Description
Book SynopsisThis important resource provides an overview of the major environmental policy issues, both historic and topical, and explains how science plays a role in various forms of policy response.
Table of ContentsFigures and Table ix
Foreword xv
Preface xix
The Author xxi
The Contributors xxiii
Chapter 1: The Clean Air Act and the National Environmental Policy Act 1
The Clean Air Act 2
National Ambient Air Quality Standards 7
State Implementation Plans 9
Hazardous Air Pollutants 11
New Source Performance Standards 12
Prevention of Significant Deterioration 12
Clean Air Interstate Quality Rule 13
The National Environmental Policy Act 13
Chapter 2: Particulate Matter 17
Characteristics and Deposition 18
Health Effects 21
Cardiovascular Disease and Particulate Matter 32
Particulate Matter and Public Policy 37
Chapter 3: Ozone 41
Health Effects 42
Nitrogen Oxides 54
Chapter 4: Sulfur Dioxide and Acid Rain 63
SO2 Health Effects 65
Health Policy: National Ambient Air Quality Standards 69
Acid Rain 69
Environmental Effects of Acid Rain and Deposition 73
Acid Rain and Environmental Policy 75
Chapter 5: Environmental Tobacco Smoke 81
The History of Smoking and Disease 82
Tobacco Smoke and Disease 84
Health Effects of Passive Smoking 89
Lung Cancer Epidemiology 91
Carcinogens in Cigarette Smoke 92
Smoking Cessation 94
Policy Controls on Tobacco and Cigarette Smoking 95
Global Smoking Today 97
Chapter 6: Children’s Environmental Health: Mercury and Lead 101
Leonardo Trasande
The Unique Vulnerability of Children 102
Mercury as a Case Study 104
Lead as a Case Study 106
Outdoor Air Pollution as a Case Study 107
The National Children’s Study 108
Regulatory Policy and Children 109
Chapter 7: The Role of Community Advocacy Groups in Environmental Protection: Example of September 11, 2001 113
Catherine McVay Hughes, Kimberly Flynn, Craig Hall, Joan Reibman
The Disaster 116
Chapter 8: The Medical Response to an Environmental Disaster: Lessons from the World Trade Center Attacks 137
Caralee Caplan-Shaw, Angeliki Kazeros, Sam Parsia, Joan Reibman
Immediate Response to Environmental Exposure 139
Analysis of World Trade Center Dust 140
Role of the Medical Community in Identifying Adverse Health Effects in Diverse Populations 143
Local Residents, Workers, and Children 148
WTC Environmental Health Center 151
The WTC Health Registry 153
Lessons Learned 155
Chapter 9: Chlorofluorocarbons and the Development of the Ozone Hole 159
Chlorofluorocarbons 160
Ozone Layer 160
Field Measurements of Atmospheric Trace Species 167
Ozone Depletion and UV-B Radiation 170
Policy and the Montreal Protocol 172
Ozone Depletion and Climate Change 174
Medihaler Impediments to Controlling Ozone Depletion 175
Chapter 10: Global Warming Science and Consequences 179
Global Warming Basic Science: Greenhouse Gases 181
Environmental Consequences of Global Warming and Climate Change 186
Human Health Effects 197
Global Warming and the International Community 203
Chapter 11: National Green Energy Plan 205
Energy Efficiency 206
Oil 208
Natural Gas 216
Coal 218
Biofuels 223
Nuclear 227
Wind 230
Geothermal Energy and Hydropower 232
Biomass and Hut Lung 234
Solar 236
Chapter 12: Climate Change Policy Options 241
International Efforts to Prevent Climate Change 244
State, City, and Private Actions on Global Warming 247
U.S. Judiciary Branch and Climate Change 250
U.S. Executive Branch and Climate Change 252
Congress: The Climate Stewardship Act of 2003 Through the Climate Security Acts of 2008 and 2009 254
Economic Factors Surrounding Global Warming and Potential Solutions 260
Prospects for Climate Change Legislation Going Forward 262
Chapter 13: Environmental Policy and the Land: Wilderness Preservation 267
William N. Rom, Kim Elliman
The History of Wilderness Protection 269
The History of Wilderness Protection Evolving from New York State’s Leadership 275
Debates over Wilderness 283
Problems with Implementation of the Wilderness Act 287
Executive Orders for Wilderness Protection 289
Current Wilderness Legislation 292
The Land and Water Conservation Fund and the Forest Legacy Program 294
National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act 294
The Endangered Species Act 295
Chapter 14: Environmental Policy and Advocacy Groups: The Wilderness Society: A Case Study 299
William H. Meadows
Federal Public Lands and Wilderness 300
Why Wilderness? 301
Political Framework 302
The Wilderness Society and Public Policy 304
Wilderness Future 313
Chapter 15: Alaska: America’s Wilderness Frontier: A Case Study 319
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 320
Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act: National Parks, Wildlife Refuges, and Wilderness 321
Oil Versus Wilderness on the ANWR 329
Chapter 16: The Clean Water Act and Water Ecosystems 337
The Clean Water Act 338
Safe Drinking Water Act 344
Water Ecosystems and Environmental and Public Health 348
Chapter 17: Toxic Chemicals in the Environment: Government Regulations and Public Health 355
Toxic Substances Control Act 356
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund) 360
Notes 369
Index 407ii
