Surveys thousands of possible trajectories that may be used to transfer spacecraft between Earth and the moon, including transfers to lunar libration orbits, low lunar orbits,
Table of Contents
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Authors xxi
1 Introduction and Executive Summary 1
1.1 Purpose 1
1.2 Organization 1
1.3 Executive Summary 2
1.4 Backgound 11
1.5 The Lunar Transfer Problem 12
1.6 Historical Missions 14
1.7 Low-Energy Lunar Transfers 23
2 Methodology 27
2.1 Methodology Introduction 27
2.2 Physical Data 28
2.3 Time Systems 29
2.4 Coordinate Frames 32
2.5 Models 35
2.6 Low-Energy Mission Design 41
2.7 Tools 114
3 Transfers to Lunar Libration Orbits 117
3.1 Executive Summary 117
3.2 Introducuton 120
3.3 Direct Transfers Between Earth and Lunar Libration Orbits 122
3.4 Low-Energy Transfers Between Earth and Lunar Libration Orbits 161
3.5 Three-Body Orbit Transfers 221
4 Transfers to Low Lunar Orbits 227
4.1 Executive Summary 227
4.2 Introduction 229
4.3 Direct Transfers Between Earth and Low Lunar Orbit 231
4.4 Low-Energy Transfers Between Earth and Low Lunar Orbit 233
4.5 Transfers Between Lunar Libration Orbits and Low Lunar Orbits 258
4.6 Transfers Between Low Lunar Orbits and the Lunar Surface 258
5 Transfers to the Lunar Surface 263
5.1 Executive Summary 263
5.2 Introduction for Transfers to the Lunar Surface 265
5.3 Methodology 267
5.4 Analysis of Planar Transfers between the Earth and the Lunar Surface 268
5.5 Low-Energy Spatial Transfers Between the Earth and the Lunar Surface 277
5.6 Transfers Between Lunar Libration Orbits and the Lunar Surface 294
5.7 Transfers Between Low Lunar Orbits and the Lunar Surface 298
5.8 Conclusions Regardingh Transfers to the Lunar Surface 298
6 Operations 299
6.1 Operations Executive Summary 299
6.2 Operations Introduction 300
6.3 Launch Sites 301
6.4 Launch Vehicles 301
6.5 Designing a Launch Period 304
6.6 Navigation 332
6.7 Spacecraft Systems Design 349
Appendix A: Locating the Lagrange Points 351
References 359
