Description
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 Measurement 1
1-1 Measuring Things, Including Lengths 1
1-2 Time 5
1-3 Mass 6
Review & Summary 8 Problems 8
2 Motion Along A Straight Line 13
2-1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity 13
2-2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed 18
2-3 Acceleration 20
2-4 Constant Acceleration 23
2-5 Free-Fall Acceleration 27
2-6 Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis 29
Review & Summary 30
Questions 31
Problems 32
3 Vectors 40
3-1 Vectors and Their Components 40
3-2 Unit Vectors, Adding Vectors By Components 46
3-3 Multiplying Vectors 50
Review & Summary 55 Questions 56 Problems 57
4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 62
4-1 Position and Displacement 62
4-2 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity 64
4-3 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration 67
4-4 Projectile Motion 70
4-5 Uniform Circular Motion 76
4-6 Relative Motion in One Dimension 78
4-7 Relative Motion in Two Dimensions 80
Review & Summary 81 Questions 82 Problems 84
5 Force and Motion—I 94
5-1 Newton’s First and Second Laws 94
5-2 Some Particular Forces 102
5-3 Applying Newton’s Laws 106
Review & Summary 114 Questions 114 Problems 116
6 Force and Motion—II 124
6-1 Friction 124
6-2 The Drag Force and Terminal Speed 130
6-3 Uniform Circular Motion 133
Review & Summary 138
Questions 139
Problems 140
7 Kinetic Energy and Work 149
7-1 Kinetic Energy 149
7-2 Work and Kinetic Energy 151
7-3 Work Done By the Gravitational Force 155
7-4 Work Done By A Spring Force 159
7-5 Work Done By A General Variable Force 162
7-6 Power 166
Review & Summary 168
Questions 169
Problems 170
8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy 177
8-1 Potential Energy 177
8-2 Conservation of Mechanical Energy 184
8-3 Reading A Potential Energy Curve 187
8-4 Work Done on A System By An External Force 191
8-5 Conservation of Energy 195
Review & Summary 199
Questions 200
Problems 202
9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum 214
9-1 Center of Mass 214
9-2 Newton’s Second Law for A System of Particles 220
9-3 Linear Momentum 224
9-4 Collision and Impulse 226
9-5 Conservation of Linear Momentum 230
9-6 Momentum and Kinetic Energy in Collisions 233
9-7 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 237
9-8 Collisions in Two Dimensions 240
9-9 Systems With Varying Mass: A Rocket 241
Review & Summary 243
Questions 245
Problems 246
10 Rotation 257
10-1 Rotational Variables 257
10-2 Rotation With Constant Angular Acceleration 266
10-3 Relating the Linear and Angular Variables 268
10-4 Kinetic Energy of Rotation 271
10-5 Calculating the Rotational Inertia 273
10-6 Torque 277
10-7 Newton’s Second Law for Rotation 279
10-8 Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy 282
Review & Summary 285
Questions 286
Problems 287
11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum 295
11-1 Rolling As Translation and Rotation Combined 295
11-2 Forces and Kinetic Energy of Rolling 298
11-3 The Yo-Yo 301
11-4 Torque Revisited 302
11-5 Angular Momentum 305
11-6 Newton’s Second Law in Angular Form 307
11-7 Angular Momentum of A Rigid Body 310
11-8 Conservation of Angular Momentum 312
11-9 Precession of A Gyroscope 317
Review & Summary 318
Questions 319
Problems 320
12 Equilibrium and Elasticity 327
12-1 Equilibrium 327
12-2 Some Examples of Static Equilibrium 332
12-3 Elasticity 338
Review & Summary 343
Questions 343
Problems 345
13 Gravitation 354
13-1 Newton’s Law of Gravitation 354
