Description
Book SynopsisTrade ReviewWinners of the 2016 Gladys M. Kammerer Award, American Political Science Association "Milner and Tingley provide a thorough examination of how presidential power in foreign policy is contingent on relations with domestic actors (Congress, interest groups, and the public). Their book is a welcome addition to the literature as the dominant assumption is that presidents are impervious to domestic pressure."--Choice
Table of ContentsList of Tables viii List of Figures ix Preface xi 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Motivation and Focus1 Core Contributions 6 What Is Foreign Policy? 7 Presidential Power in Foreign Policy 10 Overview of Our Theory 18 Implications for US Foreign Policy 21 Organization of the Book 27 Conclusion 30 2 A THEORY OF PRESIDENTIAL POWER AND US FOREIGN POLICY 33 Foreign Policy Instruments 35 Distributive Politics and US Foreign Policy 39 Political Ideology and the Extent of Ideological Divisions over US Foreign Policy 56 Connecting to Policy Substitution 67 Hypotheses: Presidential Influence and the Characteristics of Policy Instruments 69 Alternative Explanations 71 Conclusion 74 3 FOLLOW THE SAND DOLLARS: Interest Groups and American Foreign Policy Instruments 77 What Are Interest Groups and What Do They Do? 82 Testimony and Lobbying Data about Interest Groups across Foreign Policy Instruments 83 Interest Groups and International Engagement 85 Who Gets Lobbied? 104 Conclusion 119 4 FROM THE FLOOR TO THE SHORE: Budget Politics and Roll Call Voting on US Foreign Policy 121 When Do Presidents Get the Budgets They Request? 123 The Voting-Legislating Connection 129 Conclusion 153 5 CONTROLLING THE SAND CASTLE: The Design and Control of US Foreign Policy Agencies 157 Institutional Design 159 Analyzing Bureaucratic Control 162 Case Studies 168 Implications for Substitution 180 Conclusion 182 6 THE VIEW FROM THE PUBLIC BEACH: Presidential Power and Substitution in American Public Opinion 185 Public Opinion and Foreign Policy 186 Chapter Outline 188 The Role of the President: Information and Impact 189 Ideological Divisions and Substitution across Foreign Policy Instruments 196 Conclusion 206 7 AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY TOWARD SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, 1993-2009: A Case Study of Policy Instrument Politics and Substitution 209 Sub-Saharan Africa Policy (1993-2001): The Clinton Years 212 Sub-Saharan Africa Policy during the George W Bush Administration (2001-2009) 234 Conclusion 252 8 CONCLUSIONS 255 Our Argument and Findings 255 Important Implications for IR Theory 263 Domestic Politics, Foreign Policy, Polarization, and Bipartisanship 266 How Does Our Argument Apply to Other Countries? 267 Limitations and Future Research 269 Implications for American Foreign Policy 272 Works Cited 285 Index 319
