Description
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 Measurement 1
1-1 MEASURING THINGS, INCLUDING LENGTHS 1
1-2 TIME 5
1-3 MASS 6
REVIEW & SUMMARY 8 PROBLEMS 8
2 Motion Along a Straight Line 13
2-1 POSITION, DISPLACEMENT, AND AVERAGE VELOCITY 13
2-2 INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY AND SPEED 18
2-3 ACCELERATION 20
2-4 CONSTANT ACCELERATION 23
2-5 FREE-FALL ACCELERATION 27
2-6 GRAPHICAL INTEGRATION IN MOTION ANALYSIS 29
REVIEW & SUMMARY 30 QUESTIONS 31 PROBLEMS 32
3 Vectors 40
3-1 VECTORS AND THEIR COMPONENTS 40
3-2 UNIT VECTORS, ADDING VECTORS BY COMPONENTS 46
3-3 MULTIPLYING VECTORS 50
REVIEW & SUMMARY 55 QUESTIONS 56 PROBLEMS 57
4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 62
4-1 POSITION AND DISPLACEMENT 62
4-2 AVERAGE VELOCITY AND INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY 64
4-3 AVERAGE ACCELERATION AND INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION 67
4-4 PROJECTILE MOTION 70
4-5 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION 76
4-6 RELATIVE MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION 78
4-7 RELATIVE MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS 80
REVIEW & SUMMARY 81 QUESTIONS 82 PROBLEMS 84
5 Force and Motion—I 94
5-1 NEWTON’S FIRST AND SECOND LAWS 94
5-2 SOME PARTICULAR FORCES 102
5-3 APPLYING NEWTON’S LAWS 106
REVIEW & SUMMARY 114 QUESTIONS 114 PROBLEMS 116
6 Force and Motion—II 124
6-1 FRICTION 124
6-2 THE DRAG FORCE AND TERMINAL SPEED 130
6-3 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION 133
REVIEW & SUMMARY 138 QUESTIONS 139 PROBLEMS 140
7 Kinetic Energy and Work 149
7-1 KINETIC ENERGY 149
7-2 WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY 151
7-3 WORK DONE BY THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE 155
7-4 WORK DONE BY A SPRING FORCE 159
7-5 WORK DONE BY A GENERAL VARIABLE FORCE 162
7-6 POWER 166
REVIEW & SUMMARY 168 QUESTIONS 169 PROBLEMS 170
8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy 177
8-1 POTENTIAL ENERGY 177
8-2 CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY 184
8-3 READING A POTENTIAL ENERGY CURVE 187
8-4 WORK DONE ON A SYSTEM BY AN EXTERNAL FORCE 191
8-5 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 195
REVIEW & SUMMARY 199 QUESTIONS 200 PROBLEMS 202
9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum 214
9-1 CENTER OF MASS 214
9-2 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW FOR A SYSTEM OF PARTICLES 220
9-3 LINEAR MOMENTUM 224
9-4 COLLISION AND IMPULSE 226
9-5 CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM 230
9-6 MOMENTUM AND KINETIC ENERGY IN COLLISIONS 233
9-7 ELASTIC COLLISIONS IN ONE DIMENSION 237
9-8 COLLISIONS IN TWO DIMENSIONS 240
9-9 SYSTEMS WITH VARYING MASS: A ROCKET 241
REVIEW & SUMMARY 243 QUESTIONS 245 PROBLEMS 246
10 Rotation 257
10-1 ROTATIONAL VARIABLES 257
10-2 ROTATION WITH CONSTANT ANGULAR ACCELERATION 266
10-3 RELATING THE LINEAR AND ANGULAR VARIABLES 268
10-4 KINETIC ENERGY OF ROTATION 271
10-5 CALCULATING THE ROTATIONAL INERTIA 273
10-6 TORQUE 277
10-7 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW FOR ROTATION 279
10-8 WORK AND ROTATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY 282
REVIEW & SUMMARY 285 QUESTIONS 286 PROBLEMS 287
11Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum 295
