Description
Book SynopsisSugarcane has garnered much interest for its potential as a viable renewable energy crop. While the use of sugar juice for ethanol production has been in practice for years, a new focus on using the fibrous co-product known as bagasse for producing renewable fuels and bio-based chemicals is growing in interest.
Table of ContentsPreface, xiii
List of contributors, xv
Part I Sugarcane for biofuels and bioproducts
1 The sugarcane industry, biofuel, and bioproduct perspectives, 3
Ian M. O’Hara
1.1 Sugarcane – a global bioindustrial crop, 3
1.2 The global sugarcane industry, 5
1.2.1 Sugarcane, 5
1.2.2 Sugarcane harvesting and transport, 6
1.2.3 The raw sugar production process, 7
1.2.4 The refined sugar production process, 9
1.2.5 The sugar market, 11
1.3 Why biofuels and bioproducts?, 11
1.3.1 The search for new revenue, 11
1.3.2 Sugar, ethanol, and cogeneration, 12
1.3.3 Fiber-based biofuels and bioproducts, 13
1.3.4 Climate change and renewable products, 13
1.3.5 New industries for sustainable regional communities, 14
1.4 Sugarcane biorefinery perspectives, 14
1.4.1 The sugarcane biorefinery, 14
1.4.2 The sustainability imperative, 17
1.4.3 Future developments in biotechnology for sugarcane biorefineries, 18
1.5 Concluding remarks, 19
References, 20
2 Sugarcane biotechnology: tapping unlimited potential, 23
Sudipta S. Das Bhowmik, Anthony K. Brinin, Brett Williams and Sagadevan G. Mundree
2.1 Introduction, 23
2.2 History of sugarcane, sugarcane genetics, wild varieties, 24
2.3 Uses of sugarcane, 25
2.3.1 Food and beverages, 25
2.3.2 Biofuels and bioenergy, 26
2.3.3 Fibers and textiles, 26
2.3.4 Value-added products, 26
2.4 Sugarcane biotechnology, 26
2.4.1 Limitations of sugarcane biotechnology, 29
2.5 Improvement of sugarcane – breeding versus genetic modification through biotechnology, 29
2.6 Genetic modification of sugarcane, 30
2.7 Paucity of high-quality promoters, 32
2.8 Opportunities for GM-improved sugarcane, 32
2.9 Improved stress tolerance and disease resistance, 35
2.9.1 Stress tolerance, 35
2.9.2 Drought, 35
2.9.3 Salinity, 35
2.10 Naturally resilient plants as a novel genetic source for stress tolerance, 36
2.11 Disease resistance, 37
2.12 Industrial application of sugarcane, 39
2.13 How will climate change and expanded growing-region affect vulnerability to pathogens?, 40
2.14 Conclusion and perspectives, 41
References, 42
Part II Biofuels and bioproducts
3 Fermentation of sugarcane juice and molasses for ethanol production, 55
Cecília Laluce, Guilherme R. Leite, Bruna Z. Zavitoski, Thamires T. Zamai
and Ricardo Ventura
3.1 Introduction, 55
3.2 Natural microbial ecology, 56
3.2.1 Saccharomyces yeasts, 56
3.2.2 Wild yeasts, 58
3.2.3 Bacterial contaminants, 58
3.3 Yeast identification, 60
3.3.1 Identification of genetic and physiological phenotypes, 60
3.3.2 Molecular identification methods, 61
3.4 Cell surface and cell–cell interactions, 62
3.4.1 Dissolved air flotation, 62
3.4.2 Flocculation, 64
3.4.3 Biofilms, 65
3.5 Sugarcane juice and bagasse, 65
3.5.1 Harvesting of the sugarcane, 65
3.5.2 Reception and cleaning of sugarcane, 66
3.5.3 Juice extraction, 66
3.5.4 Juice clarification, 66
3.5.5 Juice concentration, 66
3.5.6 Quality of clarified juice, 67
3.6 Fermentation of juice and molasses, 67
3.6.1 Starters yeasts, 67
3.6.2 Raw materials used in fermentation, 67
3.6.3 The fermentation, 68
3.7 Cogeneration of energy from bagasse, 68
3.8 Bioreactors and processes, 69
3.8.1 Batch fermentation, 70
3.8.2 Fed-batch fermentation, 70
3.8.3 Multistage Stage Continuous Fermentation (MSCF) system, 72
3.9 Control of microbial infections, 73
3.10 Monitoring and controlling processes, 74
3.11 Concluding remarks and perspective, 76
Acknowledgments, 77
References, 77
4 Production of fermentable sugars from sugarcane bagasse, 87
Zhanying Zhang, Mark D. Harrison and Ian M. O’Hara
4.1 Introduction, 87
4.2 Bioethanol from bagasse, 88
4.3 Overview of pretreatment technologies, 90
4.4 Pretreatment of bagasse, 91
4.4.1 Dilute acid pretreatment, 91
4.4.2 Alkaline pretreatment, 92
4.4.3 Liquid hot water pretreatment, 93
