Description
Book SynopsisThis book provides the fundamentals, recent developments, and future research needs for critical mercury transformation and transport processes, as well as the experimental methods that have been employed in recent studies.
Trade ReviewJOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY BRITISH TOXICOLOGY SOCIETY NEW ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY GROUP TOXICOLOGY ECOTOXICOLOGY INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES GREEN CHEMISTRY ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY CHEMICAL & ENGINEERING NEWS CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY ENVIRONMENTAL GEOSCIENCES ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY INSTRUMENTATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE NEWS TOXICOLOGY MECHANISMS, AND METHODS
Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv
CONTRIBUTORS xvii
1 OVERVIEW OF MERCURY IN THE ENVIRONMENT 1
Guangliang Liu, Yong Cai, Nelson O’Driscoll, Xinbin Feng, and Guibin Jiang
1.1 Introduction / 1
1.2 Toxicity and Health Risks of Mercury Exposure / 2
1.3 Sources of Mercury / 2
1.4 Overview of Mercury Biogeochemical Cycling / 7
1.5 Structure of the Book / 8
1.6 Concluding Remarks / 9
References / 9
PART I ANALYTICAL DEVELOPMENTS 13
2 ADVANCES IN SPECIATION ANALYSIS OF MERCURY IN THE ENVIRONMENT 15
Yanbin Li, Yongguang Yin, Guangliang Liu, and Yong Cai
2.1 Introduction / 15
2.2 Sample Preparation for Hg Speciation in Environmental Samples / 16
2.3 Application of GC Technique in Hg Speciation Analysis / 32
2.4 Application of HPLC Technique in Hg Speciation Analysis / 36
2.5 Application of Capillary Electrophoresis Techniques in Hg Speciation Analysis / 39
2.6 Application of X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy in Probing Chemical Microenvironment of Hg / 40
2.7 Application of Stable Isotope Dilution Technique in Mercury Speciation Analysis / 41
2.8 Summary / 43
References / 44
3 MEASURING GAS PHASE MERCURY EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS 59
Samuel J. Ippolito, Ylias M. Sabri, and Suresh K. Bhargava
3.1 Introduction / 59
3.2 Standardized Methods for Measuring Mercury / 72
3.3 Mercury Continuous Emission Monitors (CEMs) / 81
3.4 Future Outlook / 95
References / 96
PART II SPECIATION AND TRANSFORMATION 111
4 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY OF MERCURY 113
Che-Jen Lin, Pattaraporn Singhasuk, and Simo O. Pehkonen
4.1 Introduction / 113
4.2 The Overall Picture / 114
4.3 Chemical Transformations in the Gas Phase / 118
4.4 Chemical Transformations in the Aqueous Phase / 131
4.5 Redox Chemistry at the Interface Between the Atmosphere and Earth’s Surfaces / 136
4.6 Atmospheric Implications of the Identified Redox Pathways / 139
4.7 Future Research Needs / 143
References / 144
5 MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE MERCURY CYCLE 155
Chu-Ching Lin, Nathan Yee, and Tamar Barkay
5.1 Introduction / 155
5.2 Mercury Methylation / 158
5.3 Methylmercury Degradation / 168
5.4 Redox Cycling of Inorganic Hg / 169
5.5 Conclusions / 179
References / 180
6 PHOTOREACTIONS OF MERCURY IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS 193
Emma E. Vost, Marc Amyot, and Nelson J. O’Driscoll
6.1 Significance of Mercury Photoreactions / 193
6.2 Concepts in Mercury Photoreactions / 194
6.3 Current Methods in Mercury Photochemistry / 209
6.4 Summary / 211
References / 212
7 CHEMICAL SPECIATION OF MERCURY IN SOIL AND SEDIMENT 219
Ulf Skyllberg
7.1 Introduction / 219
7.2 Physicochemical Properties, Oxidation States, Chemical Forms, Structures, and Concentrations of Mercury in the Environment / 220
7.3 Aqueous Phase: Major Ligands and Their Affinities for Mercury(II) / 222
7.4 Liquid and Solid Phases of Mercury in Soils and Sediments / 229
7.5 Reactions of Mercury(II) with Soil and Sediment Particle Surfaces / 231
7.6 Stabilization of Nanoparticulate Mercury(II) Sulfides by Natural Organic Matter / 237
7.7 Solubility and Chemical Speciation of Mercury(II) in Soils and Sediments / 237
7.8 Methods for Studying the Chemistry of Mercury(II) in Soils and Sediments / 248
7.9 Future Research Needs / 249
References / 252
8 THE EFFECTS OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER ON MERCURY BIOGEOCHEMISTRY 259
Chase A. Gerbig, Joseph N. Ryan, and George R. Aiken
8.1 Introduction / 259
8.2 Dissolved Organic Matter / 260
8.3 Field Observations / 263
8.4 Effects of DOM on Mercury Distributions Between Solution and Particles / 265