11-1 ROLLING AS TRANSLATION AND ROTATION COMBINED 295
11-2 FORCES AND KINETIC ENERGY OF ROLLING 298
11-3 THE YO-YO 301
11-4 TORQUE REVISITED 302
11-5 ANGULAR MOMENTUM 305
11-6 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW IN ANGULAR FORM 307
11-7 ANGULAR MOMENTUM OF A RIGID BODY 310
11-8 CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM 312
11-9 PRECESSION OF A GYROSCOPE 317
REVIEW & SUMMARY 318 QUESTIONS 319 PROBLEMS 320
12 Equilibrium and Elasticity 327
12-1 EQUILIBRIUM 327
12-2 SOME EXAMPLES OF STATIC EQUILIBRIUM 332
12-3 ELASTICITY 338
REVIEW & SUMMARY 343 QUESTIONS 343 PROBLEMS 345
13 Gravitation 354
13-1 NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION 354
13-2 GRAVITATION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION 357
13-3 GRAVITATION NEAR EARTH’S SURFACE 359
13-4 GRAVITATION INSIDE EARTH 362
13-5 GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY 364
13-6 PLANETS AND SATELLITES: KEPLER’S LAWS 368
13-7 SATELLITES: ORBITS AND ENERGY 371
13-8 EINSTEIN AND GRAVITATION 374
REVIEW & SUMMARY 376 QUESTIONS 377 PROBLEMS 378
14 Fluids 386
14-1 FLUIDS, DENSITY, AND PRESSURE 386
14-2 FLUIDS AT REST 388
14-3 MEASURING PRESSURE 392
14-4 PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE 393
14-5 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE 394
14-6 THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY 398
14-7 BERNOULLI’S EQUATION 401
REVIEW & SUMMARY 405 QUESTIONS 405 PROBLEMS 406
15 Oscillations 413
15-1 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION 413
15-2 ENERGY IN SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION 421
15-3 AN ANGULAR SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR 423
15-4 PENDULUMS, CIRCULAR MOTION 424
15-5 DAMPED SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION 430
15-6 FORCED OSCILLATIONS AND RESONANCE 432
REVIEW & SUMMARY 434 QUESTIONS 434 PROBLEMS 436
16 Waves—I 444
16-1 TRANSVERSE WAVES 444
16-2 WAVE SPEED ON A STRETCHED STRING 452
16-3 ENERGY AND POWER OF A WAVE TRAVELING ALONG A STRING 454
16-4 THE WAVE EQUATION 456
16-5 INTERFERENCE OF WAVES 458
16-6 PHASORS 462
16-7 STANDING WAVES AND RESONANCE 465
REVIEW & SUMMARY 470 QUESTIONS 471 PROBLEMS 472
17 Waves—II 479
17-1 SPEED OF SOUND 479
17-2 TRAVELING SOUND WAVES 482
17-3 INTERFERENCE 485
17-4 INTENSITY AND SOUND LEVEL 488
17-5 SOURCES OF MUSICAL SOUND 492
17-6 BEATS 496
17-7 THE DOPPLER EFFECT 498
17-8 SUPERSONIC SPEEDS, SHOCK WAVES 503
REVIEW & SUMMARY 504 QUESTIONS 505 PROBLEMS 506
18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics 514
18-1 TEMPERATURE 514
18-2 THE CELSIUS AND FAHRENHEIT SCALES 518
18-3 THERMAL EXPANSION 520
18-4 ABSORPTION OF HEAT 522
18-5 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 528
18-6 HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS 534
REVIEW & SUMMARY 538 QUESTIONS 540 PROBLEMS 541
19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 549
19-1 AVOGADRO’S NUMBER 549
19-2 IDEAL GASES 550
19-3 PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, AND RMS SPEED 554
19-4 TRANSLATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY 557
19-5 MEAN FREE PATH 558
19-6 THE DISTRIBUTION OF MOLECULAR SPEEDS 560
19-7 THE MOLAR SPECIFIC HEATS OF
19-8 DEGREES OF FREEDOM AND MOLAR SPECIFIC HEATS 568
