Description
Book SynopsisThis volume is the outcome of a modern phylogenetic analysis of the grass family based on multiple sources of data, in particular molecular systematic studies resulting from a concerted effort by researchers worldwide, including the author. In the classification given here grasses are subdivided into 12 subfamilies with 29 tribes and over 700 genera. The keys and descriptions for the taxa above the rank of genus are hierarchical, i.e. they concentrate upon characters which are deemed to be synapomorphic for the lineages and may be applicable only to their early-diverging taxa.
Beyond the treatment of phylogeny and formal taxonomy, the author presents a wide range of information on topics such as the structural characters of grasses, their related functional aspects and particularly corresponding findings from the field of developmental genetics with inclusion of genes and gene products instrumental in the shaping of morphological traits (in which this volume appears unique within this book series); further topics addressed include the contentious time of origin of the family, the emigration of the originally shade-loving grasses out of the forest to form vast grasslands accompanied by the switch of many members to C4 photosynthesis, the impact of herbivores on the silica cycle housed in the grass phytoliths, the reproductive biology of grasses, the domestication of major cereal crops and the affinities of grasses within the newly circumscribed order Poales.
This volume provides a comprehensive overview of existing knowledge on the Poaceae (Gramineae), with major implications in terms of key scientific challenges awaiting future research. It certainly will be of interest both for the grass specialist and also the generalist seeking state-of-the-art information on the diversity of grasses, the most ecologically and economically important of the families of flowering plants.
Table of ContentsPoaceae – General Information
Description of the family
Vegetative morphology and anatomy
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Morphology and development
Leaf epidermis
Internal anatomy of leaves
Inflorescence structure
Transition to flowering
Bract formation and inflorescence phyllotaxis
Numbers of orders of branching
Numbers of branches or spikelets at each order of branching
Branch angle
Axis elongation
Spikelets
Disarticulation
Flower structure
Embryology
Ovule
Megagametophyte
Embryo
Endosperm
Karyology and genome structure
Chromosome number
Polyploidy
Genome size
Genome mapping, sequencing and conservation of gene order
GC content
Pollen
Morphology and anther structure
Pollination
Pollen transfer
Pollen germination and pollen tube growth
Fruit and seed
Dispersal
Unassisted or wind dispersal
Dispersal in time: seed dormancy
Dispersal by animals
Role of the awn
Forcible dispersal
Phytochemistry
Phenolics
Derivatives of amino acids (tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine)
Terpenoids
Chemicals produced by symbionts or pathogens
Phytosiderophores
Distribution, habitats and conservation
Distribution and maintenance of grasslands
Distribution of major clades
Species diversity
Conservation and response to climate change
Reproductive systems
Unisexual vs. bisexual flowers
Self-pollination and self-incompatibility systems
Cleistogamy
Barriers to interspecific crossing
Asexual reproduction
Fossil record and dates of diversification
Domestication
Origins of major cereal crops
Morphological changes in domestication
Genetic and genomic changes in domestication
Affinities
Classification of the Poaceae
Subdivision of the family
Key to the subfamilies
I. Subfamily Anomochlooideae
Spikelet clade
II. Subfamily Pharoideae
Bistigmatic clade
III. Subfamily Puelioideae
BEP + PACMAD clades
BEP clade
Incertae sedis – Streptogyna
IV. Subfamily Ehrhartoideae
Ehrhartoideae Incertae sedis – Suddia
I. Tribe Phyllorachideae
II. Tribe Ehrharteae
III. Tribe Oryzeae
III.1. Subtribe Oryzinae
III.2. Subtribe Zizaniinae
V. Subfamily Bambusoideae
IV. Tribe Arundinarieae
Clade I. Bergbambos
Clade II. Oldeania
Clade III. Chimonocalamus
Clade IV. Shibataea
Clade V. Phyllostachys
Clade VI. Arundinaria
Clade VII. Thamnocalamus
Clade VIII. “Indocalamus” wilsonii
Clade IX. Gaoligongshania
Clade X. Indocalamus s.s.