8.5 Mercury Binding Strength / 268
8.6 Mercury Binding Environment / 271
8.7 Methylmercury Binding Strength and Environment / 274
8.8 DOM and Mercury Mineral Dissolution / 276
8.9 DOM and Mercury Mineral Precipitation / 280
References / 284
9 TRACKING GEOCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS AND TRANSPORT OF MERCURY THROUGH ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION 293
Holger Hintelmann and Wang Zheng
9.1 Introduction / 293
9.2 Fractionation of Mercury Isotopes in Environmental Processes / 300
9.3 Hg Isotope Variations in Nature / 315
9.4 Summary / 319
References / 320
PART III TRANSPORT AND FATE 329
10 ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT OF MERCURY 331
Oleg Travnikov
10.1 Introduction / 331
10.2 General Concepts of Mercury Cycling in the
Atmosphere / 331
10.3 Methods for Studying Atmospheric Mercury Transport / 336
10.4 Assessments of Airborne Mercury Pollution / 342
10.5 Knowledge Gaps / 354
References / 356
11 ADSORPTION OF MERCURY ON SOLIDS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT 367
Guangliang Liu, Yanbin Li, and Yong Cai
11.1 Introduction / 367
11.2 Adsorption of Mercury on Solids / 369
11.3 Role of Colloids in Mercury Adsorption / 374
11.4 Concluding Remarks / 380
References / 381
12 EXCHANGE OF ELEMENTAL MERCURY BETWEEN THE OCEANS AND THE ATMOSPHERE 389
Asif Qureshi, Matthew Macleod, Elsie Sunderland, and Konrad Hungerbu¨ hler
12.1 Introduction / 389
12.2 Models of Gas Exchange of Elemental Mercury at the Air–Sea Interface / 390
12.3 Field Studies of Ocean-To-Air Fluxes of Mercury / 398
12.4 Rate Constants for Reduction and Oxidation of Mercury Species in Ocean Waters / 400
12.5 Modeling Studies Estimating Oceanic Air–Sea Exchange / 411
12.6 Conclusions and Future Directions / 415
References / 416
13 EXCHANGE OF MERCURY BETWEEN THE ATMOSPHERE AND TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS 423
Mae Sexauer Gustin
13.1 General Overview / 423
13.2 Methods and Tools Applied for Measurement and Understanding of Air–Terrestrial Surface Exchange / 425
13.3 Measured Fluxes / 433
13.4 Conclusions / 442
References / 444
PART IV BIOACCUMULATION, TOXICITY, AND METALLOMICS 453
14 BIOACCUMULATION AND BIOMAGNIFICATION OF MERCURY THROUGH FOOD WEBS 455
Karen Kidd, Meredith Clayden, and Tim Jardine
14.1 Introduction / 455
14.2 Mercury in Aquatic and Terrestrial Organisms / 457
14.3 Mercury within Organisms / 464
14.4 Factors Affecting Mercury in Biota / 465
14.5 Biomagnification of Mercury Through Food Webs / 474
14.6 Mercury Stable Isotopes in Bioaccumulation Studies / 481
14.7 Case Study—Kejimkujik National Park and Historic Site, Nova Scotia, Canada / 482
14.8 Conclusions / 484
References / 485
15 A REVIEW OF MERCURY TOXICITY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO METHYLMERCURY 501
Mineshi Sakamoto, Katsuyuki Murata, Akiyoshi Kakita, and Masanori Sasaki
15.1 Introduction / 501
15.2 Global Mercury Emission into the Atmosphere / 502
15.3 Metabolism and Toxicity of Chemical Forms of Mercury / 503
15.4 Risk Assessment of Prenatal Exposure to Methylmercury / 509
15.5 Risks and Benefits of Fish Consumption for Brain Development / 510
15.6 Exceptional Methylmercury Exposure Through Rice / 510
15.7 Summary / 511
References / 511
16 METALLOMICS OF MERCURY: ROLE OF THIOLAND SELENOL-CONTAINING BIOMOLECULES 517
Feiyue Wang, Marcos Lemes, and Mohammad A.K. Khan
16.1 Introduction / 517
16.2 Metallomics of Mercury / 517
16.3 Mercury and Methylmercury Complexes with Thiol-Containing Biomolecules / 519
16.4 Mercury and Methylmercury Binding to Selenol-Containing Biomolecules / 522
16.5 Lability of Mercury or Methylmercury Complexes with Thiols or Selenols / 524
16.6 Thiol-Containing Biomolecules in the Uptake and Metabolism of Mercury / 526
16.7 Selenium Aided Biomineralization of Mercury and Methylmercury / 529
16.8 Analytical and Modeling Approaches / 531
16.9 Conclusion / 538
References / 538
17 HUMAN HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF DIETARY EXPOSURES TO METHYLMERCURY 545
Anna L. Choi and Philippe Grandjean
17.1 Introduction / 545
17.2 Methylmercury Exposure / 546
17.3 Nutrients in Fish and Seafood / 548
17.4 Major Prospective Cohort Studies / 549
17.5 Health Effects / 552
17.6 Cardiovascular Outcomes / 555
17.7 Nutrient and Methylmercury Exposure as Predictors of Developmental Outcomes / 556
17.8 Confounding Variables / 557
17.9 Risk Assessment and Exposure Imprecision / 558
17.10 Conclusions / 559
References / 561
INDEX 569