19-9 THE ADIABATIC EXPANSION OF AN IDEAL GAS 571
REVIEW & SUMMARY 575 QUESTIONS 576 PROBLEMS 577
20 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 583
20-1 ENTROPY 583
20-2 ENTROPY IN THE REAL WORLD: ENGINES 590
20-3 REFRIGERATORS AND REAL ENGINES 595
20-4 A STATISTICAL VIEW OF ENTROPY 598
REVIEW & SUMMARY 602 QUESTIONS 603 PROBLEMS 604
21 Coulomb’s Law 609
21-1 COULOMB’S LAW 609
21-2 CHARGE IS QUANTIZED 619
21-3 CHARGE IS CONSERVED 621
REVIEW & SUMMARY 622 QUESTIONS 623 PROBLEMS 624
22 Electric Fields 630
22-1 THE ELECTRIC FIELD 630
22-2 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A CHARGED PARTICLE 633
22-3 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A DIPOLE 635
22-4 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A LINE OF CHARGE 638
22-5 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A CHARGED DISK 643
22-6 A POINT CHARGE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD 645
22-7 A DIPOLE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD 647
REVIEW & SUMMARY 650 QUESTIONS 651 PROBLEMS 652
23 Gauss’ Law 659
23-1 ELECTRIC FLUX 659
23-2 GAUSS’ LAW 664
23-3 A CHARGED ISOLATED CONDUCTOR 668
23-4 APPLYING GAUSS’ LAW: CYLINDRICAL SYMMETRY 671
23-5 APPLYING GAUSS’ LAW: PLANAR SYMMETRY 673
23-6 APPLYING GAUSS’ LAW: SPHERICAL SYMMETRY 675
REVIEW & SUMMARY 677 QUESTIONS 677 PROBLEMS 679
24 Electric Potential 685
24-1 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL 685
24-2 EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES AND THE ELECTRIC FIELD 690
24-3 POTENTIAL DUE TO A CHARGED PARTICLE 694
24-4 POTENTIAL DUE TO AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE 697
24-5 POTENTIAL DUE TO A CONTINUOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTION 698
24-6 CALCULATING THE FIELD FROM THE POTENTIAL 701
24-7 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SYSTEM OF CHARGED PARTICLES 703
24-8 POTENTIAL OF A CHARGED ISOLATED CONDUCTOR 706
REVIEW & SUMMARY 707 QUESTIONS 708 PROBLEMS 710
25 Capacitance 717
25-1 CAPACITANCE 717
25-2 CALCULATING THE CAPACITANCE 719
25-3 CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL AND IN SERIES 723
25-4 ENERGY STORED IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD 728
25-5 CAPACITOR WITH A DIELECTRIC 731
25-6 DIELECTRICS AND GAUSS’ LAW 735
REVIEW & SUMMARY 738 QUESTIONS 738 PROBLEMS 739
26 Current and Resistance 745
26-1 ELECTRIC CURRENT 745
26-2 CURRENT DENSITY 748
26-3 RESISTANCE AND RESISTIVITY 752
26-4 OHM’S LAW 756
26-5 POWER, SEMICONDUCTORS, SUPERCONDUCTORS 760
REVIEW & SUMMARY 763 QUESTIONS 764 PROBLEMS 765
27 Circuits 771
27-1 SINGLE-LOOP CIRCUITS 771
27-2 MULTILOOP CIRCUITS 781
27-3 THE AMMETER AND THE VOLTMETER 788
27-4 RC CIRCUITS 788
REVIEW & SUMMARY 793 QUESTIONS 793 PROBLEMS 795
28 Magnetic Fields 803
28-1 MAGNETIC FIELDS AND THE DEFINITION OF B→ 803
28-2 CROSSED FIELDS: DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON 808
28-3 CROSSED FIELDS: THE HALL EFFECT 810
28-4 A CIRCULATING CHARGED PARTICLE 814
28-5 CYCLOTRONS AND SYNCHROTRONS 817
28-6 MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING WIRE 820
28-7 TORQUE ON A CURRENT LOOP 822
28-8 THE MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT 824
REVIEW & SUMMARY 827 QUESTIONS 827 PROBLEMS 829
29 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents 836
