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"Catalysis underpins both modern industrial and academic chemistry, improving reaction sustainability, shaping reaction selectivity and facilitating fundamentally new reaction pathways. While the focus is often on the showpiece metals themselves, the ligands are the true shapers of this reactivity. Stradiotto and Lundgren have curated a collection that certainly celebrates ligands across a wide array of applications. At over 400 pages across 13 chapters written by world leaders in catalysis and ligand design, the book is a modern resource for those working in the area. The book opens with a chapter detailing the underlying key concepts that feature throughout the rest of the book. This is likely the only chapter which would serve the undergraduate student but as a stand-alone chapter would indeed provide a strong additional resource for final year students on a catalysis and/or coordination chemistry course. From there, each chapter captures a specific vignette of relevance to the authors. The overall book is by no means comprehensive in coverage, but it neither intends to be or indeed should be. Instead, it permits the reader to learn about specific topics in the key authors voice, and from a unified perspective of the ligand design... The book, as a secondary impact, also helps to showcase the important contribution Canadian researchers have made to catalysis and ligand design, with 6 of the 13 chapters written by authors at Canadian universities. In closing, the collection of articles found in Ligand Design in Metal Chemistry is certainly worthy of a book shelf spot for those working in the field of ligand design in catalysis. As the content of the book is necessarily focussed, this reviewer recommends a thorough read through the table of contents to ensure that chapters of particular interest are complemented by those that will introduce the reader to new areas." (AOC, Feb 2017)
Table of Contents
List of Contributors xii
Foreword by Stephen L. Buchwald xiv
Foreword by David Milstein xvi
Preface xvii
1 Key Concepts in Ligand Design: An Introduction 1
Rylan J. Lundgren and Mark Stradiotto
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Covalent bond classification and elementary bonding concepts 2
1.3 Reactive versus ancillary ligands 4
1.4 Strong‐ and weak‐field ligands 4
1.5 Trans effect 6
1.6 Tolman electronic parameter 6
1.7 Pearson acid base concept 8
1.8 Multidenticity, ligand bite angle, and hemilability 8
1.9 Quantifying ligand steric properties 10
1.10 Cooperative and redox non‐innocent ligands 12
1.11 Conclusion 12
References 13
2 Catalyst Structure and Cis–Trans Selectivity in Ruthenium‐based Olefin Metathesis 15
Brendan L. Quigley and Robert H. Grubbs
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Metathesis reactions and mechanism 17
2.2.1 Types of metathesis reactions 17
2.2.2 Mechanism of Ru‐catalyzed olefin metathesis 19
2.2.3 Metallacycle geometry 19
2.2.4 Influencing syn–anti preference of metallacycles 22
2.3 Catalyst structure and E/Z selectivity 24
2.3.1 Trends in key catalysts 24
2.3.2 Catalysts with unsymmetrical NHCs 26
2.3.3 Catalysts with alternative NHC ligands 29
2.3.4 Variation of the anionic ligands 31
2.4 Z‐selective Ru‐based metathesis catalysts 33
2.4.1 Thiophenolate‐based Z‐selective catalysts 33