13-2 Gravitation and the Principle of Superposition 357
13-3 Gravitation Near Earth’s Surface 359
13-4 Gravitation Inside Earth 362
13-5 Gravitational Potential Energy 364
13-6 Planets and Satellites: Kepler’s Laws 368
13-7 Satellites: Orbits and Energy 371
13-8 Einstein and Gravitation 374
Review & Summary 376
Questions 377
Problems 378
14 Fluids 386
14-1 Fluids, Density, and Pressure 386
14-2 Fluids At Rest 388
14-3 Measuring Pressure 392
14-4 Pascal’s Principle 393
14-5 Archimedes’ Principle 394
14-6 The Equation of Continuity 398
14-7 Bernoulli’s Equation 401
Review & Summary 405
Questions 405
Problems 406
15 Oscillations 413
15-1 Simple Harmonic Motion 413
15-2 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 421
15-3 An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator 423
15-4 Pendulums, Circular Motion 424
15-5 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion 430
15-6 Forced Oscillations and Resonance 432
Review & Summary 434
Questions 434
Problems 436
16 Waves—I 444
16-1 Transverse Waves 444
16-2 Wave Speed on A Stretched String 452
16-3 Energy and Power of A Wave Traveling Along A String 454
16-4 The Wave Equation 456
16-5 Interference of Waves 458
16-6 Phasors 462
16-7 Standing Waves and Resonance 465
Review & Summary 470
Questions 471
Problems 472
17 Waves—II 479
17-1 Speed of Sound 479
17-2 Traveling Sound Waves 482
17-3 Interference 485
17-4 Intensity and Sound Level 488
17-5 Sources of Musical Sound 492
17-6 Beats 496
17-7 The Doppler Effect 498
17-8 Supersonic Speeds, Shock Waves 503
Review & Summary 504
Questions 505
Problems 506
18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics 514
18-1 Temperature 514
18-2 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 518
18-3 Thermal Expansion 520
18-4 Absorption of Heat 522
18-5 The First Law of Thermodynamics 528
18-6 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 534
Review & Summary 538
Questions 540
Problems 541
19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 549
19-1 Avogadro’s Number 549
19-2 Ideal Gases 550
19-3 Pressure, Temperature, and Rms Speed 554
19-4 Translational Kinetic Energy 557
19-5 Mean Free Path 558
19-6 The Distribution of Molecular Speeds 560
19-7 The Molar Specific Heats of An Ideal Gas 564
19-8 Degrees of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats 568
19-9 The Adiabatic Expansion of An Ideal Gas 571
Review & Summary 575
Questions 576
Problems 577
20 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 583
20-1 Entropy 583
20-2 Entropy in the Real World: Engines 590
20-3 Refrigerators and Real Engines 595
20-4 A Statistical View of Entropy 598
Review & Summary 602
Questions 603
Problems 604
21 Coulomb’s Law 609
21-1 Coulomb’s Law 609
21-2 Charge Is Quantized 619
21-3 Charge Is Conserved 621
Review & Summary 622
Questions 623
Problems 624
22 Electric Fields 630
22-1 The Electric Field 630
22-2 The Electric Field Due To A Charged Particle 633
22-3 The Electric Field Due To A Dipole 635
22-4 The Electric Field Due To A Line of Charge 638
22-5 The Electric Field Due To A Charged Disk 643
22-6 A Point Charge in An Electric Field 645
22-7 A Dipole in An Electric Field 647
Review & Summary 650
Questions 651
Problems 652
23 Gauss’ Law 659
23-1 Electric Flux 659
23-2 Gauss’ Law 664
23-3 A Charged Isolated Conductor 668
23-4 Applying Gauss’ Law: Cylindrical Symmetry 671
23-5 Applying Gauss’ Law: Planar Symmetry 673
23-6 Applying Gauss’ Law: Spherical Symmetry 675
Review & Summary 677
Questions 677
Problems 679
24 Electric Potential 685