29-1 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT 836
29-2 FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CURRENTS 842
29-3 AMPERE’S LAW 844
29-4 SOLENOIDS AND TOROIDS 848
29-5 A CURRENT-CARRYING COIL AS A MAGNETIC DIPOLE 851
REVIEW & SUMMARY 854 QUESTIONS 855 PROBLEMS 856
30 Induction and Inductance 864
30-1 FARADAY’S LAW AND LENZ’S LAW 864
30-2 INDUCTION AND ENERGY TRANSFERS 871
30-3 INDUCED ELECTRIC FIELDS 874
30-4 INDUCTORS AND INDUCTANCE 879
30-5 SELF-INDUCTION 881
30-6 RL CIRCUITS 882
30-7 ENERGY STORED IN A MAGNETIC FIELD 887
30-8 ENERGY DENSITY OF A MAGNETIC FIELD 889
30-9 MUTUAL INDUCTION 890
REVIEW & SUMMARY 893 QUESTIONS 893 PROBLEMS 895
31 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current 903
31-1 LC OSCILLATIONS 903
31-2 DAMPED OSCILLATIONS IN AN RLC CIRCUIT 910
31-3 FORCED OSCILLATIONS OF THREE SIMPLE CIRCUITS 912
31-4 THE SERIES RLC CIRCUIT 921
31-5 POWER IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS 927
31-6 TRANSFORMERS 930
REVIEW & SUMMARY 933 QUESTIONS 934 PROBLEMS 935
32 Maxwell’s Equations; Magnetism of Matter 941
32-1 GAUSS’ LAW FOR MAGNETIC FIELDS 941
32-2 INDUCED MAGNETIC FIELDS 943
32-3 DISPLACEMENT CURRENT 946
32-4 MAGNETS 950
32-5 MAGNETISM AND ELECTRONS 952
32-6 DIAMAGNETISM 957
32-7 PARAMAGNETISM 959
32-8 FERROMAGNETISM 961
REVIEW & SUMMARY 964 QUESTIONS 965 PROBLEMS 967
33 Electromagnetic Waves 972
33-1 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 972
33-2 ENERGY TRANSPORT AND THE POYNTING VECTOR 980
33-3 RADIATION PRESSURE 983
33-4 POLARIZATION 985
33-5 REFLECTION AND REFRACTION 990
33-6 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION 996
33-7 POLARIZATION BY REFLECTION 997
REVIEW & SUMMARY 999 QUESTIONS 1000 PROBLEMS 1001
34 Images 1010
34-1 IMAGES AND PLANE MIRRORS 1010
34-2 SPHERICAL MIRRORS 1014
34-3 SPHERICAL REFRACTING SURFACES 1020
34-4 THIN LENSES 1023
34-5 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 1030
34-6 THREE PROOFS 1033
REVIEW & SUMMARY 1036 QUESTIONS 1037 PROBLEMS 1038
35 Interference 1047
35-1 LIGHT AS A WAVE 1047
35-2 YOUNG’S INTERFERENCE EXPERIMENT 1053
35-3 INTERFERENCE AND DOUBLE-SLIT
35-4 INTERFERENCE FROM THIN FILMS 1063
35-5 MICHELSON’S INTERFEROMETER 1070
REVIEW & SUMMARY 1072 QUESTIONS 1072 PROBLEMS 1074
36 Diffraction 1081
36-1 SINGLE-SLIT DIFFRACTION 1081
36-2 INTENSITY IN SINGLE-SLIT DIFFRACTION 1086
36-3 DIFFRACTION BY A CIRCULAR APERTURE 1090
36-4 DIFFRACTION BY A DOUBLE SLIT 1094
36-5 DIFFRACTION GRATINGS 1098
36-6 GRATINGS: DISPERSION AND RESOLVING POWER 1101
36-7 X-RAY DIFFRACTION 1104
REVIEW & SUMMARY 1107 QUESTIONS 1107 PROBLEMS 1108
37 Relativity 1116
37-1 SIMULTANEITY AND TIME DILATION 1116
37-2 THE RELATIVITY OF LENGTH 1125
37-3 THE LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION 1129
37-4 THE RELATIVITY OF VELOCITIES 1133
37-5 DOPPLER EFFECT FOR LIGHT 1134
37-6 MOMENTUM AND ENERGY 1137
REVIEW & SUMMARY 1143 QUESTIONS 1144 PROBLEMS 1145
APPENDICES
A The International System of Units (SI) A-1
B Some Fundamental Constants of Physics A-3
C Some Astronomical Data A-4
D Conversion Factors A-5
E Mathematical Formulas A-9
F Properties of The Elements A-12
G Periodic Table of The Elements A-15
ANSWERS
To Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems AN-1
INDEX I-1
