In-depth discussions of nutrient uptake and transport in plants and the
Table of Contents
List of Contributors xii
Preface xvi
1 Regulation of Metabolites by Nutrients in Plants 1
Akash Tariq, Fanjiang Zeng, Corina Graciano, Abd Ullah, Sehrish Sadia, Zeeshan Ahmed, Ghulam Murtaza, Khasan Ismoilov, and Zhihao Zhang
Introduction 1
Nitrogen (N) 2
Phosphorus (P) 3
Potassium (K) 5
Sulfur (S) 7
Magnesium (Mg) 7
Calcium (Ca) 8
Boron (B) 9
Chlorine (Cl) 10
Copper (Cu) 11
Iron (Fe) 11
References 12
2 Agricultural Production Relation with Nutrient Applications 19
Sehrish Sadia, Muhammad Zubair, Akash Tariq, Fanjiang Zeng, Corina Graciano, Abd Ullah, Zeeshan Ahmed, Zhihao Zhang, and Khasan Ismoilov
Introduction 19
Soil as a Basic Element in Agriculture 21
Constituents and Ingredients of Soil 21
Essential Nutrients in Agriculture Especially in Plants 23
Beneficial/Valuable Nutrients 24
Some Other Valuable Nutrients 24
Plant Nutrient Sources 24
Plant Nutrients Supply and Nature 24
Compost 25
Biosolids 25
Manure of Livestock 25
Crop Residues 25
Atmospheric Deposition 26
Synthetic Fertilizers 26
Issues Related to Plant Nutrition 26
Fertilizers and Fertilization Strategies 27
References 28
3 Role of Nutrients in the ROS Metabolism in Plants 30
Muhammad Arslan Ashraf, Rizwan Rasheed, Mudassir Iqbal Shad, Iqbal Hussain, and Muhammad Iqbal
Introduction 30
Oxidative Defense System 31
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) 33
ROS Generation and Functions in Plants 34
RNS and ROS Signaling in Plants in Response to Environmental Stresses 35
Antioxidant Compounds 36
Antioxidant-Mediated RNS/ROS Regulation 37
Role of Nutrients in ROS Metabolism Under Salinity 39
Role of Nutrients in ROS Metabolism Under Drought 40
Role of Nutrients in ROS Metabolism Under Heavy Metal Stress 42
Role of Nutrients in ROS Metabolism Under Low- and High-Temperature Stress 43
References 45
4 Polyamines Metabolism and their Regulatory Mechanism in Plant Development and in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 54
Savita Bhardwaj, Tunisha Verma, Monika Thakur, Rajeev Kumar, and Dhriti Kapoor
Introduction 54
Distribution, Biosynthesis, and Catabolism of Polyamines 55
Distribution 55
Polyamine Biosynthesis 55
Catabolism 57
Role of Polyamines in Plant Development 57
Polyamines as Biochemical Markers for Abiotic Stress Tolerance 59
Drought Stress 59
Salinity Stress 60
Heavy Metal Stress 61
Temperature Stress 62
Crosstalk of Polyamines with Other Signaling Molecules 63
Nitric Oxide 63
Plant Growth Regulators 64
Conclusion 65
References 65
5 Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Nutrients Uptake in Plants 73
Kashif Tanwir, Saghir Abbas, Muhammad Shahid, Hassan Javed Chaudhary, and Muhammad Tariq Javed
Introduction 73
Mycorrhizal Association and Its Types 74
Endomycorrhiza 74
Ectomycorrhiza (ECM) 75
Establishment of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Soil 76
Growth of Asymbiotic Hyphae 76
Presymbiotic Stage 77
Different Symbiotic Stages of Fungal Mycelium Growth 77
Root Modifications for Accumulation of Nutrients 79
Nitrogen Uptake Mechanisms of Mycorrhizal Symbionts 80
Phosphorus Accumulation Mechanisms of Mycorrhizal Fungus 81
Potassium (K) and Sodium (Na) Uptake Mechanisms of Mycorrhizal Fungi 83
Metabolism of Sulfur in Mycorrhizal Symbiosis 83
Role of Mycorrhizal Lipid Metabolism in Nutrients Accumulation 84
Mechanism of Micronutrients and Heavy Metal Uptake in Mycorrhizae 85
Carbons-Based Triggering of Nutrients Accumulation in Mycorrhizal Symbiosis 86
Conclusion 87
References 87
6 Nutrient Availability Regulates Root System Behavior 96
Salar Farhangi-Abriz and Kazem Ghassemi-Golezani
Introduction 96
Nutrients Importance in Root Growth and Development 98
Morpho-Physiological Responses of Plant Roots to Nutrients Availability 99
Macronutrients 99
Nitrogen 99
Phosphorus 101
Potassium 103
Calcium 104
Magnesium 105
Sulfur 105
Micronutrients 106
Zinc 106
Boron 108
Copper 108
Iron 109
Nano Nutrients and Root System Modifications 110
Management Strategies for Maximizing Root Systems 110
Soil Management 110
Plant Management 111
Conclusions and Future Perspectives 111
References 112
7 Potassium Transport Systems at the Plasma Membrane of Plant Cells. Tools for Improving Potassium Use Efficiency of Crops 120
Jesús Amo, Almudena Martínez-Martínez, Vicente Martínez, Manuel Nieves-Cordones, and Francisco Rubio
Potassium (K+) as a Macronutrient for Plants 120
Functions of K+ and Its Concentration in Plant Cells 120
Concentrations of K+ in Soil, K+-Deficient Soils, and Presence of Environmental Conditions that Affect K+ Nutrition 121
K+ Transport Systems 122
HAK/KT/KUP Transporters 123