24-1 Electric Potential 685
24-2 Equipotential Surfaces and the Electric Field 690
24-3 Potential Due To A Charged Particle 694
24-4 Potential Due To An Electric Dipole 697
24-5 Potential Due To A Continuous Charge Distribution 698
24-6 Calculating the Field from the Potential 701
24-7 Electric Potential Energy of A System of Charged Particles 703
24-8 Potential of A Charged Isolated Conductor 706
Review & Summary 707
Questions 708
Problems 710
25 Capacitance 717
25-1 Capacitance 717
25-2 Calculating the Capacitance 719
25-3 Capacitors in Parallel and in Series 723
25-4 Energy Stored in An Electric Field 728
25-5 Capacitor With A Dielectric 731
25-6 Dielectrics and Gauss’ Law 735
Review & Summary 738
Questions 738
Problems 739
26 Current and Resistance 745
26-1 Electric Current 745
26-2 Current Density 748
26-3 Resistance and Resistivity 752
26-4 Ohm’s Law 756
26-5 Power, Semiconductors, Superconductors 760
Review & Summary 763
Questions 764
Problems 765
27 Circuits 771
27-1 Single-Loop Circuits 771
27-2 Multiloop Circuits 781
27-3 The Ammeter and the Voltmeter 788
27-4 Rc Circuits 788
Review & Summary 793
Questions 793
Problems 795
28 Magnetic Fields 803
28-1 Magnetic Fields and the Definition of B→ 803
28-2 Crossed Fields: Discovery of the Electron 808
28-3 Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect 810
28-4 A Circulating Charged Particle 814
28-5 Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons 817
28-6 Magnetic Force on A Current-Carrying Wire 820
28-7 Torque on A Current Loop 822
28-8 The Magnetic Dipole Moment 824
Review & Summary 827
Questions 827
Problems 829
29 Magnetic Fields Due To Currents 836
29-1 Magnetic Field Due To A Current 836
29-2 Force Between Two Parallel Currents 842
29-3 Ampere’s Law 844
29-4 Solenoids and Toroids 848
29-5 A Current-Carrying Coil As A Magnetic Dipole 851
Review & Summary 854
Questions 855
Problems 856
30 Induction and Inductance 864
30-1 Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law 864
30-2 Induction and Energy Transfers 871
30-3 Induced Electric Fields 874
30-4 Inductors and Inductance 879
30-5 Self-Induction 881
30-6 Rl Circuits 882
30-7 Energy Stored in A Magnetic Field 887
30-8 Energy Density of A Magnetic Field 889
30-9 Mutual Induction 890
Review & Summary 893
Questions 893
Problems 895
31 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current 903
31-1 Lc Oscillations 903
31-2 Damped Oscillations in An Rlc Circuit 910
31-3 Forced Oscillations of Three Simple Circuits 912
31-4 The Series Rlc Circuit 921
31-5 Power in Alternating-Current Circuits 927
31-6 Transformers 930
Review & Summary 933 Questions 934 Problems 935
32 Maxwell’s Equations; Magnetism Of Matter 941
32-1 Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Fields 941
32-2 Induced Magnetic Fields 943
32-3 Displacement Current 946
32-4 Magnets 950
32-5 Magnetism and Electrons 952
32-6 Diamagnetism 957
32-7 Paramagnetism 959
32-8 Ferromagnetism 961
Review & Summary 964
Questions 965
Problems 967
33 Electromagnetic Waves 972
33-1 Electromagnetic Waves 972
33-2 Energy Transport and the Poynting Vector 980
33-3 Radiation Pressure 983
33-4 Polarization 985
33-5 Reflection and Refraction 990
33-6 Total Internal Reflection 996
33-7 Polarization By Reflection 997
Review & Summary 999
Questions 1000
Problems 1001
34 Images 1010
34-1 Images and Plane Mirrors 1010
34-2 Spherical Mirrors 1014
34-3 Spherical Refracting Surfaces 1020
34-4 Thin Lenses 1023
34-5 Optical Instruments 1030
34-6 Three Proofs 1033
Review & Summary 1036
Questions 1037