Clade XI. “Ampelocalamus” calcareus
Clade XII. Kuruna
V. Tribe Bambuseae
Neotropical clade
V.1. Subtribe Chusqueinae
V.2. Subtribe Arthrostylidiinae
V.3. Subtribe Guaduinae
Paleotropical clade
V.4. Subtribe Bambusinae
V.5. Subtribe Melocanninae
V.6. Subtribe Hickeliinae
V.7. Subtribe Racemobambosinae
VI. Tribe Olyreae
VI.1. Subtribe Buergersiochloinae
VI.2. Subtribe Parianinae
VI.3. Subtribe Olyrinae
VI. Subfamily Pooideae
VII. Tribe Brachyelytreae
VIII. Tribe Nardeae
IX. Tribe Phaenospermateae
X. Tribe Stipeae
XI. Tribe Meliceae
XII. Tribe Diarrheneae
XIII. Tribe Brachypodieae
XIV. Tribe Bromeae
XV. Tribe Triticeae
XVI. Tribe Poeae
Incertae sedis
XVI.1. Subtribe Torreyochloinae
XVI.2. Subtribe Aveninae
XVI.3. Subtribe Phalaridinae
XVI.4. Subtribe Anthoxanthinae
XVI.5. Subtribe Agrostidinae
XVI.6. Subtribe Scolochloinae
XVI.7. Subtribe Airinae
XVI.8. Subtribe Ammochloinae
XVI.9. Subtribe Cynosurinae
XVI.10. Subtribe Loliinae
XVI.11. Subtribe Dactylidinae
XVI.12. Subtribe Parapholiinae
XVI.13. Subtribe Sesleriinae
XVI.14. Subtribe Coleanthinae
XVI.15. Subtribe Poinae
PACMAD clade
VII. Subfamily Aristidoideae
VIII. Subfamily Panicoideae
XVII. Tribe Steyermarkochloeae
XVIII. Tribe Tristachyideae
XIX. Tribe Chasmanthieae
XX. Tribe Gynerieae
XXI. Tribe Centotheceae
Panicoideae s.s.
Panicoideae s.s. incertae sedis
XXII. Tribe Andropogoneae
XXII.1. Subtribe Arundinellinae
Andropogoneae s.s.
Andropogoneae s.s. incertae sedis
XXII.2. Subtribe Tripsacinae
XXII.3. Subtribe Rottboelliinae
XXII.4. Subtribe Ischaeminae
XXII.5. Subtribe Saccharinae
XXII.6. Subtribe Germainiinae
XXII.7. Subtribe Andropogoninae
XXIII. Tribe Paspaleae
XXIII.1. Subtribe Arthropogoninae
XXIII.2. Subtribe Otachyriinae
XXIII.3. Subtribe Paspalinae
XXIV. Tribe Paniceae
Incertae sedis
XXIV.1. Subtribe Anthephorinae
XXIV.2. Subtribe Boivinellinae
XXIV.3. Subtribe Neurachninae
XXIV.4. Subtribe Cenchrinae
XXIV.5. Subtribe Melinidinae
XXIV.6. Subtribe Panicinae
IX. Subfamily Danthonioideae
X. Subfamily Chloridoideae
XXV. Tribe Centropodieae
Core C4 Chloridoideae, incertae sedis
XXVI. Tribe Triraphideae
XXVII. Tribe Eragrostideae
Incertae sedis
XXVII.1. Subtribe Cotteinae
XXVII.2. Subtribe Eragrostidinae
XXVII.3. Subtribe Uniolinae
XXVIII. Tribe Zoysieae
XXIX. Tribe Cynodonteae
Incertae sedis
XXIX.1. Subtribe Boutelouinae
XXIX.2. Subtribe Orcuttiinae
XXIX.3. Subtribe Gouiniinae
XXIX.4. Subtribe Triodiinae
XXIX.5. Subtribe Eleusininae
XXIX.6. Subtribe Tripogoninae
XXIX.7. Subtribe Pappophorinae
XI. Subfamily Micrairoideae
XII. Subfamily Arundinoideae
