosynthesis of Chondroitin Sulfate.- 3.4. Catabolism of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans.- 4. Keratan Sulfate.- 4.1. Structure of Keratan Sulfate.- 4.2. Biosynthesis of Keratan Sulfate.- 4.3. Catabolism of Keratan Sulfate.- 5. Heparin and Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans.- 5.1. Structure of Heparin.- 5.2. Biosynthesis of Heparin.- 5.3. Heparan Sulfate.- 5.4. Catabolism of Heparin and Heparan Sulfate.- 6. Dermatan Sulfate.- 6.1. Structure of Dermatan Sulfate.- 6.2. Biosynthesis of Dermatan Sulfate.- 6.3. Catabolism of Dermatan Sulfate.- 7. References.