2.4.2 Dithiolate‐based Z‐selective catalysts 34
2.5 Cyclometallated Z‐selective metathesis catalysts 36
2.5.1 Initial discovery 36
2.5.2 Model for selectivity 37
2.5.3 Variation of the anionic ligand 38
2.5.4 Variation of the aryl group 40
2.5.5 Variation of the cyclometallated NHC substituent 41
2.5.6 Reactivity of cyclometallated Z‐selective catalysts 42
2.6 Conclusions and future outlook 42
References 43
3 Ligands for Iridium‐catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Challenging Substrates 46
Marc‐André Müller and Andreas Pfaltz
3.1 Asymmetric hydrogenation 46
3.2 Iridium catalysts based on heterobidentate ligands 49
3.3 Mechanistic studies and derivation of a model for the enantioselective step 57
3.4 Conclusion 63
References 64
4 Spiro Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis 66
Shou‐Fei Zhu and Qi‐Lin Zhou
4.1 Development of chiral spiro ligands 66
4.2 Asymmetric hydrogenation 73
4.2.1 Rh‐catalyzed hydrogenation of enamides 73
4.2.2 Rh‐ or Ir‐catalyzed hydrogenation of enamines 73
4.2.3 Ir‐catalyzed hydrogenation of α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids 75
4.2.4 Ir‐catalyzed hydrogenation of olefins directed by the carboxy group 78
4.2.5 Ir‐catalyzed hydrogenation of conjugate ketones 79
4.2.6 Ir‐catalyzed hydrogenation of ketones 80
4.2.7 Ru‐catalyzed hydrogenation of racemic 2‐substituted aldehydes via dynamic kinetic resolution 81
4.2.8 Ru‐catalyzed hydrogenation of racemic 2‐substituted ketones via DKR 82
4.2.9 Ir‐catalyzed hydrogenation of imines 84
4.3 Carbon–carbon bond‐forming reactions 85
4.3.1 Ni‐catalyzed hydrovinylation of olefins 85
4.3.2 Rh‐catalyzed hydroacylation 85
4.3.3 Rh‐catalyzed arylation of carbonyl compounds and imines 86
4.3.4 Pd‐catalyzed umpolung allylation reactions of aldehydes, ketones, and imines 87
4.3.5 Ni‐catalyzed three‐component coupling reaction 87
4.3.6 Au‐catalyzed Mannich reactions of azlactones 89
4.3.7 Rh‐catalyzed hydrosilylation/cyclization reaction 89
4.3.8 Au‐catalyzed [2 + 2] cycloaddition 90
4.3.9 Au‐catalyzed cyclopropanation 91
4.3.10 Pd‐catalyzed Heck reactions 91
4.4 Carbon–heteroatom bond‐forming reactions 91
4.4.1 Cu‐catalyzed N─H bond insertion reactions 91
4.4.2 Cu‐, Fe‐, or Pd‐catalzyed O─H insertion reactions 93
4.4.3 Cu‐catalyzed S─H, Si─H and B─H insertion reactions 95
4.4.4 Pd‐catalyzed allylic amination 95
4.4.5 Pd‐catalyzed allylic cyclization reactions with allenes 97
4.4.6 Pd‐catalyzed alkene carboamination reactions 98
4.5 Conclusion 98
References 98
5 Application of Sterically Demanding Phosphine Ligands in Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling leading to C(sp2)─E Bond Formation (E = NH2 , OH, and F) 104
Mark Stradiotto and Rylan J. Lundgren
5.1 Introduction 104
5.1.1 General mechanistic overview and ancillary ligand design considerations 105
5.1.2 Reactivity challenges 107
5.2 Palladium‐catalyzed selective monoarylation of ammonia 108
5.2.1 Initial development 109
5.2.2 Applications in heterocycle synthesis 110
5.2.3 Application of Buchwald palladacycles and imidazole‐derived monophosphines 112
5.2.4 Heterobidentate κ2‐P,N ligands: chemoselectivity and room temperature reactions 115
5.2.5 Summary 117
5.3 Palladium‐catalyzed selective hydroxylation of (hetero)aryl halides 117
5.3.1 Initial development 118
5.3.2 Application of alternative ligand classes 120
5.3.3 Summary 122
