Description
Book SynopsisRespiratory diseases are among the most common medical conditions encountered in equine practice. They occur in horses of all breeds and ages, and can have a devastating impact on a horse's health - anorexia, abortion, facial deformities and pneumonia are to name but a few of the consequences.
Trade Review"The text is relatively comprehensibve in describing diagnostic, medical and surgical procedures"
"The general nature of the contents and its user friendly format will lend itself to equine practitioners, veterinary students and equine veterinary nurses alike."
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2005
Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xv
Introduction xvii
Section I: Examination of the Equine Respiratory Tract 1
Chapter 1: Examination of the Upper Respiratory Tract 3
Chapter 2: Examination of the Lower Respiratory Tract 7
Section II: Noncontagious Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract 11
Chapter 3: Diseases Causing Airway Obstruction in the Horse 13
Pathophysiology 13
Respiration and Locomotion 14
Respiratory Noise 14
Diagnosis of Airway Obstructions 15
History 15
Palpation tests 15
Endoscopy at rest 15
Radiographic examination 16
Exercise tests 16
Treadmill endoscopy 16
Spectrum analysis of respiratory sounds 17
Further Reading 17
Chapter 4: The Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses 19
Anatomy 19
Nasal cavity 19
Paranasal sinuses 20
Function 23
Examination of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses 23
Common presenting signs 23
History 23
Physical examination 24
Endoscopic examination 24
Radiographic examination 25
Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 25
Nuclear scintigraphy 27
Percutaneous centesis 27
Surgical exploration and biopsy 27
Treatment Objectives in Nasal and Sinus Disease 27
Medical Management 28
Trephination of the Paranasal Sinuses 28
Bone Flap Surgery 29
Further Reading 31
Chapter 5: Congenital and Developmental Malformations of the Nasal Cavity 33
Wry Nose 33
Nasal Septal Deviation 34
Choanal Atresia/Stenosis 35
Further Reading 35
Chapter 6: Diseases Affecting the Nostrils (External Nares) 37
Hypertrophy of Alar Folds/Redundant Alar Folds 37
Epidermal Inclusion Cyst (“Atheroma”) of the False Nostril 38
Lacerations and Wounds of the Nostrils 39
Alar Cartilage Necrosis 39
Paralysis of the Nostrils 39
Further Reading 39
Chapter 7: Diseases of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses 41
Primary and Secondary Sinusitis and Sinus Empyema 41
Clinical signs 42
Diagnosis 42
Treatment 43
Prognosis 44
Progressive Ethmoidal Hematoma 44
Clinical signs 45
Diagnosis 45
Treatment 47
Prognosis 48
Paranasal Sinus Cysts 48
Clinical signs 48
Diagnosis 48
Treatment 49
Prognosis 49
Fungal Rhinitis and Sinusitis 49
Cryptococcosis 49
Rhinosporidiosis 49
Phycomycosis 50
Coccidioidomycosis 50
Aspergillosis 50
Sinus and Nasal Neoplasia and Polyps 50
Clinical signs 51
Diagnosis 51
Treatment 51
Prognosis 51
Amyloidosis 52
Conchal Necrosis and Metaplasia 52
Intranasal Foreign Bodies 52
Facial and Sinus Trauma 53
Subcutaneous Emphysema 53
Further Reading 54
Chapter 8: The Guttural Pouches 57
Anatomy and Function of the Guttural Pouches 57
Signs of Guttural Pouch Diseases 59
Examination of the Guttural Pouches 59
Palpation 59
Endoscopic examination 60
Radiographic examination 61
Cytology 62
Other diagnostic imaging techniques 62
Surgical approaches to the guttural pouches 62
Hyovertebrotomy 62
Viborg’s triangle 63
Paralaryngeal (Whitehouse) approach 63
Modified Whitehouse approach 64