Voltage-Gated K+ Channels 124
HKT Transporters 125
Cyclic Nucleotide Gated Channels 126
Key Points for K+ Homeostasis and Transport Systems Involved 127
General Mechanisms of Regulation 129
Transcriptional Regulation 129
PostTranslational Regulation 131
Multimerization and Regulatory Subunits 131
Regulation by Phosphorylation 131
Agriculture for the Future: K+ Use Efficiency and Stress Tolerance 132
K+ Use Efficiency 132
Abiotic Stress Affecting K+ Homeostasis 133
Salinity 133
Drought 134
Waterlogging 134
Toxic Ions 135
Biotic Stress Affecting K+ Homeostasis 136
Biotechnological Approaches and Emerging Techniques for Crop Improvement 136
Models Versus Crops and Translational Research 136
Natural Variation Exploitation 137
New Alleles Generated in the Lab 138
Genome Editing 138
References 139
8 Role of Nutrients in Modifications of Fruit Quality and Antioxidant Activity 148
Tomo Milošević and Nebojša Milošević
Introduction 148
Short Overview About Fruit Quality 149
Main Role of Mineral Elements on Trees Growth, Development, and Fruit Quality 150
The Ionomic Analysis of Fruit Crops 152
Requirements of Fruit Trees to Chemical Elements 153
The Role of Elements in the Metabolism of Fruit Trees and in Improving Quality 155
Macroelements 155
Nitrogen (N) 155
Phosphorus (P) 156
Potassium (K) 156
Calcium (Ca) 157
Magnesium (Mg) 157
Sulfur (S) 158
Microelements 158
Iron (Fe) 158
Manganese (Mn) 159
Copper (Cu) 159
Zinc (Zn) 159
Boron (B) 159
Other Essential Microelements 160
Conclusion and Future Prospects 161
References 162
9 Nutrients Use Efficiency in Plants 171
Neda Dalir
Introduction 171
Nutrient Use Efficiency (Concepts and Importance) 172
Role of Nutrient-Efficient Plants for Improving Crop Yields 172
Physiological Mechanisms in Plant Nutrient Use Efficiency 173
Uptake Efficiency 173
Acquisition of Available Nutrients 173
Increasing Nutrient Availability 174
Utilization Efficiency 175
Conclusion and Future Prospects 175
References 176
10 Nutrients Uptake and Transport in Plants: An Overview 180
Neda Dalir
Introduction 180
Routes from the Soil to the Stele 181
Apoplastic Pathway 181
Symplastic Pathway 183
Movement of Solutes Across Membranes 183
Passive Transport 184
Simple Diffusion 184
Facilitated Diffusion 184
Osmosis 185
Active Transport 185
Primary Active Transport 185
Secondary Active Transport 185
Radial Transport of Mineral Ions 186
Long Transport of Mineral Ions 186
Conclusion and Future Prospects 187
References 187
11 Regulation of Phytohormonal Signaling by Nutrients in Plant 191
Harshita Joshi, Nikita Bisht, and Puneet Singh Chauhan
Introduction 191
Phytohormones: Structure, Sites of Biosynthesis, and its Effects 192
Interaction between Nutrient Availability and Phytohormone Signaling 195
Nutrients in Cytokinin (CK) Signaling 197
Nutrients in Ethylene (ETH) Signaling 198
Nutrients in Auxin Signaling 199
Nutrients in Gibberellic Acid (GA) and Abscisic Acid (ABA) Signaling 201
Nutrient Availability and Signaling of other Phytohormones 201
Jasmonic Acid (JA) 202
Brassinosteroids (BR) 202
Salicylic Acid (SA) 202
Polyamines and Strigolactones 203
Transcriptional Interrelation between Nutrient Deprivation and Phytohormones 203
Conclusions and Prospects 204
Acknowledgments 204
References 204
12 Nutrients Regulation and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 209
Nikita Bisht, Harshita Joshi, and Puneet Singh Chauhan
Introduction 209
How Abiotic Stresses Affect Plants 210
Plant’s Response to Abiotic Stress 211
Mineral Nutrients in the Alleviation of Abiotic Stress in Plants 213
Macronutrients 213
Micronutrients 215
Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), Mineral Nutrients, and Abiotic Stress 216
Conclusion 217
Acknowledgments 217
References 219
13 Nutrient Management and Stress Tolerance in Crops 224
Saghir Abbas, Kashif Tanwir, Amna, Muhammad Tariq Javed, and Muhammad Sohail Akram
Introduction 224
Implications of Abiotic Stress in Plants 226
Salinity Stress 226
Drought 227
Toxic Metals 228
Other Stresses 228
Role of Nutrients in Stress Tolerance 229
Nitrogen 229
Nitrogen Role in Stress Tolerance 230
Potassium 230
Role of Potassium in Stress Tolerance 231
Phosphorus 232
Role of Phosphorus in Stress Tolerance 232
Calcium 233
Role of Calcium Under Stress 233
Sulfur 234
Role of Sulfur in Stress Tolerance 234
Magnesium 234
Role of Mg in Stress Tolerance 235
Boron 235
Role of Boron Under Stress 236
Iron 236
Role of Iron in Stress 236
Zinc 237
Role of Zn Under Stress 237
Copper 238
Role of Copper in Stress Tolerance 238
Manganese 238
Role of Mn in Stress Tolerance 239
Molybdenum 239
Molybdenum Role Under Stress 239
Conclusion 240
References 241
Index 253