5.4 Palladium‐catalyzed nucleophilic fluorination of (hetero)aryl (pseudo)halides 123
5.4.1 Development of palladium‐catalyzed C(sp2)─F coupling employing (hetero)aryl triflates 124
5.4.2 Discovery of biaryl monophosphine ancillary ligand modification 125
5.4.3 Extending reactivity to (hetero)aryl bromides and iodides 127
5.4.4 Summary 128
5.5 Conclusions and outlook 129
Acknowledgments 130
References 131
6 Pd‐N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes in Cross‐Coupling Applications 134
Jennifer Lyn Farmer, Matthew Pompeo, and Michael G. Organ
6.1 Introduction 134
6.2 N‐heterocyclic carbenes as ligands for catalysis 135
6.3 The relationship between N‐heterocyclic carbene structure and reactivity 136
6.3.1 Steric parameters of NHC ligands 136
6.3.2 Electronic parameters of NHC ligands 138
6.3.3 Tuning the electronic properties of NHC ligands 139
6.4 Cross‐coupling reactions leading to C─C bonds that proceed through transmetalation 140
6.5 Kumada–Tamao–Corriu 141
6.6 Suzuki–Miyaura 148
6.6.1 The formation of tetra‐ortho‐substituted (hetero)biaryl compounds 149
6.6.2 Enantioselective Suzuki–Miyaura coupling 153
6.6.3 Formation of sp3─sp3 or sp2 ─sp3 bonds 156
6.6.4 The formation of (poly)heteroaryl compounds 158
6.7 Negishi coupling 163
6.7.1 Mechanistic studies: investigating the role of additives and the nature of the active transmetalating species 166
6.7.2 Selective cross‐coupling of secondary organozinc reagents 168
6.8 Conclusion 170
References 171
7 Redox Non‐innocent Ligands: Reactivity and Catalysis 176
Bas de Bruin, Pauline Gualco, and Nanda D. Paul
7.1 Introduction 176
7.2 Strategy I. Redox non‐innocent ligands used to modify the Lewis acid–base properties of the metal 179
7.3 Strategy II. Redox non‐innocent ligands as electron reservoirs 181
7.4 Strategy III. Cooperative ligand‐centered reactivity based on redox active ligands 192
7.5 Strategy IV. Cooperative substrate‐centered radical‐type reactivity based on redox non‐innocent substrates 195
7.6 Conclusion 200
References 201
8 Ligands for Iron‐based Homogeneous Catalysts for the Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones and Imines 205
Demyan E. Prokopchuk, Samantha A. M. Smith, and Robert H. Morris
8.1 Introduction: from ligands for ruthenium to ligands for iron 205
8.1.1 Ligand design elements in precious metal homogeneous catalysts for asymmetric direct hydrogenation and asymmetric transfer hydrogenation 205
8.1.2 Effective ligands for iron‐catalyzed ketone and imine reduction 212
8.1.3 Ligand design elements for iron catalysts 213
8.2 First generation iron catalysts with symmetrical [6.5.6]‐P‐N‐N‐P ligands 216
8.2.1 Synthetic routes to ADH and ATH iron catalysts 217
8.2.2 Catalyst properties and mechanism of reaction 218
8.3 Second generation iron catalysts with symmetrical [5.5.5]‐P‐N‐N‐P ligands 220
8.3.1 Synthesis of second generation ATH catalysts 220
8.3.2 Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation catalytic properties and mechanism 222
8.3.3 Substrate scope 226
8.4 Third generation iron catalysts with unsymmetrical [5.5.5]‐P‐NH‐N‐Pʹ ligands 227
8.4.1 Synthesis of bis(tridentate)iron complexes and P‐NH‐NH2 ligands 227
8.4.2 Template‐assisted synthesis of iron P‐NH‐N‐Pʹ complexes 228
8.4.3 Selected catalytic properties 229
8.4.4 Mechanism 230
8.5 Conclusions 231
Acknowledgments 232
References 232