Topical Treatment of the Guttural Pouches 64
Guttural Pouch Tympany 64
Clinical signs and diagnosis 65
Treatment 66
Prognosis 67
Diverticulitis of the Guttural Pouch 67
Strangles 68
Chronic gutteral pouch empyema and chondroids 68
Chronic diverticulitis 71
Guttural Pouch Mycosis 72
Clinical signs 74
Diagnosis 74
Treatment 75
Prognosis 77
Other Disorders of the Guttural Pouches 78
Foreign bodies 78
Neoplasia 78
Further Reading 79
Chapter 9: The Pharynx 81
Anatomy 81
Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate 82
Extrinsic factors 83
Intrinsic factors 84
Clinical signs 85
Diagnosis 85
Treatment 86
Conservative measures and medical treatments 86
Surgical treatments 87
Staphylectomy 87
Strap muscle resection 87
Llewellyn procedure—Sternothyroid muscle resection and staphylectomy 88
Epiglottic augmentation 88
Tension palatoplasty 88
Laryngeal tie-forward 89
Prognosis 89
Pharyngeal Lymphoid Hyperplasia 89
Clinical signs 90
Diagnosis 91
Treatment 91
Nasopharyngeal Cicatrices 92
Clinical signs 92
Diagnosis 92
Treatment 92
Cleft Palate (Palatoschisis) 93
Clinical signs 94
Diagnosis 95
Treatment 95
Prognosis 95
Subepiglottic, Pharyngeal, and Palatal Cysts 96
Clinical signs 97
Diagnosis 97
Treatment 98
Prognosis 98
Pharyngeal Paralysis 99
Pharyngeal Neoplasia 99
Pharyngeal Trauma 99
Pharyngeal and Retropharyngeal Foreign Bodies 101
Clinical signs 101
Diagnosis 101
Treatment 101
Retropharyngeal Abscess 101
Clinical signs 102
Diagnosis 102
Treatment 103
Prognosis 103
Further Reading 103
Chapter 10: The Larynx 107
Anatomy and Function 107
Idiopathic Laryngeal Hemiplegia/Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy 108
Prevalence 111
Clinical signs 112
Diagnosis 112
Treatment 114
Ventriculectomy and cordectomy 114
Prosthetic laryngoplasty 115
Temporary tracheotomy tubing 117
Permanent tracheostomy 117
Arytenoidectomy 117
Laryngeal reinnervation 118
Prognosis 118
Right Laryngeal Hemiplegia 118
Epiglottal Entrapment 119
Clinical signs 120
Diagnosis 120
Treatment 121
Prognosis 122
Arytenoid Chondropathy (Arytenoid Chondritis; Arytenoid Chondrosis) 122
Clinical signs 123
Diagnosis 123
Treatment 124
Prognosis 125
Laryngeal Neoplasia 126
Fourth Branchial Arch Defects 126
Clinical signs 127
Diagnosis 127
Treatment 128
Prognosis 128
Epiglottic Flaccidity 129
Clinical signs 129
Diagnosis 129
Treatment 130
Prognosis 130
Epiglottic Hypoplasia 130
Clinical signs 130
Diagnosis 130
Treatment 131
Prognosis 131
Epiglottitis 131
Clinical signs 131
Diagnosis 131
Treatment 131
Prognosis 131
Dorsal Epiglottic Abscess 132
Persistent Frenulum of the Epiglottis 132
Laryngeal Web 133
Perilaryngeal Accessory Bronchial Cyst 133
Further Reading 133
Chapter 11: Dynamic Airway Collapse During Exercise 137
Pharyngeal Collapse 137
Dynamic Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate 138
Intermittent Epiglottal Entrapment 139
Aryepiglottic Fold Collapse (Axial Deviation of the Aryepiglottic Folds) 139
Clinical signs 139
Diagnosis 140
Treatment 140
Prognosis 140
Epiglottic Retroversion 141
Dynamic Rostral Displacement of the Palatopharyngeal Arch 141
Dynamic Laryngeal Collapse 141
Further Reading 141
Chapter 12: Postanesthetic Upper Respiratory Tract Obstruction 143
Nasal Edema 143
Bilateral Laryngeal Paralysis 143
Further Reading 144
Chapter 13: The Trachea 145
Anatomy 145
Tracheal Examination 145
Surgery of the Trachea 146
Tracheotomy intubation 146
Permanent tracheostomy 147
Tracheal resection and anastomosis 148
External prosthesis to stent collapsed tracheal cartilages 149
Laser surgery 149
Congenital Tracheal Collapse (Collapsed Trachea) 149