Problems 1038
35 Interference 1047
35-1 Light As A Wave 1047
35-2 Young’s Interference Experiment 1053
35-3 Interference and Double-Slit Intensity 1059
35-4 Interference from Thin Films 1063
35-5 Michelson’s Interferometer 1070
Review & Summary 1072
Questions 1072
Problems 1074
36 Diffraction 1081
36-1 Single-Slit Diffraction 1081
36-2 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction 1086
36-3 Diffraction By A Circular Aperture 1090
36-4 Diffraction By A Double Slit 1094
36-5 Diffraction Gratings 1098
36-6 Gratings: Dispersion and Resolving Power 1101
36-7 X-Ray Diffraction 1104
Review & Summary 1107
Questions 1107
Problems 1108
37 Relativity 1116
37-1 Simultaneity and Time Dilation 1116
37-2 The Relativity of Length 1125
37-3 The Lorentz Transformation 1129
37-4 The Relativity of Velocities 1133
37-5 Doppler Effect for Light 1134
37-6 Momentum and Energy 1137
Review & Summary 1143
Questions 1144
Problems 1145
38 Photons and Matter Waves 1153
38-1 The Photon, the Quantum of Light 1153
38-2 The Photoelectric Effect 1155
38-3 Photons, Momentum, Compton Scattering, Light Interference 1158
38-4 The Birth of Quantum Physics 1164
38-5 Electrons and Matter Waves 1166
38-6 Schrödinger’s Equation 1170
38-7 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 1172
38-8 Reflection from A Potential Step 1174
38-9 Tunneling Through A Potential Barrier 1176
Review & Summary 1179
Questions 1180
Problems 1181
39 More About Matter Waves 1186
39-1 Energies of A Trapped Electron 1186
39-2 Wave Functions of A Trapped Electron 1191
39-3 An Electron in A Finite Well 1195
39-4 Two- and Three-Dimensional Electron Traps 1197
39-5 The Hydrogen Atom 1201
Review & Summary 1213
Questions 1213
Problems 1214
40 All About Atoms 1219
40-1 Properties of Atoms 1219
40-2 The Stern–Gerlach Experiment 1226
40-3 Magnetic Resonance 1229
40-4 Exclusion Principle and Multiple Electrons in A Trap 1230
40-5 Building the Periodic Table 1234
40-6 X Rays and the Ordering of the Elements 1236
40-7 Lasers 1240
Review & Summary 1245
Questions 1246
Problems 1247
41 Conduction of Electricity in Solids 1252
41-1 The Electrical Properties of Metals 1252
41-2 Semiconductors and Doping 1261
41-3 The P-N Junction and the Transistor 1265
Review & Summary 1271
Questions 1272
Problems 1272
42 Nuclear Physics 1276
42-1 Discovering the Nucleus 1276
42-2 Some Nuclear Properties 1279
42-3 Radioactive Decay 1286
42-4 Alpha Decay 1289
42-5 Beta Decay 1292
42-6 Radioactive Dating 1295
42-7 Measuring Radiation Dosage 1296
42-8 Nuclear Models 1297
Review & Summary 1300
Questions 1301
Problems 1302
43 Energy from the Nucleus 1309
43-1 Nuclear Fission 1309
43-2 The Nuclear Reactor 1316
43-3 A Natural Nuclear Reactor 1320
43-4 Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process 1322
43-5 Thermonuclear Fusion in the Sun and Other Stars 1324
43-6 Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 1326
Review & Summary 1329
Questions 1329
Problems 1330
44 Quarks, Leptons, and the Big Bang 1334
44-1 General Properties of Elementary Particles 1334
44-2 Leptons, Hadrons, and Strangeness 1343
44-3 Quarks and Messenger Particles 1349
44-4 Cosmology 1355
Review & Summary 1362
Questions 1362
Problems 1363
Appendices
A The International System of Units (SI) A-1
B Some Fundamental Constants of Physics A-3
C Some Astronomical Data A-4
D Conversion Factors A-5
E Mathematical Formulas A-9
F Properties of the Elements A-12
G Periodic Table of the Elements A-15
Answers
To Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems AN-1
Index I-1
