Description
Book SynopsisDigital technologies are reshaping every field of social and economic lives, so do they in the world of scientific knowledge. “The New Challenges of Knowledge” aims at understanding how the new digital technologies alter the production, diffusion and valorization of knowledge. We propose to give an insight into the economical, geopolitical and political stakes of numeric in knowledge in different countries. Law is at the center of this evolution, especially in the case of national and international confusion about Internet, Science and knowledge.
Trade Review“Sharing economy models are rippling through the world of scientific knowledge and research; open access brings challenges for developers, researchers, and policy makers – all treated here in the context of law-making”
The Magpi, issue 60, Aug 2017Table of ContentsIntroduction . xiii
Part 1. Production: Global Knowledge and Science in the Digital Era 1
Chapter 1. Current Knowledge Dynamics 3
1.1. Transparency of scientific data 4
1.2. Transparency of experimental protocol 6
1.3. A necessary form of research engineering 7
1.4. Confusion between data and scientific results: avoiding manipulation of research results 8
Chapter 2. Digital Conditions for Knowledge Production 11
2.1. An economic system oriented toward innovation 11
2.2. What of knowledge and indeed the concept of the commons? 13
2.3. From analog to digital 14
2.4. User–producer: civil society enters the knowledge production system 16
2.5. The interactions between the various spheres of knowledge production 18
2.6. Collaboration between society and knowledge: producing authorities should be put into perspective 20
Chapter 3. The Dual Relationship between the User and the Developer 23
3.1. Legal arrangements for knowledge-sharing using development platforms 23
3.2. The user contributes to the creation and development of content process 25
Chapter 4. Researchers’ Uses and Needs for Scientific and Technical Information 29
4.1. The CNRS survey 29
4.2. Diverse uses and dual needs 31
4.3. An explanation through differentiated scientific analysis 33
Chapter 5. New Tools for Knowledge Capture 37
5.1. The growth of metadata exploitation 37
5.2. Are we moving toward a semantic Web? 38
5.3. Tools and limits for metadata processing 39
5.4. The challenges of the semantic Web 40
Chapter 6. Modes of Knowledge Sharing and Technologies 43
6.1. Data storage technologies and access allowing knowledge sharing 43
6.2. Exchange platforms and catalogs 44
6.3. Knowledge-processing and digital editions 45
Part 2. Sharing Mechanisms: Knowledge Sharing and the Knowledge-based Economy 47
Chapter 7. Business Model for Scientific Publication 49
7.1. The current economic model is changing so as to adapt to new conditions for knowledge sharing 49
7.2. Creation of a new model 51
7.3. The issues raised by the creation of a new economic model 52
7.4. A new economic model struggling to fine its niche 54
Chapter 8. Actor Strategy: International Scientific Publishing, Services with High Added Value and Research Communities 57
8.1. Publishing, editing and existing: live issues within the publication of Scientific and Technical Information (STI) 58
8.2. Who is subject to it? The other players in scientific publishing 59
8.3. The characteristics of SMS (Science of Man and Society) 60
8.4. Existing without publishing? New STI directions 62
8.5. Alternatives to scientific publishing 63
Chapter 9. New Approaches to Scientific Production 67
9.1. New means of access to scientific production: innovative models 67
9.2. Two main objectives: accelerating knowledge sharing and promoting scientific collaboration 71
9.3. The need for new analytical tools and the risk of reprivatization of scientific knowledge. 72
9.4. The absence of the usage doctrine and the risk of reprivatization of science: the case of social networks 74
Chapter 10. The Geopolitics of Science 77
10.1. National convergent research models 78
10.2. Science is a source of international cooperation 81
10.3. International scientific cooperation is accelerating 84
Chapter 11. Copyright Serving the Market 85
Part 3. Enhancement Knowledge Rights and Public Policies in the Wake of Digital Technology 89
Chapter 12. Legal Protection of Scientific Research Results in the Humanities and Social Sciences 91
12.1.Different legal protections for different kinds of science 91
12.2. Why protect? 92
12.3. How to protect 93
12.4. Protect against whom? 98
12.5. Changing the challenges of Internet protection 99
12.6. Legal obstacles related to the author’s right 100
Chapter 13. Development of Knowledge and Public Policies 103
13.1. Knowledge enhancement concerns everyone 104
13.2. What are the public policies for enhancing knowledge? 105
13.3. State establishment of connections between actors: a key tool in knowledge enhancement 107
13.4. Comparing the United States and the European Union 109
Chapter 14. From Author to Enhancer 111
14.1. Enhancing scientific research is a complex process 112
14.2. Scientific research enhancement follows a legislative framework intended to promote innovation 114
Chapter 15. The Right to Knowledge: Moving Toward a Universal Law? 117
15.1. Unclear regulatory frameworks 118
15.2. Developing legal frameworks related to the Internet is complicated 121
15.3. Proposals for developing legal frameworks for the Internet 123
Chapter 16. Governing by Algorithm 127
16.1. Statistics that foreshadow algorithms 128
16.2. Algorithmic governance and democratic opportunities 130
Chapter 17. Public Data and Science in e-Government 133
17.1. Disseminating data and disseminating science: a new requirement 134
17.2. Public data in the e-government 137
17.3. Science within e-government 139
Chapter 18. Surveillance, Sousveillance, Improper Capturing 141
18.1. The traditional legal framework for information capture 142
18.2. The clear need for a specific law 145
Chapter 19. Public Knowledge Policies in the Digital Age 149
19.1. GAFA domination and the oligopolization of the market 150
19.2. Isolated digital ecosystems 152
19.3. Regulation through competition law 153
19.4. Data protection: moving toward a law for the digital community 154
Chapter 20. The Politics of Creating Artificial Intelligence 157
20.1. History 158
20.2. Artificial intelligence has become a priority for public and private actors 160
20.4. The appearance of legal problems 162
Chapter 21. Security Policies in Artificial Intelligence 165
21.1. Security as a comment on machines and data 166
21.2. From the security of machines to the security of humans 169
Conclusion 175
Postscript 177
Glossary 179
Bibliography 185
Index 201