4.4.4 Organosolv pretreatment, 94
4.4.5 Ionic liquid pretreatment, 97
4.4.6 SO2- and CO2-associated pretreatments, 98
4.5 Enzymatic hydrolysis, 99
4.6 Fermentation, 100
4.7 Conclusions and future perspectives, 102
References, 103
5 Chemicals manufacture from fermentation of sugarcane products, 111
Karen T. Robins and Robert E. Speight
5.1 Introduction, 111
5.2 The suitability of sugarcane-derived feedstocks in industrial fermentation processes, 114
5.2.1 Competing current applications of sugarcane products, 115
5.2.2 Use of sugarcane products in fermentations, 117
5.3 Metabolism and industrial host strains, 121
5.3.1 Metabolism of sucrose, 121
5.3.2 Metabolism of lignocellulose-derived sugars, 124
5.3.3 Optimization of strains and metabolism, 126
5.4 Bioprocess considerations, 127
5.5 Sugarcane-derived chemical products, 130
5.6 Summary, 132
References, 133
6 Mathematical modeling of xylose production from hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse, 137
Ava Greenwood, Troy Farrell and Ian M. O’Hara
6.1 Introduction, 137
6.2 Mathematical models of hemicellulose acid pretreatment, 139
6.2.1 Kinetic models of hemicellulose acid hydrolysis, 139
6.2.2 The Saeman kinetic model, 139
6.2.3 The biphasic model, 140
6.2.4 The polymer degradation equation, 143
6.2.5 Other mathematical considerations and models of hemicellulose acid hydrolysis, 146
6.3 A mathematical model of sugarcane bagasse dilute-acid hydrolysis, 150
6.4 Sensitivity analysis, 153
6.4.1 Experimental solids loadings and fitting the hard-to-hydrolyze parameter, 155
6.4.2 Hemicellulose chain length characteristics and the parameter fitting of ka and kb, 156
6.5 Conclusions, 159
References, 160
7 Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignin, 165
Kameron G. Dunn and Philip A. Hobson
7.1 Introduction, 165
7.2 A review of lignin alkaline hydrolysis research, 170
7.3 Hydrolysis in subcritical and supercritical water without an alkali base, 186
7.4 Solvolysis with hydrogen donor solvent formic acid, 188
7.5 Reported depolymerization pathways of lignin and lignin model compounds, 192
7.6 The solid residue product, 194
7.7 Summary – strategies to increase yields of monophenols, 195
7.7.1 Reaction temperature, 200
7.7.2 Reaction pressure, 201
7.7.3 Reaction time, 201
7.7.4 Lignin loading, 202
7.7.5 Alkali molarity, 202
7.7.6 Monomer separation, 202
7.7.7 Lignin structure, 202
References, 203
8 Conversion of sugarcane carbohydrates into platform chemicals, 207
Darryn W. Rackemann, Zhanying Zhang and William O.S. Doherty
8.1 Introduction, 207
8.1.1 Bagasse, 208
8.1.2 Biorefining, 208
8.2 Platform chemicals, 210
8.2.1 Furans, 212
8.2.2 Furfural, 212
8.2.3 HMF, 214
8.3 Organic acids, 214
8.3.1 Levulinic acid, 214
8.3.2 Formic acid, 218
8.4 Value of potential hydrolysis products, 218
8.5 Current technology for manufacture of furans and levulinic acid, 220
8.6 Technology improvements, 222
8.7 Catalysts, 223
8.7.1 Homogeneous catalysts, 223
8.7.2 Heterogeneous catalysts, 224
8.7.3 Levulinic acid, 224
8.8 Solvolysis, 226
8.9 Other product chemicals, 228
8.9.1 Esters, 228
8.9.2 Ketals, 228
8.9.3 Chloromethylfurfural, 229
8.9.4 GVL, 229
8.10 Concluding remarks, 230
References, 231
9 Cogeneration of sugarcane bagasse for renewable energy production, 237
Anthony P. Mann
9.1 Introduction, 237
9.2 Background, 238
9.3 Sugar factory processes without large-scale cogeneration, 243
9.4 Sugar factory processes with large-scale cogeneration, 249
9.4.1 Reducing LP steam heating requirements, 249
9.4.2 Reducing boiler station losses, 251
9.4.3 Increasing power generation efficiency, 253
9.4.4 A sugar factory cogeneration steam cycle, 254
9.5 Conclusions, 256
References, 257
10 Pulp and paper production from sugarcane bagasse, 259
Thomas J. Rainey and Geoff Covey
10.1 Background, 259
10.2 History of bagasse in the pulp and paper industry, 260
10.3 Depithing, 260
10.3.1 The need for depithing, 260
10.3.2 Depithing operation, 262
10.3.3 Character of pith, depithed bagasse, and whole bagasse, 264
10.3.4 Combustion of pith, 264
10.4 Storage of bagasse for papermaking, 266
