Description
Trade Review"The authors suggest that the endeavor of good speaking has a lot to do with being a responsible citizen in society. Public Speaking and Democratic Participation returns to this idea throughout and appropriately ties concepts back to this notion of taking responsibility for our communication. Throughout, the text offers good examples; it's well written and has a contemporary sensibility."--Lyn J. Freymiller, Penn State University "I am very intrigued and impressed by the approach that the authors take in this text and find most appealing their breadth of knowledge, substantive information and arguments, and the holistic way that they organically weave together public speaking, rhetorical discipline, and civic responsibility."--Scott Weiss, St. Francis College "The contemporary examples provide ample evidence that classical rhetorical theory is as meaningful today as it was for Quintilian."--Benjamin J. Cline, Western New Mexico University
Table of ContentsPreface: CHAPTER 1. Public Speaking as the Intersection of Rhetoric and Democracy RHETORIC AS A CIVIC ART THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RHETORIC AND DEMOCRACY Democratic Participation in the Assembly Public Critique in a Democracy RHETORIC AND DEMOCRACY ARE MUTUALLY REINFORCING Rhetoric Encourages Democracy Democracy Encourages Rhetoric Civic Rhetoric at the Local Level --Spotlight on Social Media: Twitter and Public Activism: Civic Rhetoric at the Global Level CHAPTER 2. The Landscape of Public Discourse and the Politics of Polarization THE PROBLEMS WITH PUBLIC COMMUNICATION The Public, the Public Sphere, and Public Discourse Growing Concerns about the State of Our Public Communication The Qualities of Unproductive Discourse OBSTACLES TO PRODUCTIVE COMMUNICATION The News Media Incivility as Strategy Marketing Ideas Rather Than Working toward Compromise Reluctant Participation in Democratic Processes CHANGING OUR PUBLIC COMMUNICATION: TOWARD PRODUCTIVE DISCOURSE Rethinking Public Discourse --Spotlight on Social Media: Keep it to Yourself? Politics on Facebook: Qualities of Productive Discourse UNPRODUCTIVE DISCOURSE AND THE ROLE OF SOCIAL PROTEST Social Hierarchy and Policing Discourse Social Protest as Political Strategy CHAPTER 3. The Ethics of Public Speaking ETHICS AND RHETORICAL ETHICS Ethical Codes Rhetorical Ethics THE ETHICS OF SPEECH PREPARATION The Deceptively Hard Work of Speech Preparation Speech Preparation as an Ethical Demand THE ETHICS OF SPEECH PERFORMANCE The Ethics of Public Influence Ethos and Five Ethical Practices of Public Communication Avoiding Plagiarism: Ethical Research: Practicing Ethical and Sound Reasoning: Ethical Language Use: Being Responsible for the Consequences of your Public Rhetoric: THE ETHICS OF LISTENING Active Listening Listening to Improve as a Speaker Qualities of Ethical Listening Ethical Listening Attitude: Listening to Comprehend and Retain Information: Listening for Message Evaluation: --Spotlight on Social Media: Ethical Listening in the Electronic Age: CHAPTER 4. Conducting Credible and Effective Research RESEARCH AS INQUIRY VERSUS STRATEGY TYPES OF SOURCES Yourself as a Resource Generalized Knowledge News --Spotlight on Social Media: Social Media Deliver and Shape the News: Scholarship and Trade Journals Books Government Documents Legal Documents Corporate Materials People's Opinions and Experiences INTERVIEWS Making a Contact Preparing for the Interview Conducting the Interview ACCESS SOURCES ONLINE Research Databases Specialized Search Engines Domain Name Labels Site-Specific Searches Simple and Advanced Field Searches Boolean Searches Searches Using Punctuation Marks Saving Sources from the Internet FOUR CRITERIA TO CONSIDER WHEN CHOOSING SOURCES Relevance Recency Credibility Bias DOCUMENTING YOUR SOURCES Oral Citations Bibliographies CHAPTER 5. Knowing and Adapting to Your Audience THE IMPORTANCE OF AUDIENCE AUDIENCE ANALYSIS Audience Analysis and Advertising Audience Analysis and the Ancients Contemporary Audience Analysis Demographic Factors: Limitations to Using Demographic Factors: Psychological Factors: Environmental Factors: AUDIENCE ADAPTATION It's Still Your Message Finding Common Ground Using Appropriate Language Adjusting Depth and Complexity of Content Appealing to Deeply Held Values Using Compelling Supporting Appeals Selecting Credible and Familiar Sources Adaptation, Not Manipulation --Spotlight on Social Media: Mitt Romney and the Challenges of the Unintended Audience: IMAGINING THE FUTURE TOGETHER CHAPTER 