Clinical signs 150
Diagnosis 150
Treatment 150
Tracheal Stenosis 151
Clinical signs 152
Diagnosis 152
Treatment 152
External Compression and Stenosis of the Trachea 152
Tracheal Wounds 152
Tracheal Neoplasia 153
Intratracheal Prolapse of the Cricotracheal Membrane 153
Tracheobronchial Foreign Body 153
Further Reading 155
Color plates (following page 156)
Section III: Contagious Respiratory Diseases 157
Chapter 14: Strangles 159
Etiology and Pathogenesis 159
Epidemiology 160
Clinical signs 160
Complications and sequela 162
Diagnosis 164
Treatment 167
Control of an outbreak 169
Prevention 169
Further Reading 170
Chapter 15: Equine Herpesvirus (Rhinopneumonitis) 171
Equine Herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) 171
Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) 172
Diagnosis 173
Treatment 173
Prevention 174
Equine Herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2) 175
Chapter 16: Equine Influenza 177
Diagnosis and Treatment 178
Prevention of Influenza 179
Chapter 17: Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) 181
Diagnosis and Treatment 182
Prevention of EVA 182
Chapter 18: Other Contagious Respiratory Diseases 183
Hendra Virus (Equine Morbillivirus) 183
Adenovirus 184
African Horse Sickness 184
Further Reading 185
Section IV: Noninfectious Pulmonary Diseases and Diagnostic Techniques 187
Chapter 19: Noninfectious Pulmonary Diseases 189
Recurrent Airway Obstruction (Heaves) 189
Diagnosis 190
Treatment 192
Respiratory Distress at Rest 194
Systemic corticosteroid therapy 194
Bronchodilator therapy 195
Mild to Moderate Airway Obstruction 197
Aerosolized corticosteroids 197
Adrenal suppression 198
Long-acting bronchodilator therapy 199
Maintenance therapy 199
Response to therapy 200
Stable hygiene 200
Summer Pasture-Associated Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 201
Interstitial Pneumonias 202
Lungworms 205
Inflammatory Airway Disease (IAD) 206
Diagnosis 207
Treatment 210
Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH) 211
Diagnosis 213
Treatment 215
Thoracic Neoplasia 217
Smoke Inhalation 219
Diagnosis 220
Treatment 220
Immunostimulant Therapy 222
Bacterial and Viral Products 223
Propionibacterium acnes 223
Mycobacterium 224
Parapoxvirus ovis 226
Synthetic Immunostimulants 227
Levamisole phosphate 227
Interferon-alpha 227
Further Reading 229
Chapter 20: Techniques: Noninfectious Lower Respiratory Tract 233
Endoscopic Examination of the Lower Respiratory Tract 233
Arterial Blood Gas Evaluation 234
Bronchoalveolar Lavage 237
Technique 238
Complications 240
Lung Biopsy 240
Technique 240
Complications 241
Advanced Respiratory Techniques 241
Aerosol Delivery Devices 244
Mechanical nebulizers 246
Dry powder inhalant (DPI) devices 247
Further Reading 248
Section V: Lower Respiratory Tract Infectious Disease and Diagnostic Techniques 249
Chapter 21: Juvenile Pneumonia 251
Rhodoccocus equi 254
Clinical signs 255
Diagnosis 257
Treatment 260
Prevention 262
Pneumocystis carinii 263
Bronchointerstitial Pneumonia 265
Further Reading 269
Chapter 22: Pneumonia in Adult Horses 271
Bacterial Pneumonia/Pleuropneumonia 271
Clinical signs 273
Diagnosis 274
Thoracic ultrasound 275
Thoracocentesis 276
Thoracic radiographs 279
Treatment 280
Thoracostomy 282
Complications 283
Prognosis 285
Fungal Pneumonia 285
Pulmonary Metacestode Infection 287
Further Reading 289
Chapter 23: Techniques for Infectious Respiratory Disease 291
Transtracheal Aspiration 291
Thoracic Ultrasound 294
Thoracocentesis 296
Thoracic Radiography 299
Further Reading 303
Index 305
