Description
Book SynopsisWhereas animals are a frequent depiction on gemstones within the Greek and Roman periods, and play a key role in symbolic representations on these engraved gems, they have generally been overlooked with little in the way of focussed academic study. In the present research, a large group of Greek and Roman gems (intaglios) bearing depictions of animals was selected. The gems are presented through a detailed study of the themes described in an attempt to form a comprehensive approach to the depictions of animals and their significance on Greek and Roman gems. The work examines the associations between animal depictions and the type of gemstone and its believed qualities. The study also discusses the changes in representation of animals on gems compared to other, larger media, and questions the significance of these changes. It is concluded here that as far as animal motifs are concerned, the gems could be accorded with a deeper symbolism, such as good luck, abundance and fertility, health, success, and victory. All these motifs are perceived as capable of weakening hostile forces. The animals engraved can also symbolise nature's abundance and fertility, especially when represented along with their offspring, pasturing and grazing, or accompanied by such fertility symbols as cornucopia, ears of corn, and wine goblets. Other animals are related to certain gods, and even comprise their attributes, and thus it was believed that the owner of an engraved gem was accorded divine protection.
Table of ContentsIntroduction; Engraved gems: a survey: 1. The Uses of Engraved Gems, 2. The materials used for ancient gems, 3. The themes depicted on gems, 4. References to gemstones in ancient literary sources, 5. Dating methods, 6. Carving technique, 7. Artists and workshops; Animal images and their meaning: Mammals, Cattle, Deer, Goats, Horses, Boars and sows, Predatory animals, Panthers, Lions, Birds, Birds of Prey, and Fowl, Eagles, Parrots, Roosters, Geese, Swans, Insects, Ants, Marine creatures, Dolphins, Seashells, Hybrids, Sphinx, Pegasus, Capricorn, Hippocamp, Gryllos (Hippalectryon); Interactions between animal depictions in various media and their depictions on gems; Associations between animal depictions and the type of gemstone and its believed qualities; Summary; Bibliography