6. Organizing Your Public Presentation in a Clear and Compelling Manner THE PURPOSE OF ORGANIZATION Four Benefits of a Well-Organized Speech The Recursive Nature of Organization THESIS STATEMENTS: FRAMING A CLEAR PURPOSE A Thesis to Inform an Audience as They Prepare for Deliberation Damien's Draft Thesis: Damien's Revised Thesis: A Thesis for Persuasion: Advocating Community Involvement in Animal Welfare Ryan's Draft Thesis: Ryan's Revised Thesis: MAIN POINTS: THE BODY OF YOUR SPEECH Gorgias' Main Ideas Ryan's Main Ideas Your Main Ideas --Spotlight on Social Media: Twitter at Conference Presentations: PATTERNS OF ARRANGEMENT Categorical Arrangement Chronological Arrangement Spatial Arrangement Cause-Effect Arrangement Three Problem-Based Arrangements Problem - Solution Arrangement: Problem - Alternatives - Solution Arrangement: Problem - Cause - Solution - Solvency Arrangement: Refutative Arrangement Monroe's Motivated Sequence FRAMING WITH EFFECTIVE INTRODUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS The Functions of Introductions Get Attention: Raise a Need: Establish Credibility and Good Will: State Your Thesis or Focal Point: Preview the Body of the Speech: The Functions of Conclusions Summarize Your Main Points: Restate Your Thesis or Focal Point: Articulate Implications or Give Call to Action: End Decisively: CONNECTING SPEECH ELEMENTS Ideas for Writing Transitions and Signposts CHAPTER 7. Writing Effective Preparation and Presentation Outlines THE IMPORTANCE OF OUTLINING THE PRINCIPLES OF OUTLINING Consistent Indentation and Symbolization Subordination Coordination Parallelism Balance THE PREPARATION OUTLINE Begin with the Speech Title State Your Specific Purpose Label and State Your Thesis Label and Offer a Preview for the Speech Label Your Introduction and Conclusion Write Main Points and Sub-points in Complete Sentences Label Transitions and Internal Summaries or Internal Previews as Signposts Include a Bibliography --Sample Preparation Outline--Putting Our Heads in the Game: Deliberating Concussions and High School Football: THE PRESENTATION OUTLINE Strive for Brevity Maintain Indentation and Other Visual Guides Include Delivery Notes Format Presentation Outline for the Rhetorical Situation --Sample Presentation (Key Word) Outline-Putting Our Heads in the Game: Deliberating Concussions and High School Football: --Another Preparation Outline: Showing Compassion to Our Animal Friends (Persuasive Speech): CHAPTER 8. Using Style to Harness the Power of Language THE USES OF STYLE IN PRESENTATIONS Clarity Attention Emotion Perspective Creation STYLISTIC DEVICES Rhythm Parallelism: Repetition: Antithesis: Alliteration: Visualization Concrete Language: Visual Imagery: Simile: Metaphor: Personification: Strengthening Argument Irony: Satire: Reference to the Unusual: Community Inclusive Pronouns: Gender Neutral Language: Maxim: Ideograph: --Spotlight on Social Media: DePaul University Social Media Guidelines: FRAMING CHAPTER 9. Engaging Your Audience through Delivery and Memory DELIVERY Speech Anxiety is Normal Strategies to use Prior to Speaking: Strategies to Use During a Speech: Strategies to Use After a Speech: Find a Manner of Delivery that Works for You Delivery is Situational Your Delivery Will Develop Over Time ELEMENTS OF DELIVERY Vocal Delivery Volume: Tone: Rate: Pauses: Articulation: Pronunciation: Vocal Fillers: Nonverbal Delivery Eye contact: Facial Expressions: Gestures and Movement: Appearance: Conclusions about Vocal and Nonverbal Delivery MEMORY AND MODES OF DELIVERY Extemporaneous Delivery Impromptu Delivery Memorized Delivery Manuscript Delivery --Spotlight on Social Media: Phil Davison Wants Your Support: CHAPTER 10. Speaking Informatively through Deliberative Presentations INFORMATIVE SPEAKING The Need for Informative Speaking in Civic Affairs --Spotlight on Social Media: Mediated Learning Communities Expand Our Understanding of Informative Speaking: Types of Informative Speeches in a Civic Engagement Context Instructional Speeches: Problem-Focused Speeches: Deliberative Presentations: PREPARING A DELIBERATIVE PRESENTATION Selecting a Public Controversy Discovering a Range of Perspectives Framing for Deliberation Defining the Problem Fairly: Identifying Trade-offs: Weighing Competing Values: Organizing and Delivering the Deliberative Presentation LIMITATIONS AND BENEFITS OF INFORMATIVE SPEAKING CHAPTER 11. Helping Communities Make Difficult Decisions through Deliberative Discussions DISTINCTIVE QUALITIES OF DELIBERATIVE DISCUSSIONS DELIBERATIVE DISCUSSIONS IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT --Spotlight on Social Media: The Advantages and Challenges of Online Deliberative Discussions: DELIBERATIVE DISCUSSION STRUCTURE THE HEART OF A DELIBERATIVE DISCUSSION: WORKING THROUGH THE ISSUE DISCUSSION LEADING Creating a Comfortable Environment Specific Leadership Tasks Developing Discussion Questions PARTICIPATING IN A DELIBERATIVE DISCUSSION BENEFITS OF DELIBERATIVE DISCUSSIONS CHAPTER 12. Persuading an Audience to Modify Their Beliefs, Values, or Actions INVENTION: THE SUBSTANCE OF PERSUASION Heuristics Modes of Proof THE PERSUASIVE PROCESS Audience Analysis and Adaptation Persuasive Goal Framing Persuasive Efforts Identify an Issue Worthy of Attention Offer a Superior Response Empower Your Audience--Provide a Means to Act --Spotlight on Social Media: Persuasive Advocacy Using Facebook and Twitter: CHAPTER 13. Practicing Good Reasoning through Quality Arguments ARGUMENT AND THE TOULMIN MODEL Classical Reasoning Using the Toulmin Model Arguments and Their Limits EVIDENCE AND ITS EVALUATION Examples Statistics Testimony PATTERNS OF REASONING AND REASONING FALLACIES Reasoning from Example Reasoning from Analogy Reasoning from Cause Reasoning from Sign Reasoning from Authority Additional Common Fallacies --Spotlight on Social Media: Taking Academic Debate Online: CHAPTER 14. Designing Visual Aids to Reach an Audience VISUAL AIDS CAN BENEFIT SPEAKERS Visual Aids Can Increase Clarity Visual Aids Can Summarize Ideas Quickly Visual Aids Can Increase Audience's Attention and Recall Visual Aids Have the Power to Affect Your Credibility as a Speaker VISUAL RHETORIC AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT Images Function as Visual Rhetoric Visual Aids and Civil Discourse The Pitfalls of Oversimplification, Unnecessary Complexity, and Unproductive Discourse: The Rhetoric of Visual Aids as Productive Discourse: TYPES OF VISUAL AIDS Presentation Software PowerPoint: Keynote: Prezi: Google Presentation: Final Thoughts on Presentation Software: Other Types of Visual Aids, Their Affordances, and Considerations for their Use --Spotlight on Social Media: TedTalks: Aimee Mullins "My 12 Pairs of Legs": VISUAL AIDS AND THE ART OF DESIGN Additional Considerations in Artistic Design White Space: Font: Color: Ease of Processing: Image Quality: Slide Readability for All Audience Members: Content Overload: Transition and Animation Overload: The "Ooops" Factor: INTEGRATING THE VISUAL WITH THE ORAL PRESENTATION Research Venue Constraints Practice with Your Aids Don't Read from Your Slides Don't be Afraid of a Blank Screen CHAPTER 15. Rhetorical Criticism as Civic Engagement RHETORIC AND RHETORICAL CRITICISM Rhetoric as Symbolic Action Rhetorical Criticism Description and Interpretation: Evaluation: RHETORICAL CRITICISM AS AN INTELLECTUAL DISCIPLINE FOUNDATIONAL ELEMENTS IN RHETORICAL CRITICISM Selecting Rhetorical Artifacts Situating Rhetorical Acts in Context Reading Rhetorical Artifacts --Spotlight on Social Media: Analyzing Visual Images as Rhetorical Artifacts: Considering Audience EVALUATING DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT Rhetorical Criticism as Democratic Participation CHAPTER 16. Public Communication Analysis LOCATING A RHETORICAL ARTIFACT DETERMINING THE CONTEXT DESCRIBING AND INTERPRETING THE RHETORICAL FEATURES Argumentation Appeals to Emotions and Loyalties Rhetor's Credibility Construction of the Desired Audience Construction of the Undesired Audience Organization Style and Framing Delivery --Spotlight on Social Media: A Blog Devoted to Rhetorical Criticism of Public Communication: EVALUATING THE RHETORICAL ARTIFACT Did the Artifact Achieve the Rhetor's Goals? Why or Why not? Did the Artifact Strengthen or Weaken Democratic Principles? How? How Did the Artifact Directly Support or Hurt Democratic Principles?: How Did the Artifact Indirectly Support or Hurt Democratic Principles?: CHAPTER 17. Ideological Analysis IDEOLOGICAL CRITICISM AND CIVIC PARTICIPATION LOCATING A RHETORICAL ARTIFACT DETERMINING THE CONTEXT OF THE RHETORICAL ARTIFACT DESCRIBE AND INTERPRET THE ARTIFACT'S IDEOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS Ideological Assumptions and Agency Ideological Assumptions and Hegemony Ideological Assumptions and Resistance --Spotlight on Social Media: A Mighty Girl Blog and Facebook Posts: EVALUATE HOW THE ARTIFACT'S IDEOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS ELEVATE OR CHALLENGE DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES Glossary: Notes: Index:
