Describes reactor operations in terms of dimensionless design equations, generating dimensionless operating curves that depict the progress
Table of Contents
Preface xi
Notation xv
1 Overview of Chemical Reaction Engineering 1
1.1 Classification of Chemical Reactions 2
1.2 Classification of Chemical Reactors 3
1.3 Phenomena and Concepts 8
1.3.1 Stoichiometry 8
1.3.2 Chemical Kinetics 9
1.3.3 Transport Effects 9
1.3.4 Global Rate Expression 14
1.3.5 Species Balance Equation and Reactor Design Equation 14
1.3.6 Energy Balance Equation 15
1.3.7 Momentum Balance Equation 15
1.4 Common Practices 15
1.4.1 Experimental Reactors 16
1.4.2 Selection of Reactor Configuration 16
1.4.3 Selection of Operating Conditions 18
1.4.4 Operational Considerations 18
1.4.5 Scaleup 19
1.4.6 Diagnostic Methods 20
1.5 Industrial Reactors 20
1.6 Summary 21
References 22
2 Stoichiometry 25
2.1 Four Contexts of Chemical Reaction 25
2.2 Chemical Formulas and Stoichiometric Coefficients 26
2.3 Extent of a Chemical Reaction 28
2.4 Independent and Dependent Chemical Reactions 39
2.5 Characterization of the Reactor Feed 47
2.5.1 Limiting Reactant 48
2.5.2 Excess Reactant 49
2.6 Characterization of Reactor Performance 54
2.6.1 Reactant Conversion 54
2.6.2 Product Yield and Selectivity 58
2.7 Dimensionless Extents 64
2.8 Independent Species Composition Specifications 68
2.9 Summary 72
Problems 72
Bibliography 79
3 Chemical Kinetics 81
3.1 Species Formation Rates 81
3.2 Rates of Chemical Reactions 82
3.3 Rate Expressions of Chemical Reactions 86
3.4 Effects of Transport Phenomena 91
3.5 Characteristic Reaction Time 91
3.6 Summary 97
Problems 97
Bibliography 99
4 Species Balances and Design Equations 101
4.1 Macroscopic Species Balances—General Species-Based Design Equations 102
4.2 Species-Based Design Equations of Ideal Reactors 104
4.2.1 Ideal Batch Reactor 104
4.2.2 Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) 105
4.2.3 Plug-Flow Reactor (PFR) 106
4.3 Reaction-Based Design Equations 107
4.3.1 Ideal Batch Reactor 107
4.3.2 Plug-Flow Reactor 109
4.3.3 Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) 111
4.3.4 Formulation Procedure 112
4.4 Dimensionless Design Equations and Operating Curves 113
4.5 Summary 125
Problems 126
Bibliography 129
5 Energy Balances 131
5.1 Review of Thermodynamic Relations 131
5.1.1 Heat of Reaction 131
5.1.2 Effect of Temperature on Reaction Equilibrium Constant 134
5.2 Energy Balances 135
5.2.1 Batch Reactors 136
5.2.2 Flow Reactors 147
5.3 Summary 156
Problems 157
Bibliography 158
6 Ideal Batch Reactor 159
6.1 Design Equations and Auxiliary Relations 160
6.2 Isothermal Operations with Single Reactions 166
6.2.1 Constant-Volume Reactors 167
6.2.2 Gaseous Variable-Volume Batch Reactors 181
6.2.3 Determination of the Reaction Rate Expression 189
6.3 Isothermal Operations with Multiple Reactions 198
6.4 Nonisothermal Operations 216
6.5 Summary 230
Problems 231
Bibliography 238
7 Plug-Flow Reactor 239
7.1 Design Equations and Auxiliary Relations 240
7.2 Isothermal Operations with Single Reactions 245
7.2.1 Design 246
7.2.2 Determination of Reaction Rate Expression 261
7.3 Isothermal Operations with Multiple Reactions 265
7.4 Nonisothermal Operations 281
7.5 Effects of Pressure Drop 296
7.6 Summary 308
Problems 309
8 Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor 317
8.1 Design Equations and Auxiliary Relations 318
8.2 Isothermal Operations with Single Reactions 322
8.2.1 Design of a Single CSTR 324
8.2.2 Determination of the Reaction Rate Expression 333
8.2.3 Cascade of CSTRs Connected in Series 336
8.3 Isothermal Operations with Multiple Reactions 341
8.4 Nonisothermal Operations 358
8.5 Summary 370
Problems 370
9 Other Reactor Configurations 377
9.1 Semibatch Reactors 377
9.2 Plug-Flow Reactor with Distributed Feed 400
9.3 Distillation Reactor 416
9.4 Recycle Reactor 425
9.5 Summary 435
Problems 435
10 Economic-Based Optimization 441
10.1 Economic-Based Performance Objective Functions 442
10.2 Batch and Semibatch Reactors 448
10.3 Flow Reactors 450
10.4 Summary 453
Problems 453
Bibliography 454
Appendix A Summary of Key Relationships 455
Appendix B Microscopic Species Balances—Species Continuity Equations 465
Appendix C Summary of Numerical Differentiation and Integration 469
Index 471
