Description
Book SynopsisImportant topic: previously thought of as a safe and efficient practice but studies refute this proving it to be highly pulluting and dangerous Highlights different flare designs, misrepresentations made by industry and the ambiguity in the regulations Includes case studies to bring the topic into context .
Trade Review“Written by a chemical engineer, the book offers a comprehensive look at this complex subject . . . As the consequences of gas flaring practices become more widely understood, this reference can help professionals in refineries and chemical plants to reduce CO2 emissions.” (Chemical Engineering Progress, 21 May 2013)
Table of ContentsPreface vii
About the author xi
1 Principles of Combustion 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Combustion Basics 3
1.3 Physical Gas Laws 9
1.4 Stoichiometric and Thermodynamic Considerations 11
1.5 Ignition 12
1.6 Flammability and Flammable Mixtures 14
1.7 Gas Mixtures 20
2 Overview of Flares and Gas Flaring Practices 23
2.1 General Description 23
2.2 Types of Flares 25
2.3 Flare System Components and Design Features 32
2.4 Flare Regulations 38
2.5 Flare Enforcement Actions 48
2.6 Major Suppliers 52
2.7 Flare Terminology 52
3 Overview of Disposal Systems and Relief Headers 59
3.1 Blowdown Systems 59
3.2 Disposal System Components 63
3.3 Quench Drum 70
3.4 Seals and the Seal Drum 71
3.5 Knockout Drums 73
4 Flare Types 75
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 Hydrogen Assisted Flares 77
4.3 Steam Assisted Flares 92
4.4 Efficiency and Smoking Flares 97
5 Remote Sensing and Monitoring 103
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 Remote Sensing Dial Technology 103
5.3 Experience 106
6 Practical Considerations and Emissions Calculations 113
6.1 Introduction 113
6.2 Sizing Considerations 114
6.3 General Permit Obligations 118
6.4 Monitoring System Requirements 122
6.5 Marama Guidelines for Calculating Flare Emissions 130
6.6 TCEQ New Source Review (NSR) Emission Calculations 136
6.7 U.S. EPA’s AP-42 145
6.8 Calculations Versus Measurement 152
7 Case Studies 157
7.1 Introduction 157
7.2 The Exxon Chalmette Refinery 158
7.3 The BP Texas City Refinery 170
7.4 Valero Tennessee Refinery 232
Appendix 241
Properties Data 241
