Description
Book SynopsisThis thesis describes the occurrence of microbial and chemical contaminants in swimming pools and the investigation of an alternative disinfection technology, UVOX Redox that could reduce reliance on chlorine and the formation of chlorinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pools. This technology was effective in inactivation of chlorine resistant microorganisms, represented by Bacillus subtilis spores, and in combination with chlorine generated lower concentrations of chlorinated DBPs compared to chlorination alone. It enhanced the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), which were frequently present in indoor, outdoor and spa pools. Carbamazepine and 1H-benzotriazole were the most frequently detected PPCPs, while hydrochlorothiazide and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor were detected at the highest concentration. An investigation of seven different swimming pool facilities showed that clinically relevant fungi were omnipresent. Floors at the sites where
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
2 Application of UVOX Redox® for swimming pool water treatment: microbial inactivation, disinfection byproduct formation and micropollutant removal
3 Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and UV filters in swimming pools and spas
4 Clinically relevant fungi in water and on surfaces in an indoor swimming pool facility
5 Potential transmission pathways of clinically relevant fungi in indoor swimming pool facilities
6 General discussion