9 Ambiphilic Ligands: Unusual Coordination and Reactivity Arising from Lewis Acid Moieties 237
Ghenwa Bouhadir and Didier Bourissou
9.1 Introduction 237
9.2 Design and structure of ambiphilic ligands 238
9.3 Coordination of ambiphilic ligands 242
9.3.1 Complexes featuring a pendant Lewis acid 242
9.3.2 Bridging coordination involving M → Lewis acid interactions 243
9.3.3 Bridging coordination of M─X bonds 248
9.3.4 Ionization of M─X bonds 250
9.4 Reactivity of metallic complexes deriving from ambiphilic ligands 251
9.4.1 Lewis acid enhancement effect in Si─Si and C─C coupling reactions 251
9.4.2 Hydrogenation, hydrogen transfer and hydrosilylation reactions assisted by boranes 255
9.4.3 Activation/functionalization of N2 and CO 262
9.5 Conclusions and outlook 264
References 266
10 Ligand Design in Enantioselective Ring‐opening Polymerization of Lactide 270
Kimberly M. Osten, Dinesh C. Aluthge, and Parisa Mehrkhodavandi
10.1 Introduction 270
10.1.1 Tacticity in PLA 271
10.1.2 Metal catalysts for the ROP of lactide 272
10.1.3 Ligand design in the enantioselective polymerization of racemic lactide 274
10.2 Indium and zinc complexes bearing chiral diaminophenolate ligands 292
10.2.1 Zinc catalysts supported by chiral diaminophenolate ligands 292
10.2.2 The first indium catalyst for lactide polymerization 294
10.2.3 Polymerization of cyclic esters with first generation catalyst 295
10.2.4 Ligand modifications 296
10.3 Dinuclear indium complexes bearing chiral salen‐type ligands 297
10.3.1 Chiral indium salen complexes 297
10.3.2 Polymerization studies 297
10.4 Conclusions and future directions 301
References 302
11 Modern Applications of Trispyrazolylborate Ligands in Coinage Metal Catalysis 308
Ana Caballero, M. Mar Díaz‐Requejo, Manuel R. Fructos, Juan Urbano, and Pedro J. Pérez
11.1 Introduction 308
11.2 Trispyrazolylborate ligands: main features 310
11.3 Catalytic Systems Based on TpXMl Complexes (M = Cu, Ag) 311
11.3.1 Carbene addition reactions 312
11.3.2 Carbene insertion reactions 314
11.3.3 Nitrene addition reactions 319
11.3.4 Nitrene insertion reactions 321
11.3.5 Oxo transfer reactions 322
11.3.6 Atom transfer radical reactions 324
11.4 Conclusions 326
Acknowledgments 326
References 327
12 Ligand Design in Modern Lanthanide Chemistry 330
David P. Mills and Stephen T. Liddle
12.1 Introduction and scope of the review 330
12.2 C‐donor ligands 333
12.2.1 Silylalkyls 333
12.2.2 Terphenyls 335
12.2.3 Substituted cyclopentadienyls 336
12.2.4 Constrained geometry cyclopentadienyls 338
12.2.5 Benzene complexes 340
12.2.6 Zerovalent arenes 342
12.2.7 Tethered N‐heterocyclic carbenes 343
12.3 N‐donor ligands 344
12.3.1 Hexamethyldisilazide 344
12.3.2 Substituted trispyrazolylborates 347
12.3.3 Silyl‐substituted triamidoamine, [N(CH2Ch2NSiMe2But)3]3– 348
12.3.4 NacNac, {N(Dipp)C(Me)CHC(Me)N(Dipp)}− 349
12.4 P‐donor ligands 349
12.4.1 Phospholides 349
12.5 Multiple bonds 350
12.5.1 Ln═CR2 350
12.5.2 Ln ═ NR 354
12.5.3 Ln ═ O 355
12.6 Conclusions 356
Notes 357
References 357
13 Tight Bite Angle N,O‐Chelates. Amidates, Ureates and Beyond 364
Scott A. Ryken, Philippa R. Payne, and Laurel L. Schafer
13.1 Introduction 364
13.1.1 N,O‐Proligands 366
13.1.2 Preparing metal complexes 367
13.2 Applications in reactivity and catalysis 377
13.2.1 Polymerizations 377
13.2.2 Hydrofunctionalization 385
13.3 Conclusions 400
References 401
Index 406