10.5 Chemical pulping and bleaching of bagasse, 268
10.5.1 Digestion, 268
10.5.2 Black liquor, 269
10.5.3 Bleaching, 270
10.6 Mechanical and chemi-mechanical pulping, 271
10.7 Papermaking, 272
10.7.1 Fiber morphology, 272
10.7.2 Suitability of bagasse for various paper grades, 273
10.7.3 Physical properties, 274
10.7.4 Effect of pith on paper production, 275
10.8 Alternate uses of bagasse pulp, 276
References, 277
11 Sugarcane-derived animal feed, 281
Mark D. Harrison
11.1 Introduction, 281
11.1.1 The anatomy of the sugarcane plant, 282
11.1.2 Sugarcane production, processing, and sugar refining, 282
11.1.3 Scope of the chapter, 284
11.2 Crop residues and processing products, 285
11.2.1 Whole sugarcane, 285
11.2.2 Tops and trash, 286
11.2.3 Bagasse, 288
11.2.4 Molasses, 288
11.2.5 Sugarcane juice, 290
11.3 Processing sugarcane residues to enhance their value in animal feed, 290
11.3.1 Ensilage/microbial conditioning, 291
11.3.2 Chemical conditioning, 293
11.3.3 Physical processing (baling, pelletization, depithing), 296
11.3.4 Pretreatment, 296
11.4 Conclusions, 300
References, 300
Part III Systems and sustainability
12 Integrated first- and second-generation processes for bioethanol production from sugarcane, 313
Marina O. de Souza Dias, Otávio Cavalett, Rubens M. Filho and Antonio Bonomi
12.1 Introduction, 313
12.2 Process descriptions, 315
12.2.1 First-generation ethanol production, 315
12.2.2 Second-generation ethanol production, 317
12.2.3 Cogeneration in integrated first- and second-generation ethanol production from sugarcane, 320
12.2.4 Some aspects of the process integration, 321
12.3 Economic aspects of first- and second-generation ethanol production, 323
12.4 Environmental aspects of first- and second-generation ethanol production, 325
12.5 Final remarks, 328
References, 328
13 Greenhouse gas abatement from sugarcane bioenergy, biofuels, and biomaterials, 333
Marguerite A. Renouf
13.1 Introduction, 333
13.2 Life cycle assessment (LCA) of sugarcane systems, 335
13.2.1 Overview of LCA and carbon footprinting, 335
13.2.2 Past LCA and carbon footprint studies of sugarcane bioproducts, 337
13.3 Greenhouse gas/carbon footprint profile of sugarcane bioproducts, 339
13.3.1 Land use change, 339
13.3.2 Sugarcane production, 340
13.3.3 Sugarcane biorefining, 342
13.3.4 Downstream phases, 343
13.4 Greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement from sugarcane products, 343
13.4.1 Comparing sugarcane products with fossil fuel products, 343
13.4.2 Influence of land-use change, 344
13.4.3 Comparing sugarcane with other biomass feedstock, 345
13.4.4 Attributes for GHG abatement, 348
13.5 Environmental trade-offs, 349
13.5.1 Land use and associated environmental services, 349
13.5.2 Water use, 350
13.5.3 Water quality, 350
13.5.4 Phosphorus depletion, 351
13.5.5 Balancing the GHG abatement benefits with the environmental trade-offs, 351
13.6 Production pathways that optimize GHG abatement, 352
13.6.1 Production basis (dedicated vs. coproduction), 352
13.6.2 Product outputs, 352
13.6.3 Land used, 354
13.7 Opportunities for further optimizing GHG abatement, 354
13.7.1 Ecoefficient sugarcane growing, 354
13.7.2 Utilization of harvest residues, 355
13.7.3 New sugarcane varieties, 355
13.8 Summary, 355
References, 356
14 Environmental sustainability assessment of sugarcane bioenergy, 363
Shabbir H. Gheewala, Sébastien Bonnet and Thapat Silalertruksa
14.1 Bioenergy and the sustainability challenge, 363
14.2 Prospect of sugarcane bioenergy, 364
14.3 Environmental sustainability assessment tools, 365
14.4 Environmental sustainability assessment of sugarcane bioenergy: Case of Thailand, 366
14.4.1 Background and policy context, 366
14.4.2 Sugarcane farming and production system, 366
14.4.3 Sugarcane farming and harvesting, 367
14.4.4 Sugarcane milling, 367
14.4.5 Ethanol conversion, 368
14.4.6 Transport, 368
14.5 Net energy balance and net energy ratio, 369
14.6 Life cycle environmental impacts, 369
14.7 Key environmental considerations for promoting sugarcane bioenergy, 372
References, 376
Index, 379
